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Activities by an organized crime group involving the illegal entry, transit or residence of migrants for a financial or material benefit. The production, transport, storage and sale of goods that are fraudulently mislabeled or fraudulent imitations of registered brands. The illicit transport, handling and sale of excise consumer goods despite a ban or outside a legal market. Excludes oil and counterfeits. The illicit trade and possession of species covered by CITES convention, and other species protected under national law. The poaching, illicit trade in and possession of species covered by CITES and other species protected by national law. Includes IUU fishing. The illicit extraction, smuggling, mingling, bunkering or mining of natural resources and the illicit trade of such commodities. The production, distribution and sale of heroin. Consumption of the drug is considered in determining the reach of the criminal market. The production, distribution and sale of cocaine and its derivatives. Consumption is considered in determining the reach of the market. The illicit cultivation, distribution and sale of cannabis oil, resin, herb or leaves. Consumption is used to determine the market's reach. The production, distribution and sale of synthetic drugs. Organized crime that results in a monetary loss via financial fraud, embezzlement, misuse of funds, tax evasion and abusive tax avoidance. Clearly defined organized crime groups that usually have a known name, defined leadership, territorial control and identifiable membership. Loose networks of criminal associates engaging in criminal activities who fail to meet the defining characteristics of mafia-style groups. Includes foreign nationals and diaspora groups. The State's role in responding to organized crime and its effectiveness. The degree to which states have put oversight mechanisms in place to ensure against state collusion in illicit activities. A country's supranational structures and processes of interaction, policy making and concrete implementation to respond to organized crime. The degree to which states are able to control their physical and cyber territory and infrastructure against organized criminal activities. Assistance provided to victims of various forms of organized crime, including initiatives such as witness protection programs. Refers to the existence of strategies, measures, resource allocation, programmes and processes that are aimed to inhibit organized crime. North Macedonia is a source and transit country for women and children subjected to sex and labour trafficking. In addition, migrants and refugees travelling or smuggled through the country are particularly vulnerable to trafficking, especially women and unaccompanied minors. Organized crime groups are becoming increasingly sophisticated and law enforcement often accept bribes to facilitate the criminal market. North Macedonia serves as a considerable route for human smuggling activities in the region. Most of the migrants smuggled into the country are reported to originate from Pakistan, Afghanistan, Syria, India and Bangladesh. Criminal groups involved in this market are reported to have links with corrupt officials and are engaged in assisting the migrants to pass illegally across borders and to shelter them in hotels or houses. To tackle this market, the government has strengthened security on the northern and southern borders. Instances of extortion are still prevalent but have decreased in North Macedonia in the past few years. North Macedonia continues to be a transit and destination country in the region for arms trafficking, albeit on a small scale. Illegal arms are easily available in the country. Since the end of the armed conflict in the former Yugoslavia, the Western Balkans has been cited as a source of illicit small arms and lethal weapons for organized crime groups in other parts of Europe. However, there is not much evidence of this availability in North Macedonia. The criminal market for counterfeit goods in North Macedonia is small. The country has improved its ability to fight imports of counterfeit goods, especially when it comes to goods imported from Turkey and China. Counterfeit pharmaceuticals, hazardous and counterfeit toys, as well as clothing and accessories from famous brands are also known to be available in this market. There is an illicit market for the trade of cigarettes and other tobacco products in North Macedonia, albeit limited. Loosely organized criminal groups and legitimate businesses in North Macedonia are known to be active in this market. Illegal logging primarily involves villagers seeking a source of income, who often bribe rangers to allow them to log more woods than allowed. However, larger-scale illegal logging is known to be conducted by wood thieves, often with the assistance of government officials. Political influence and bribes are often used to facilitate logging without proper permits or to gain access to forests. While the North Macedonian government controls the export of timber, corruption and enforcement issues combined with the poverty in the region contribute to illegal logging and licence abuse. Even though fauna crime market is limited in North Macedonia, the country is affected by the illegal wildlife trade and poaching, especially the illegal hunting of the endangered Balkan lynx. People close to political elites are reported to take part in the illegal hunting of Balkan lynx with impunity. The illegal bird trade is also an issue in North Macedonia and across the Western Balkans. However, most fauna crimes involving bird hunting are due to tourists travelling to the region for illegal hunting. In addition, there are considerable concerns related to illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and smuggling of glass eels. Precious minerals such as gold, iron ore, silver, copper, manganese and lead are the most important natural resource found in North Macedonia. Non-metallic minerals are also present and there is a long history of mining in the Balkan