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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s and the copyright owner s are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Cocaine abuse represents a major public health concern. The social perception of cocaine has been changing over the decades, a phenomenon closely tied to its patterns of use and abuse. Twitter is a valuable tool to understand the status of drug use and abuse globally. However, no specific studies discussing cocaine have been conducted on this platform. Then, tweets related to cocaine were analyzed to examine their content, types of Twitter users, usage patterns, health effects, and personal experiences. Geolocation data was also considered to understand regional differences. A total of 71, classifiable tweets were obtained. Among these, Media outlets had the highest number of tweets Regarding the experience related to consumption, there are more tweets with a negative sentiment. The 9. The continent with the highest number of tweets was America The findings underscore the significance of cocaine as a current social and political issue, with a predominant focus on political and social denunciation in the majority of tweets. Notably, the study reveals a concentration of tweets from the United States and South American countries, reflecting the high prevalence of cocaine-related disorders and overdose cases in these regions. Alarmingly, the study highlights the trivialization of cocaine consumption on Twitter, accompanied by a misleading promotion of its health benefits, emphasizing the urgent need for targeted interventions and antidrug content on social media platforms. Finally, the unexpected advocacy for cocaine by healthcare professionals raises concerns about potential drug abuse within this demographic, warranting further investigation. Cocaine abuse represents a significant public health concern with relevant medical and socioeconomic consequences worldwide 1 , 2. According to their last World Drug Report, approximately Moreover, the escalating annual trend in cocaine consumption since underscores the increasing level of concern associated with its use. For instance, previous studies have linked increased cannabis consumption to a perception of low associated risks, influenced partly by varying legislation on medical cannabis use and exposure to related advertising 6 — 9. Cocaine was first isolated in the middle of the 19 th century and gained popularity in the early s However, due to its addictive properties, widespread abuse and related health issues it was banned in the United States in The public perception of cocaine underwent shifts, notably in the s leading to increased abuse Subsequently, in the s and early s, it became linked to crime, violence, and racial concerns, influencing public policies on its regulation An increasing body of research advocates for the use of social networks as a valuable tool in drug research. They facilitate the understanding and collection of data on social perception, misinformation, and pharmacovigilance 13 — Twitter is seen as a safe and non-judgmental platform for sharing honest experiences, including sensitive topics like drug use and abuse Previous studies have successfully utilized Twitter as a public health tool to analyze and study drug-related issues 17 — Artificial intelligence AI , enables the processing and analysis of vast amounts of data Within AI, Machine Learning ML has become a prominent field, focusing on extracting knowledge from data through computational models. A subset of ML known as Deep Learning DL employs neural networks inspired by the human brain to process information These neural networks find applications in various domains related to substance use, enabling detection of abuse patterns 22 and related harms 23 , also allowing researchers to understand public perceptions and opinions of a drug 5 while exploring potential differences in these points across regions and countries Another essential application is Natural Language Processing NLP , which extensively utilizes neural networks to analyze text, facilitate conversations, and extract key ideas Most studies conducted on Twitter have focused on cannabis and opioids 5 , 18 , 26 , Currently, some preliminary results related to cocaine use have been obtained from different social media by the use of AI and ML 28 , 29 and previous works in Twitter analysis have considered cocaine use in the context of polysubstance use 30 , Given the existing gap in detailed studies on cocaine discussions on Twitter, we propose the following hypotheses: First, we hypothesize that through the use of AI and ML, it is possible to find geographical differences in the opinions and concerns expressed about cocaine that reflect unique regional dynamics and social attitudes. Second, we hypothesize that there are distinct considerations related to cocaine based on user profile. This correlation will influence the nature and tone of their contribution to the platform. By addressing these multifaceted aspects, this study aims to provide valuable insights into the complex dynamics of public discourse on cocaine in the digital sphere, providing a comprehensive understanding about the factors that form and differentiate views on this quality. This mixed-method, quantitative and qualitative analysis focused on the content of tweets related to cocaine posted on the social media platform Twitter. These