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The Constitutional Court yesterday ruled that imposing a life sentence or the death penalty for people convicted of selling narcotics is partly unconstitutional. The court reviewed Constitutional Interpretation No. As defined by the act, Category 1 narcotics include morphine, cocaine, heroin, opium and their derivative products. The intent of lawmakers to use life sentences to deter narcotics trafficking and use is evident, but the law fails to consider situations in which the accused is not guilty of other legal contraventions, the offense was minor or the case merits clemency, the judges said in their ruling. Article 4 of the act risks being too rigid and inflexible, and the authorities should review the legal sentences that would be appropriate if the crime does not befit the sentence. The ruling suggested that the authorities introduce fixed-term imprisonment as an alternative ruling or base the prison terms on the amount of narcotics sold and how many times the defendant has been accused of selling the product. Starting from the day of the ruling until the legal amendments have been completed, any ruling regarding the trafficking of Category 1 narcotics should not only invoke Article 59 of the Criminal Code, but also reduce the already-reduced sentence by half, the court said. Five of the petitions had been filed by narcotics traffickers and they can demand that the prosecutor general file a petition for an extraordinary appeal, the court said. The uninhabited islands — which are known as the Senkakus in Japan — are claimed by Taipei and Beijing, but are administered by Tokyo. Chuu said in the study, which was published in the journal Physical Review Applied last month, that they had resolved the main obstacles for quantum computing development — high energy costs and a low-temperature operating environment. Chuu said that photons are the smallest possible particle of electromagnetic energy, and his team had devised a way to encode information in 32time. The military detected a record Chinese military aircraft around the nation, the Ministry of National Defense announced today, after China held a day of large-scale drills yesterday. The aircraft were spotted in the hour period until 6am today, the ministry said in a statement — the most for a single day. Beijing deployed fighter jets, drones, warships and coast guard boats to encircle Taiwan yesterday, with Taiwan responding by dispatching 'appropriate forces' and placing its outlying islands on heightened alert. The ministry typically records the numbers of Chinese warplanes and warships operating around Taiwan in hour periods from 6am to 6am the. They ended at 6pm. Home Front Page. Most Popular 1. You might also like. Front Page. About Us.

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The subjects, intravenously injected heroin abusers, were collected from a special methadone maintenance treatment clinic. The survey included characteristics of participants, sexual activity and attitude towards condom usage. The total number of subjects was Data were analyzed using the statistical package SPSS Only Logistic regression analysis showed smoking, sharing syringes needles, HBV status and condom use status were four main risk factors on HIV infection. Since our government has the policy of providing a methadone maintenance treatment program, the spread of HIV is under control, but knowledge about HIV and safe sex education still needs improvement. HIV infection has spread expansively in Taiwan. The first HIV case in Taiwan was reported in As of the end of , the total number of HIV cases had been accumulated to 26, As the drug addiction problem grows, so does the rate of HIV infection. HIV infection may be transmitted by sharing needles or sharing the containers used for mixing that contain the drug. Some studies have shown that patients addicted to opium have more health problems, and that IDUs will suffer from a decrease in life quality and an increased rate of death \[2\] - \[4\]. Survey data have shown that HCV infection is as high as Most heroin addicts use the intravenous injection method, and commonly share needles or use the same container for the heroin chemical mix. The primary goal of the methadone maintenance treatment program MMTP is stemming the spread of HIV, rather than treating heroin dependence; the use or possession of heroin is still illegal in Taiwan. Offenders can choose either to take methadone for at least one year as an outpatient in a hospital or be incarcerated in a residential detoxification or rehabilitation center administered by the Taiwan Ministry of Justice. IDUs in India need to be educated on harm reduction and safe-injection practices, and pharmacies could serve as potential venues for HIV prevention interventions in this group \[11\]. IDUs appear to have been the major group severely affected by HIV in Taiwan; the HIV infection rate has increased year by year in Taiwan, with intravenous injection being the main source of infection. Heroin addicts who were willing could participate in the trial, and as a reward, the prosecutor would take less stringent action against them. However, there were reports by participants stating that the difficulty of withdrawing from methadone was significantly greater than withdrawing from heroin. If the addicts cannot successfully withdraw from heroin in the MMTP and also become dependent on methadone, this may lead to a dual addiction, and a situation in which the participants may continue to commit crimes and become involved in the illegal selling of methadone. Prosecutors are not doctors; it is more difficult for them to judge if the patients have successfully withdrawn from the addition. Therefore, it was more important that the drug abusers in MMTP understood that their sexual behavior, continued heroin use, and sharing of needles, diluents and containers were associated with HIV infection \[13\] - \[15\]. The participants were selected if they were heroin addicts who agreed to participate in this study and signed a consent form those who were unconscious, or had a severe hearing problem, cognition problem or difficulty understanding the questioners were excluded. The participants were asked to go through a series of basic physical examinations at the beginning of the study, including chest X-ray, EKG, blood routine, HIV test, urinalysis, and so on. Of the patients at the MMTP clinic, We used a simple questionnaire for data collection, and the survey consisted of two types of questions. The questions included gender, marital status, age, educational level, drug history, sexual history, condom use habits in the past year, history of STD, and whether the participants had ever engaged in prostitution for money or drugs. This survey was done one month after the MMTP clinical study. The main goal of the survey was to understand whether the participants had engaged in sexual behavior and needle-sharing behavior after entering the MMTP clinic. There were 10 questions in all, divided into two parts: 5 questions on drug usage behavior such as how many times did you use intravenously injected drugs this month? How many times did you share a needle with others? How often do you clean your needle equipment before use? How often do you use a condom when you have sexual intercourse with your regular sex partner? How many times did you