region. Since there is a lack of control over the extraction process in the country, as well as high levels of corruption among government officials, there is notable potential for the illicit production of and trade in these non-renewable resources. When combined with the low penalties imposed on environmental crimes in North Macedon, this market becomes attractive for crime groups trading in non-renewables. North Macedonia continues to be a source and transit country for heroin, with increasing consumption levels. The country is one of the key entry points for heroin coming from Afghanistan and Turkey on the Balkan route through its eastern borders, primarily from the neighbouring country of Bulgaria. The drug is commonly distributed among students in secondary school to make them users and they then become dealers within the education system. Beside mafia groups, local police officers who offer protection to the dealers are also part of this illicit activity. North Macedonia is a transit and to some extent a destination country for cocaine trafficking. Nonetheless, domestic consumption remains limited due to its high price. Local groups involved in the cocaine market cooperate with Kosovar and Albanian criminal groups to transport cocaine to western markets. Political protection is also believed to help this illicit market run smoothly. The cannabis trade in North Macedonia continues to be one of the largest illicit drug markets in the country. North Macedonia is a transit point for cannabis trafficking in southeast Europe. North Macedonia is also a destination country as demand for cannabis remains high in the country, due to its low price and easy access. The trade has been associated with some violence over the control of trafficking routes. Furthermore, criminal groups are known to be active in this market. While most synthetic drugs are produced in Serbia, North Macedonia is known to have some synthetic drugs laboratories. Nevertheless, the North Macedonian local market for synthetic drug remains small, with low levels of demand. It is, however, used as a transit country. Criminal groups have many logistical centres there, from where the drug is transported to Albania or Kosovo. There are reports suggesting that law enforcement officers provide protection for the groups operating in this illicit trafficking. Cybercrimes are prevalent in North Macedonia and are also on the rise. Cybercrime organizations from various sources have reportedly targeted the cyber infrastructure of North Macedonian public institutions over the past few years. Some of these groups originate from neighbouring countries with which North Macedonia has ongoing political disputes. Furthermore, certain entities are even linked to warring factions in Ukraine. Most of the financial crimes in North Macedonia are connected to political elite who participate in a wide range of financial crimes, such as financial and investment fraud, tax evasion, embezzlement and misuse of funds. Loosely organized criminal groups and high-level businesspeople are also known to be involved in transnational financial crimes in the country. Investment fraud remains one of the most common financial crimes used by criminal groups targeting individuals for monetary gain. Criminal networks play a prominent role in the North Macedonian criminal landscape and participate in many illicit markets, such as drug and arms trafficking and migrant smuggling. While some criminal networks operate on a transnational level, others only operate locally. Many networks are formed along ethnic lines and are predominantly hierarchically structured. Collusion with state-embedded actors ensures continuity for these criminal groups and their operations. This is indicative of persistent corruption across state structures. Furthermore, people involved in high-level white-collar crime, who were linked to government actors, are now believed to be cooperating with parties in power. There is a reasonably high level of foreign-national criminal actor collaboration in North Macedonian criminal markets, especially from bordering countries such as Serbia, Albania, Kosovo, Greece and Bulgaria, as well as Turkey. North Macedonian businesspeople are involved with criminal actors in a variety of criminal markets. High levels of government corruption and blurred lines between the public authorities and private-sector entities have encouraged several business areas to become influenced by illegal money. For instance, private entities active in the construction sector are widely known to be involved in illegal activities, which include bribing state officials for documentation and permits and money laundering. No active mafia-style organizations are observed in North Macedonia. However, small groups that could be characterized as mafia-style groups are concentrated in certain parts of the country are highly active in drug trafficking and human smuggling. These small groups are known to cooperate well with their bigger international counterparts, like the Russian and the Italian mafias. In addition, it has recently closed one of two priorities in its foreign policy agenda by becoming a NATO member. Progress has been achieved in reforms aimed at enhancing transparency in public activities and transactions. The government has enabled access to public information, although its implementation is not consistent across public institutions. Moreover, there has been significant improvement in corruption as the country has taken steps to prosecute high-level officials for the act. Furthermore, budget transparency under the new government also improved with the publication of budgetary data. Overall, the work of the government and Parliament is more transparent, with civil society involved in policy-making processes. However, nepotism, corruption and clientelism remain prevalent in the country, with serious corruption and procurement scandals continuing to emerge. North Macedonia has ratified all relevant organized crime treaties in a timely manner, in addition to recently becoming a NATO member, which