criteria were chosen to ensure a comprehensive and representative sample of social media discussions on the topic. We employed Tweet Binder, a widely used tool in previous research 32 — 35 , to collect the tweets, providing essential information such as retweet and like counts, publication date, tweet context link, user description, and geolocation. The number of retweets and likes served as indicators of user engagement and interest in the tweeted content 36 , Using the previously mentioned search criteria, we collected 57, tweets in Spanish and 54, tweets in English. Next, with the remaining tweets, the content was analyzed using a mixed inductive-deductive approach to develop a codebook for classifying the tweets into key thematic categories. We created a codebook based on our research questions, our previous experience in analyzing tweets, and what we determined to be the most common themes. After discussing discrepancies and reaching a consensus on the codebook, an additional tweets were analyzed. This process also provided a larger sample for training the Machine Learning model. The tweets were classified as classifiable or non-classifiable. A tweet was considered non-classifiable if it was written in a way that made its meaning uncertain, too brief to contain relevant information, if its content was purely political, if the information was not relevant to the objectives of this study, or if it was a joke. In each of the classifiable tweets, the content was analyzed according to the following themes: 1 Tweet topic; 2 Evaluation of the effect; 3 Sentiment regarding consumption; 4 Type of consumption. Finally, the users were classified into four categories: 1 General Twitter users; 2 Media outlets; 3 Public figures; and 4 Healthcare professionals. The classification criteria and examples of tweets are shown in Table 1. The methodology followed in this project has been validated in prior research studies 38 , First, a preprocessing of the database should be executed. This preprocessing involves a translation of the non-English tweets to English using Google Translator and a normalization of the tweets by removing special characters, splitting negative contractions, and removing repetitions. The training subset was used to fine-tune the network, while the testing subset was used to validate its performance. Additionally, to address some imbalanced categories where certain options had a higher number of tweets compared to others , text augmentation was performed using the library called textattack Furthermore, emotion analysis was conducted using a pretrained neural network called emotion-english-distilroberta-base The emotion analysis was applied to the 71, tweets categorized as classifiable. The results were presented in tables or figures, showing the percentage of tweets or the median of likes and retweets in each category. To evaluate the relationships between tweet content, user type, and other tweet characteristics with the number of likes and retweets, linear regression models were employed. The individual beta coefficients were adjusted for the remaining tweet characteristics. Choropleth maps were generated as a visualization tool to depict the global distribution of tweets. Additionally, these maps were used to illustrate the geographic distribution of tweets expressing support for the legislation and exhibiting a sentiment favorable to cocaine. The study involved analyzing the frequency distribution of tweets across various categories based on tweet characteristics. According to the codebook, a total of 71, classifiable tweets were obtained. Of the total number of users that could be defined, media outlets had the highest number of tweets, with 25, tweets The most frequent theme is social or political claims, with 48, tweets published, accounting for The least frequent theme is trivialization, but it has a higher number of likes and retweets. Regarding the experience related to consumption, there are more tweets with a negative sentiment compared to a positive sentiment. Approximately Regarding the discourse on cocaine consumption, 9. In terms of emotional expression, the most frequent response from Twitter users is to remain neutral in the majority of their posts, as depicted in Figure 1. Sentiment analysis the emotional tone expressed in text. The continent with the highest number of tweets is America, with 39, tweets published, accounting for Among the top 5 countries with the highest number of tweets, the first four are from this continent, in descending order: United States, Colombia, Venezuela, and Argentina, representing Distribution of the number of tweets worldwide. The area with the highest number of tweets about cocaine is represented with a darker blue color, and the color tone decreases as the number of tweets decreases. Regarding the evaluation of the effects, Europe has the highest percentage of tweets discussing the harm caused by cocaine, at Additionally, Asia has the highest proportion of tweets expressing negative sentiment related to consumption, with Lastly, Africa exhibits the highest content about frequent cocaine use, comprising Nonetheless, healthcare professionals indicate it as a detriment to health in Additionally, healthcare professionals exhibit the highest percentage Finally, regarding the type of consumption, a notably high percentage If we relate the evaluation of the effect by Twitter users with those who talk about