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The global cocaine trade has seen seismic shifts in the last decade as drug traffickers looked beyond the United States to set their sights on more lucrative markets in Europe. Cocaine consumption in Europe has increased significantly over the last decade. The rise of cocaine has caused an unprecedented wave of drug-related violence across Europe, especially in port cities like Rotterdam. As drug use has increased, so have drug-overdose deaths. Governments have struggled to respond to this rising threat to public health and security. Understanding how cocaine makes its way from South America through the Caribbean to Europe, as well as the geographic and political nature of the trafficking routes that connect them, will be critical for crafting effective solutions to this crisis. In , Western and Central Europe comprised 21 percent of the global demand of cocaine. The drug is now the second most consumed illicit drug on the entire continent behind cannabis. Europe has become an attractive destination for drug traffickers seeking higher profits and lower risks. This is due to higher market prices and lesser legal penalties for possession and consumption than in the United States. Furthermore, European interdiction efforts in Europe and the Caribbean territories do not match U. According to European officials, this allows border security forces to interdict only around 10—12 percent of the total flow of cocaine into the continent. The problem begins at the source of production: South America. Cocaine is produced from the coca plant, which is grown throughout South America. The majority of coca harvesting takes place in three countries, Colombia, Bolivia, and Peru, which also serve as the starting point of the drug trade to Europe. In , these three countries alone grew an estimated Peru, located on the Pacific coast, is able to reach both the United States and Europe by transporting drugs through countries with high levels of trade with the European Union like Ecuador and Brazil. In , 98 percent of the forensic analyses conducted on cocaine seized in the United States traced its origin to Colombia. However, cocaine seized in Europe had a more complex breakdown, with 67 percent originating in Colombia, 27 percent in Peru, and 5 percent in Bolivia. To get to the Caribbean, drug traffickers favor transiting from Colombia through Venezuela. The Colombia—Venezuela border in particular has lax controls on the Venezuelan side, and some members of the Venezuelan military are involved or support the trafficking of drugs. A worker in Colombia sprinkles lime over crushed coca leaves as they are processed into coca paste. These factors allow for the flow of cocaine between the two countries, mainly through the crossing points in Catatumbo, Vichada, and Guanina. Criminal groups thrive in an atmosphere of corruption and impunity. When cocaine goes through ports and airports, drug traffickers often rely on bribes or compromised authorities to ensure their illicit cargo passes swiftly and without detection. This intersection of corruption and impunity is best seen in commercial ports. It has been extensively reported that criminal groups have infiltrated the commercial operations of ports that enables them to introduce cocaine into shipping containers destined to Europe. Cargo vessels offer one of the most advantageous methods of transporting cocaine because of the large volume of trade between the Caribbean and Europe. Interact with the 3D visualization below to learn some of the ways traffickers use shipping containers to conceal cocaine. While shipping containers represent the most lucrative method of transporting cocaine via sea, traffickers are also known to use mules to transport cocaine via air. Other methods of transportation across the Caribbean include go-fast boats, small, privately owned aircraft, and narcosubs. There are a multitude of paths drug traffickers may take through the Caribbean into Europe, including island hopping and moving through European overseas territories. Route The ultimate goal is reaching a large port or airport, such as the port of Caucedo in the Dominican Republic. By moving cocaine from island to island in small go-fast boats, traffickers reduce the chance of being detected by maritime patrol. Drug traffickers typically transport the cocaine during nighttime and leave it on deserted beaches for the next transportista to move it up the supply chain until it reaches a major port. A sample route may begin with cocaine leaving the small Venezuelan port town of Guiria toward Trinidad and Tobago. Trinidad and Tobago is only seven miles away from the Venezuelan coast, typically a minute boat ride. From there, traffickers can make multiple stops along the Lesser Antilles all the way to Hispaniola, either to the Dominican Republic or to the Haitian side of the island. The Dominican Republic reported an annual seizure of Cocaine leaving the Dominican Republic is typically destined for Spain , mainly due to the shared language, though recent reports claim Dutch and Dominican criminal groups are building stronger ties. Weak governance and limited economic opportunities in the Caribbean are two of the main vulnerabilities that drug traffickers exploit. Stronger institutions and stronger local economies therefore have the potential to reduce the likelihood of local officials and dock workers participating in part of the drug trade supply chain. European overseas territories offer distinct advantages to drug smugglers over other parts of the Caribbean. They include self-governing territories in the case of the