brought the country closer to its Western allies. With close cooperation with NATO, North Macedonian authorities adopted the National Cyber Security Strategy to tackle cyber-related criminal activities, which pose a serious potential danger to the constitutional order and overall national security in the country. In terms of action against illicit trade and counterfeit goods, several projects have been conducted in cooperation with Europol and the World Customs Organisation to combat illicit trade in drugs, counterfeit goods, medicines, medical devices and protective equipment, weapons, explosives, dangerous waste, cultural goods and tobacco products. The criminal code covers most criminal activities, including human trafficking, online child pornography, computer crime and drugs trafficking. The government of North Macedonia made some amendments under the criminal code to combat fraud in relation to the financial interests of the EU, including customs fraud. North Macedonia has the lowest percentage of pre-trial detainees in the region, which suggests that the judiciary has considerable capacity to process criminal cases. The role of the public prosecutor has increased with new legislation pertaining to illegal wiretapping. Having said that, prosecutors are unable to work in an effective manner due to high politization and a lack of human resources and funding. Furthermore, corruption continues to be widespread in the judicial system and tough rulings when it comes to crimes such as drug trafficking are very rare, as there is a certain degree of impunity. There is a permanent effort to strengthen national law enforcement by constantly reforming specialized departments within the Ministry of Internal Affairs established to combat specific types of crime. Corruption and the ineffectiveness of law enforcement continues to render the fight against organized crime insufficient. However, the new government is taking action to improve the situation and address structural and operational shortcomings in tackling both corruption and organized crime. Special investigative units have been established to carry out investigations into organized crime or into activities typically related to organized crime. The customs administration and financial police still have limited capacity to apply special investigative measures, significantly limiting the efficiency of the fight against organized crime. The North Macedonian police is well prepared and trained and collaborates with their counterparts from neighbouring and EU countries. However, police officers and customs administrative staff are reported to be involved in human smuggling, drug trafficking and the illicit sale of passports. North Macedonia has relatively strong border control, as it is relatively easy to control its landlocked borders. As an important part of the Balkan route, North Macedonia continues to manage the effects of the migration and refugee crisis. In addition, criminal networks still pose a threat to its territorial integrity. The country is in the process of negotiating with the EU on the status agreement on actions to be conducted by the European Border and Coast Guard Agency in the country. Securing the border with Albania is more of a challenge for North Macedonia due to the mountainous terrain, and customs and border police are still vulnerable to corruption and organized crime. North Macedonia has made progress on its anti-money laundering policies. The existing legislation regarding anti-money laundering and terrorism financing was updated through a new regulation that aims to comply with the relevant EU regulations. Nonetheless, the system to combat money laundering remains weak and without capacity to fulfil its duties. Furthermore, most legal entities in the country fail to submit data and information, something that is believed to be associated with tax evasion. The implementation of these laws is ineffective due to a lack of necessary resources and training. While most financial transactions are done through the regulated banking system, cash transactions involving considerable amounts occasionally take place outside the banking system. Money laundering in North Macedonia is often linked to financial crimes such as tax evasion and a small portion of money laundering activity is connected to narcotics trafficking. North Macedonia has improved administrative matters and bureaucratic procedures that have enabled companies to conduct their daily activities in a more effective and timely manner. It also offers low taxes and low prices for land for foreign national investors. However, the informal economy is a serious problem for the country. The informal share of the economy remains large, impacting on the competitiveness of the formal private sector, although it is declining in terms of gross value added and employment. Furthermore, key economic weaknesses include shortcomings in the business environment, such as weak contract enforcement and costly and time-consuming commercial dispute resolution. The institutional support for victims and witnesses in North Macedonia is low; however, the government has made moderate attempts to support drug users. Efforts have also been made to increase the identification of trafficking victims through the establishment of an operational team within the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the victim identification training for first responders, including police officers, labour inspectors, immigration officials, teachers and social workers. However, experts reported most government agencies do not undertake proactive identification efforts. Moreover, support for victims is still mainly provided by NGOs dependent on donor support from foreign entities — a strategy that is not sustainable in the long run. North Macedonia has improved its system of checks and balances, as well as the competencies of crime prevention institutions. The state commission for the prevention of corruption has made notable progress, consolidating its track record on investigation and opening several cases of