consumption, it has been observed that Regarding individual experiences with the substance, it has been found that almost half However, only In the present work, we have collected and classified 71, tweets discussing cocaine according to the content of the message, geolocation, type of user, and consumption frequency reported. The results obtained in this article go hand in hand with previous results reported in the Twittersphere in which this type of detail has been studied in other drugs such as opioids or cannabis 30 , 44 , 45 ; however, as far as we know this article is the first to deeply explore this type of data about cocaine on this platform. The majority of analyzed tweets Media sources accounted for These findings highlight evidence cocaine consumption is a significant current social and political issue, particularly in the United States and South American countries. The United States has experienced the highest number of cocaine-related disorders and overdose mortality cases globally 46 — Given these statistics, it is understandable that many tweets from the United States focus on denouncing cocaine abuse from a political and social perspective, emphasizing the need for inclusive public policy reforms In the case of South American countries, a broad number of tweets were identified from Colombia, Venezuela, and Argentina. Colombia in particular has a long history of cocaine trade and continues to be involved in its production and cultivation Twitter and scientific articles discuss the complex sociopolitical context of cocaine crops in this country, analyzing the problem comprehensively 50 , Tweets from Europe and Africa primarily focused on the detrimental health effects of cocaine and the frequent consumption of this drug. In the European Union, Among adults aged 15 to 64, 3. Cocaine ranked as the second most problematic drug for first-time treatment seekers and the second most commonly reported substance for acute toxicity by Euro-DEN Plus hospitals in In the same manner, various studies conducted in different European countries have found an increase in cocaine consumption and cocaine-related deaths, also highlighting the multiple health complications related such as psychiatric and psychotic disorders, neurological maladies and cardiovascular diseases 53 — Thus, our results seem to support that Twitter is seen as a valuable tool to raise awareness about the real problem of cocaine in Europe and its overall negative effects on health. On the other hand, fewer studies are available in the literature regarding cocaine use in Africa. However, different platforms like the Africa Organized Crime Index 56 have evidenced the problem of cocaine trade and abuse in some countries like Guinea-Bissau, Cabo Verde or Guinea, as well as in South Africa or the sub-Saharan countries 57 , Therefore, Twitter can be used as a platform to denounce the habitual consumption of cocaine in this region and the detrimental health effects derived in this region. However, additional efforts in this platform are warranted, particularly in light of our results. Despite the trivialization of cocaine consumption being the less discussed topic on Twitter, it accumulated almost double the interactions with other Twitter users likes and 37 retweets versus 64 likes and 35 retweets , as well as those reporting positive versus negative effects. In addition, when considering the type of cocaine consumption on Twitter, frequent consumption was more common than occasional use 9. Previous research has indicated that drugs are often discussed positively on social media platforms like Twitter, and the lack of antidrug content may contribute to the normalization and justification of drug use, highlighting the importance of addressing this issue Furthermore, the dissemination of trivialization may contribute to an increase in hospitalizations due to cocaine consumption, even in the pediatric population In agreement with previous works 62 , 63 , our results support the notion that social media like Twitter can serve as valuable resources for understanding drug patterns, prevailing attitudes, monitoring and intervening in drug abuse and addiction problems. We found a small proportion of tweets promoting the supposed health benefits of cocaine use, which received significant engagement. This is an important issue to address, as there are no safe ways to consume cocaine. Misconceptions regarding the health benefits of cocaine may stem from historical events and practices, such as its traditional use in South America for over 5, years as a stimulant in the form of teas or by chewing the leaves of the Erythroxylon coca plant Additionally, influential figures like Sigmund Freud, as well as the incorporation of cocaine in beverages like Coca-Cola and coca wine during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, contributed to its popularity As previously mentioned, despite being banned in the USA in , during the s, cocaine regained a positive image, fueled by perceptions of glamour and media influence. Even the Ford White House in released a white paper stating that cocaine was not physically addictive and generally did not have serious consequences Conversely, cocaine use leads to a wide range of harmful effects including tachycardia, hypertension, acute coronary syndrome, stroke, and even death Mixing cocaine with substances like sugar, talc, and cornstarch exacerbates these adverse effects Previous Twitter