engage in anal sex? How often did you use a condom when you engaged in sexual intercourse with a temporary partner? How often did you use a condom when you engaged in sexual transactions? Each question was scored from 0 to 5, according to the rate of occurrence. At the beginning of the study, staff members explained the content of the survey, the definitions of terms and the method of answering questions, and there were research assistants standing by to answer any questions at all times. This was done to ensure a consistency of data from all participants. After the survey was finished, the data were run though SPSS software for statistical analysis. First, the data were compared with the basic information for descriptive analysis, and then analysis of unprotected sexual behavior within the first month, relative to HCV and HIV-positive IDUs, was carried out. In our study, participants were HIV-negative and 19 were HIV-positive, which was a significant difference in ratio; hence, when running the data through cross analysis with multiple variables, many of the fine grid results became zero. When we changed the method of analysis to the chi square test, the expected result would be larger than 5 for an calculated analysis; therefore, we combined the variables that belonged to the same group together, and then ran them through analysis to find the correlation between HIV-positive results and their variables. Categorical variables were reported as percentage. Table 1. One hundred fifth-one participants were available for analysis. The mean age was Most of the participants Almost half of the participants The result showed that most of the participants Most of the IDUs tested positive With regard to condom use in the year prior to the MMTP clinic, Sixteen participants had sexual intercourse with more than one sex partner, 18 participants did not use a condom during sexual. Table 2. Among those participants, three had engaged in sexual. Table 3. Based on these results, we used needle-sharing, condom usage, venereal disease, HBV and smoking as factors to analyze in the stepwise logistic regression model. Table 4. Methadone treatment was introduced in Taiwan in as a harm-reduction program in response to HIV, which is endemic among Taiwanese heroin users. Methadone maintenance therapy primarily provides heroin-dependent patients with long-term methadone and recovery plans, such as hygiene training, routine physical and mental health checkup, urine tests, and group psychological counseling \[16\]. Methadone treatment can help prevent many blood-transmitted diseases HIV, syphilis, B hepatitis, C-type hepatitis caused by sharing needles. MMTP may increases the probability that drug addicts can live a normal life, work and go back to the community, have the opportunity to live a day without looking for drugs, and commit fewer crimes. So methadone treatment minimizes the damage that IDUs may do to people and the community. Most patients in MMTP did not share syringes during the previous year However, this study also showed that Table 5. Multiple logistic regression analysis of HIV-related variables. These results show that the reduction of cases of sharing syringes with others again is worthy of consideration. In addition to sharing HIV-contaminated needles and diluents with others, previous studies have pointed out that the IDUs continue to engage in risky sexual behaviors, including multiple sex partners, prostitution and unprotected sexual intercourse \[25\] - \[27\]. Studies among HIV-positive IDUs who know their HIV status show high rates of HIV-related risky behaviors, including the sharing of needles and syringes \[28\] \[29\] , multiple sexual partners \[30\] and unprotected sexual intercourse \[31\]. HIV infected patients may use sex or prostitution to obtain heroin, and thereby further spread HIV to others. These patients must know that public health and clinical medical care are extremely important issues, but also more integrated medical services should be provided to heroin-using populations. Due to the implementation of the MMTP, drug users, whether through direct mandatory health education and group psychotherapy or indirect methods dissemination of information, etc. The limitations of this study include the small sample size and lack of exhaustive recruitment of IDUs deep within methadone clinics in southern Taiwan, so this study cohort may not constitute a representative sample of Taiwanese heroin users. Second, since risky behavior was assessed through a questionnaire, it was not possible to validate whether the patients answered the questions truthfully. We attempted to alleviate this problem by providing our participants with confidentiality. This is one of the most important problems in public health and clinical care. It is important for prevention programs to improve awareness of infection status through more regular HIV and HCV screening and to better educate IDUs about the utility of infection status disclosures within their drug injecting networks. Journal of Urban Health, 82, Drug and Alcohol Review, 24, European Journal of Public Health, 16, American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 38, Journal of Virology, 41, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 9, Public Health, , Journal of Urban Health, 84, Substance Use and Misuse, 45, Taiwan Epidemiology Bulletin, 24, BMC Public Health, 7, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 18, JAMA, , Chinese Version \[ 18 \] Chen, Y. International Journal of Drug Policy, 21, Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 37, Journal of General Internal Medicine, 21, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 59, Sexually Transmitted Infections, 82, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 14, Journal of Urban Health, 81, Canadian Medical Association Journal, , Treatment Implications. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 19, Journal of Addictive Diseases, 21, AIDS Care, 16, Clinical Infectious Diseases, 41, SS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 49, Journal of Urban Health, 86, Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 7, Gastroenterology, , SS Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences, 28, Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 35, Home Journals Article. DOI: Share and Cite:. Lee, Y. Health , 8 , Methods and Materials 2. Assessment Instruments We used a simple questionnaire for data collection, and the survey consisted of two types of questions. Method of Study At the beginning of the study, staff members explained the content of the survey, the definitions of terms and the method of answering questions, and there were research assistants standing by to answer any questions at all times. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. References \[ 1 \] Taiwan Center for Disease Control. Journals Menu. Contact us. All Rights Reserved. Taiwan Center for Disease Control. Fischer, B. Ross, J. Bargagli, A. Yen, Y. Lee, K. Zhang, C. Xia, X. Burt, R. Segurado, A. Solomon, S. Yang, C. Cleland, C. Aceijas, C. Bluthenthal, R. Sees, K. Hou, J. Chinese Version. Chen, Y. Bruce, R. Corsi, K. Gowing, L. Sorensen, J. Brogly, S. Riehman, K. Spittal, P. Purcell, D. Avants, S. Miguez-Burbano, M. Latkin, C. Garten, R. Kheirandish, P. Lee, H. Fattovich, G. Willner-Reed, J.

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