Kingdom of the Netherlands or the United Kingdom, or in the case of France, are an integral part of the country. They usually include a common language, business connections, and family ties, in addition to direct transportation links to Europe by air or maritime routes. In the case of French Guiana, it also shares a common currency, the euro. These territories are also part of the European Union. European passport holders can travel to these territories and back to Europe visa-free. This route starts with cocaine leaving Colombia and Venezuela in small planes transiting through Guyana or the porous border with Suriname. Once in French Guiana, the cocaine departs in cargo vessels or by mules that take commercial flights to France. In a report presented to the French Senate in September of , it was estimated that between 15 and 20 percent of the cocaine reaching France comes from French Guiana. The islands of Bonaire, Saint Eustatius, and Saba are special municipalities within the Netherlands and are jointly referred to as the Caribbean Netherlands. Maarten are independent countries that, along with the Netherlands, are part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. In , it intercepted over 35 tonnes 38 tons of cocaine in the waters of its territories in the Caribbean. Cocaine shipments from Venezuela enter the European Dutch territories via go-fast boats. The distance between Aruba and Venezuela is only The route may include another transshipment point in Haiti due to its lack of port controls, and the cocaine is sometimes later transported by land to the Dominican Republic before it departs for Europe. The British Overseas Territories also play a role as transshipment points for cocaine. The increased traffic of cocaine in the Caribbean has brought a significant increase in violence and has exacerbated existing corruption in the region. This corruption and violence have compounded existing gender-based violence, gang activity, and high firearms availability. Curbing this trade is critical for restoring security across the region. When shipments of cocaine finally reach Europe, there are three primary points of entry. Over 70 percent of the cocaine entering Europe goes through Belgium, the Netherlands, or Spain. The main methods of transportation are via cargo, sailing, and fishing vessels. Some drugs are trafficked through air transportation, but this is less profitable as the volumes drug traffickers can transport are smaller compared to the amount they can send via maritime routes in shipping containers. Once the cocaine has reached its destination in Europe, the drugs are collected by drug extractors. Port workers or company employees share container reference codes with these extractors to allow them pick up the drugs from the specific shipping containers. Containers transporting perishable goods are regularly abused for this purpose, due to their expedited customs timeframe. According to a Europol report, European ports handle over 90 million containers each year. However, only 2 to 10 percent can be physically inspected, making the widespread detection of drugs nearly impossible. Four major ports in particular have seen a dramatic increase in the amount of cocaine being trafficked. This port seized Rotterdam seized The port of Valencia in Spain is the fourth-largest port in Europe. Before the emergence of the ports of Antwerp and Rotterdam, Spain had been the main entry point of cocaine arriving from the Andean countries. The port seized 2. The Spanish port of Algeciras is the sixth largest in Europe. On August 25, , 9. An emerging port of concern to law-enforcement officials is Le Havre in France. In , nearly 45 percent of the cocaine entering France transited through that port. France has also recorded a percent increase in cocaine seizures from to This trend is expected to continue as customs and port security tighten in Belgium and the Netherlands, driving traffickers to France. For drug traffickers, these ports across Europe present a unique opportunity to increase their monetary gains, extend their influence, and lower operational risk. International cooperation is imperative for creating solutions that are both comprehensive and sustainable for all countries involved. European stakeholders and Caribbean states must create a cohesive counternarcotics strategy. Additionally, increased cooperation with European overseas territories that serve as a gateway to the continent will be vital. Finally, public-private sector cooperation among shipping container companies and the governments affected by the drug trade is of utmost importance. Shipping companies should prioritize rigorous employee vetting and regular screening of all port and shipping containers. However, criminal groups take advantage of these ties to smuggle enormous amounts of cocaine across the Atlantic. Multiparty cooperation among criminal groups at the local, regional, and international levels has enabled the transatlantic drug trade to flourish. Only equivalent cooperation among European and Caribbean governments and the private sector can begin to effectively counter the flow of cocaine. Department of State. Bermudez Jr. Established in Washington, D. Europe's Cocaine Problem. Image captions. Route 2: Europe in the Caribbean European overseas territories offer distinct advantages to drug smugglers over other parts of the Caribbean. Stage 3 Europe: The Final Destination. All rights reserved. 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Once the cocaine has reached its destination in Europe, the drugs are collected by drug extractors. In the Netherlands, drug extractors are.