analyses have shown that polysubstance use involving cocaine and other drugs is a common topic in discussions about overdose and drug-related concerns 18 , 30 , 31 , Although our study did not focus on polydrug use, it is important to consider these findings, as the low perception of risks associated with cocaine use obtained in our study may even be more concerning in such contexts. Furthermore, long-term consumption of cocaine is associated with significant brain changes in the dopaminergic reward system, resulting in addiction, persistent cravings and a high risk of relapse, even with treatment Cocaine use disorder CUD represents a serious global health concern, and while psychosocial and pharmacological interventions can assist in the medical management of this condition, the efficacy is limited and ineffective for most patients Moreover, despite some specific clinical cases in the 20 th century, the risks of cocaine use outweigh any potential benefits, and there are safer alternatives for various purposes attributed to this substance Therefore, it is crucial to address and intervene in the content on Twitter that trivializes or supports the alleged health benefits of cocaine use. Intriguingly, our study shows that healthcare professionals on Twitter were among the strongest advocates for the health benefits, frequent use and positive experiences related to cocaine This could be relevant considering previous studies that have identified drug abuse among healthcare professionals as a concern 73 , especially when considering certain risk factors such as certain medical specialties, psychopathological or social factors, positive attitudes toward drugs, unhealthy lifestyle habits and so on Although we could not explore all contributing factors, further investigation is needed to understand the relationship between drug abuse and healthcare professionals on social media platforms like Twitter, as our findings imply that they may use it to share personal experiences and concerns related to drug use and abuse. Finally, we also observed a notable proportion of tweets 8. This is not a novel issue as previous works have also identified social media like Twitter as a conduit for the sale and supply of illicit drugs like opioids 74 , We encourage the regulation of this type of illegal cocaine sale, proposing the inclusion and use of possible programs implicated in the detection, classification and reporting of illicit online sale tweets, as promoted in previous works This research has some notable limitations. Second, just like practically all qualitative investigations, the construction of the codebook and the analysis of the tweets involve certain subjectivity. Similarly, it is also possible that bots or fake accounts have to some extent affected our data. Finally, the inclusion of tweets with 10 or more retweets could also be a limitation of the study, as it might have overlooked relevant tweets for this article. The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Front Psychiatry. Insights from the Twittersphere: a cross-sectional study of public perceptions, usage patterns, and geographical differences of tweets discussing cocaine Consuelo Castillo-Toledo Consuelo Castillo-Toledo 1 Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Madrid, Spain. Find articles by Consuelo Castillo-Toledo. Find articles by Carolina Donat-Vargas. Find articles by F J Lara-Abelenda. Find articles by Miguel Angel Ortega. Find articles by Cielo Garcia-Montero. Find articles by Fernando Mora. Find articles by Melchor Alvarez-Mon. Find articles by Javier Quintero. Find articles by Miguel Angel Alvarez-Mon. Received Aug 23; Accepted Feb 27; Collection date Category Examples Effect assessment Whether consumption is perceived as beneficial or a health risk. Health benefit 2. Harmful to health 1. Stop fucking around. Legal or illegal kills the same. Topic 1. General information Refers to when talking about more scientific issues. Minimization of the consequences of consumption, stigmatization, humorous tweets 6. Finally published the analysis I did of 19, admissions to mental health hospitalization. There are more and more problems related to cannabis, cocaine and other stimulants and we still do not have a care plan for dual pathology in Andalusia. I want one! Personal experience with drugs. Personal experience with cocaine, whether through acquaintances, friends, family members, or personal use, or related to social events associated with its consumption. Consumption type. Health professionals. General population or it is not possible to identify 5. Any famous person; singers, actors, politicians, influencers…. Cocaine has vasoconstrictive properties which along with other secondary effects lead to ischemia and subsequent perforation of the hard palate the roof of the mouth. However articles on methamphetamine were more likely to reference poor Whites and associate this drug as a public health problem. Cocaine is now legal in Oregon but now straws are illegal. Damn that must be mighty frustrating. Open in a new tab. Descriptive characteristics of the tweets are considered classifiable in the content analysis. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel. Effect assessment Whether consumption is perceived as beneficial or a health risk. Harmful to health. Minimization of the consequences of consumption, stigmatization, humorous tweets. User type Refers to the person sharing the tweet.

Uruguay’s Marijuana Bill Faces Political, Economic Obstacles

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From the beginning, marijuana legalization has been a tough sell in the country. Read the other chapters here or download the full PDF. A December Cifra poll found that that 64 percent of Uruguayans opposed marijuana legalization, 10 percent had no opinion, and just 26 percent approved. In response, Mujica put the measure on hold, calling for a longer period of debate in the country. The initiative was revised over the following months, and a far more comprehensive version was introduced in the Chamber of Representatives the lower legislative house in November. Further changes were added as the bill gained the backing of congressmen in the ruling Frente Amplio FA coalition. Unlike its predecessor, the updated bill does not allow the state to have a direct hand in marijuana cultivation or its sale. Instead this will be left to private entities, which will be regulated by a new government agency. The specifics of the bill set it apart from other marijuana legalization initiatives around the world. Download full PDF version of the bill below in Spanish Unlike in the Netherlands, where cannabis cultivation is still technically banned, this will legalize and regulate every step in the process of marijuana production and distribution. In that sense, it is closer in scope to the recent legalization of marijuana in Colorado, where adults are allowed to purchase the drug from licensed shops as well as grow up to six plants for personal use, and the development of a regulatory framework for commercial cultivation is underway. The first of these is home cultivation, in which — like in Colorado — individuals can possess up to six plants in their homes, with a maximum annual yield of grams. Third, the bill authorizes the state to grant licenses for private enterprises to grow marijuana for commercial purposes, though only the government can lawfully purchase this harvest. The registry will be private, not made available to potential or current employers. The bill also establishes strict penalties for giving the drug to minors and driving under the influence of marijuana. The logic behind the bill is straightforward. Marijuana use has been effectively decriminalized in Uruguay since , when a law was passed allowing judges to use their discretion in cases where individuals possess small amounts of illicit substances intended for personal use. The state allows individuals to use the substance, but forces them to buy it on the black market. According to Fernandez, the current government has taken a more relaxed attitude to small-scale marijuana growth, but it was not always that way. Before , it was not uncommon for those arrested with a dozen cannabis plants to face a year in jail, at least. By regulating marijuana, the government hopes to free up police resources to focus on growing insecurity and traffic in more harmful substances, as well as hit the pocketbooks of criminal networks profiting from marijuana sales. According to the estimates of the Uruguayan Association of Cannabis Studies AECU , an organization of experts on cannabis growth, roughly 80 percent of the marijuana smoked in Uruguay comes from Paraguay. The cannabis buds are harvested, dried, and then pressed into bundles either with a hydraulic press or by placing the harvest in bags or between sheets of plastic and burying it in shallow pits. This process is largely done by cultivators in rural areas in eastern Paraguay, who sell the pressed marijuana in bulk to traffickers in the area. These traffickers, in turn, make roughly 35 dollars for every kilo they move, according to Vaz. While some of this product is flown directly to Uruguay on small private planes, most marijuana makes its way into the country by land via Brazil or Argentina. Still, both numbers are small compared to the markets in neighboring Brazil and Argentina. For example, the JND estimate is less than half of the marijuana seized in successful raids by antidrug agents in Argentina last year 54 tons. Exactly how much of this marijuana enters Uruguay from Argentina and how much comes in from Brazil is a matter of debate. In and , Uruguayan officials seized roughly two tons every year 1. According to police, the vast majority of this was seized along the border with Argentina, at customs stations on the three bridges that span the Uruguay River or in the port of Montevideo. Police officials, and most drug experts, believe these are the most common routes for marijuana entering the country. Policing this border is a nearly impossible task. The northeastern border with Brazil is a 1, kilometer-long stretch of land that lays almost entirely unguarded. Rivera has thrived as a result of its location. In the photo of Rivera above, at right is Uruguay, at left is Brazil. Because