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Smugglers continue to use Old Harbour Bay as a key trans-shipment node in the drugs-for-guns trade with Haiti, reaping huge profits for weapons of war and defying attempts by the security forces to plug one of scores of illegal ports. Three knowledgeable sources who have been involved in the trade of contraband revealed during a Gleaner investigation that gun smugglers travel in boats equipped with powerful engines and laden with up to 3, pounds of ganja — and sometimes kilos of cocaine —bartering the drugs for auto-matic rifles and handguns with their Haitian counterparts. Fisherfolk doubling as middlemen have built a seedy network of clients ranging from deep-pocketed businessmen to gang members from Kingston, St Catherine, and St James, who are the sponsors of the expeditions. Having conducted 12 successful expeditions, by his own admission, which have brought in more than guns, the source gave details as to how the operation is undertaken from beginning to end. According to the source, the sponsors are responsible for purchasing the fuel and sometimes supply a faster engine for the boat, which must be ready to get away to give them time to dump the cargo if they encounter the Coast Guard. Boats carry at least gallons of fuel in a secure container for a round trip that takes up to a day and a half, subject to variables such as weather or change of route to avoid interception by the Coast Guard. When everything is done, we take off in the middle of the night and sometimes before daybreak. Thirty pounds of weed usually swaps for one rifle and 10 pounds for a handgun. The return trip, the source told The Gleaner, is fraught with the greatest danger — from the possibility of Haitians double-crossing them before leaving their territorial waters, to piracy on the high seas, to the fear of encountering US and Jamaican Coast Guard vessels. Mi si too much of my brethren dem a dead from the same guns. A number of residents with whom The Gleaner spoke also revealed that they were aware of an active trafficking network involving youth from Old Harbour Bay and Haiti, a problem with which the police are grappling. The residents said that the community was gripped by fear because the guns were being used to carry out robberies and murders in the greater Old Harbour area. Citing police data, Warmington said that murders in Old Harbour and its environs had risen from 25 in to 35 last year while shootings also climbed from 26 to Robberies also increased marginally. However, National Security Minister Dr Horace Chang, in a recent interview with The Gleaner , said that the drugs-for-guns trade did not only affect Old Harbour Bay, but different spots along the entire south coast of Jamaica. According to the national security minister, the Coast Guard has been successful in stemming the flow of guns to the island from Haiti and other Central American countries by interdicting the drug boats. But of concern to the security forces is that annual gun seizures represent about a third of that number, which translates to a net deficit of around 1, arms. The catch of illegal guns over the period January 1 to February 6 is at a four-year low. In , there have been 61 such seizures, compared to 76 in , in , and in The narrative is similar for the annual seizure of illegal guns over the past three years for the period January 1 to December Gun finds have declined from in , to in , and a three-year low of last year. Ammunition seizures, however, climbed from 11, in to 14, in The latter figure, however, represents a more than 30 per cent decline from 21, rounds of ammo in View the discussion thread. Skip to main content. Fishing for guns - Old Harbour Bay boatmen rake in profits with drugs-for-arms trafficking to Haiti. Photo Video. Previous Pause Next.
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