of the fluid and porous nature of the border there, it is also popular among illicit smugglers. According to Antonio Aguirre, a representative to the Rivera province legislature, this has always been the case, and locals see smuggling as part of the culture. For many the border is an artificial line. Regardless of its entry point, in economic terms the Paraguayan marijuana will be the main competition for the government. In order for the regulation bill to work, the state will have to make the marijuana sold in pharmacies more attractive to users than the imported product, available on street corners in cities and towns across the country. This is no easy task. According to Juan Vaz, purchasing 25 grams of marijuana in Montevideo costs the equivalent of between and dollars. But cannabis experts and activists from elsewhere in the country consulted by InSight Crime suggest this varies considerably depending on location. Obtaining this price point may be the difference between a successful and an unsuccessful bill. Assuming it does not increase significantly, at that price it would definitely undercut the market in Montevideo, home to some 1. That is sure to take a bite out of the profits of drug smugglers, and make the Uruguayan market much less appealing to them. But in the event of any major fluctuation in price, the youth thought to be top consumers of the marijuana may simply opt for the cheaper product, regardless of the quality. It is in these areas that the government hopes to beat the black market in quality rather than price. Compared to the dry, imported Paraguayan product, the state-sold marijuana will be safer and of higher quality. The bill specifically bans legal cultivators from pressing marijuana, a process that is believed to make cannabis less potent, as well as leave it more susceptible to bacteria and fungi. Of course, the IRCCA may alter the price when the bill goes into effect, depending on the associated production and administrative costs. Effective regulation of the marijuana market will require cultivators of all sizes to take precautionary measures to prevent their crop from falling in the wrong hands. For household growers, this is a matter of keeping their six plants indoors or behind locked gates. For membership clubs and licensed commercial growers however, this is a different matter. The future may also bring political pressure for the state to raise taxes on the drug to generate more revenue, which would obviously increase the price and make it less competitive with Paraguayan marijuana. While the bill does not mention any specific taxes on the growth or sale of cannabis, this could change considering the unpopularity of the measure. Polls show that public opinion has not changed on the marijuana issue, with 66 percent of Uruguayans opposing legalization in an April survey. Another argument for leveling taxes on the drug may come from Tabare Vazquez, the former president who is widely expected to win the presidential race in October Excise taxes on cigarettes were a hallmark of a strict, highly successful tobacco regulation law that Vazquez sponsored during his presidency, and he may be more open to leveling taxes on marijuana to discourage its use. If politicians succumb to pressure to limit the scope of marijuana regulation by tampering with the availability or price of the drug in pharmacies, then the initiative will be doomed to failure. Marijuana users are already being forced into a vulnerable position by submitting their names to a federal registry. While this database cannot legally be shared with employers, it provides an undeniable incentive for users to keep buying the drug from their regular suppliers rather than going the legal route. For those that remain willing to purchase from pharmacies, raising the price could be the final straw. As long as the law is implemented well, the proper security measures are followed and the price of the drug is kept low enough to be competitive, the bill will likely drastically reduce the black market for cannabis in Uruguay. Because of its high degree of accountability, its strong state presence and stable government, it is difficult to imagine a better country in Latin America than Uruguay to experiment with marijuana legalization. Subscribe to our newsletter to receive a weekly digest of the latest organized crime news and stay up-to-date on major events, trends, and criminal dynamics from across the region. Donate today to empower research and analysis about organized crime in Latin America and the Caribbean, from the ground up. Skip to content. Stay Informed With InSight Crime Subscribe to our newsletter to receive a weekly digest of the latest organized crime news and stay up-to-date on major events, trends, and criminal dynamics from across the region.

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