corruption, including some against high-level government representatives. The government of North Macedonia has developed a national strategy to combat human trafficking and illegal migration. There is limited evidence that the state is doing enough to work with the community to help prevent criminal activities or establish preventive mechanisms. Civil society has taken a proactive role in recent years, and the council for cooperation between the government of North Macedonia and civil society contributed to increasing transparency and objectivity in the allocation of funds provided in the budget. However, there has been a decrease in the financial resources provided to civil society organizations in recent years. As for the media landscape, North Macedonia has improved its press freedom and related policies, a move that can be linked to less hostile environment encountered by journalists in the country. However, the overall public trust in media outlets continued to decrease. Widespread online misinformation, lack of professionalism and slow government policies to protect independent outlets exposed some journalists to pervasive threats and attacks, especially on social media. The criminal markets score is represented by the pyramid base size and the criminal actors score is represented by the pyramid height, on a scale ranging from 1 to The resilience score is represented by the panel height, which can be identified by the side of the panel. A series of 13 discussion papers, one for each illicit market considered during the development of the Index. We're constantly working to improve the Index. By participating in this survey, you will be providing us with insights and suggestions that will help us make the Index an even better resource. This report was funded in part by a grant from the United States Department of State. The opinions, findings and conclusions stated herein are those of the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime and do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Department of State. Capital Skopje. Income group Upper middle income. Population 2,, Geography type Landlocked. GINI Index Criminal markets 4. An assessment of the value, prevalence and non-monetary impacts of a specific crime type. Human trafficking 5. Human smuggling 6. Extortion and protection racketeering 5. Arms trafficking 4. Trade in counterfeit goods 4. Illicit trade in excisable goods 3. Flora crimes 4. Fauna crimes 3. Non-renewable resource crimes 3. Heroin trade 6. Cocaine trade 5. Cannabis trade 6. Synthetic drug trade 5. Cyber-dependent crimes 5. Financial crimes 6. Criminal actors 5. An assessment of the impact and influence of a specific criminal actor type on society. Mafia-style groups 3. Criminal networks 6. State-embedded actors 6. Foreign actors 5. Private sector actors 5. Political leadership and governance 5. Government transparency and accountability 5. International cooperation 6. National policies and laws 5. A state's legal action and structures put in place to respond to organized crime. Judicial system and detention 4. Law enforcement 6. Territorial integrity 6. Anti-money laundering 5. Economic regulatory capacity 4. Victim and witness support 4. Prevention 5. Non-state actors 6. Analysis Download full profile english. People North Macedonia is a source and transit country for women and children subjected to sex and labour trafficking. Trade North Macedonia continues to be a transit and destination country in the region for arms trafficking, albeit on a small scale. Environment Illegal logging primarily involves villagers seeking a source of income, who often bribe rangers to allow them to log more woods than allowed. Drugs North Macedonia continues to be a source and transit country for heroin, with increasing consumption levels. Cyber Crimes Cybercrimes are prevalent in North Macedonia and are also on the rise. Financial Crimes Most of the financial crimes in North Macedonia are connected to political elite who participate in a wide range of financial crimes, such as financial and investment fraud, tax evasion, embezzlement and misuse of funds. Criminal Actors Criminal networks play a prominent role in the North Macedonian criminal landscape and participate in many illicit markets, such as drug and arms trafficking and migrant smuggling. Criminal justice and security North Macedonia has the lowest percentage of pre-trial detainees in the region, which suggests that the judiciary has considerable capacity to process criminal cases. Economic and financial environment North Macedonia has made progress on its anti-money laundering policies. Civil society and social protection The institutional support for victims and witnesses in North Macedonia is low; however, the government has made moderate attempts to support drug users. Read the analysis Listen the podcasts View all events. Next Skip. How to measure organized crime? Read more on globalinitiative. Give us feedback We're constantly working to improve the Index.
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These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format. All countries. Topics A-Z. The content in this section is aimed at anyone involved in planning, implementing or making decisions about health and social responses. Best practice. We have developed a systemic approach that brings together the human networks, processes and scientific tools necessary for collecting, analysing and reporting on the many aspects of the European drugs phenomenon. Explore our wide range of publications, videos and infographics on the drugs problem and how Europe is responding to it. All publications. More events. More news. We are your source of drug-related expertise in Europe. We prepare and share independent, scientifically validated knowledge, alerts and recommendations. About the EUDA. The national focal point was set-up in by Government Decree and it is led by the Head of the Sector for controlled substances within the Ministry of Health. The Sector coordinates the work of the Inter-ministerial committee to combat drugs, presents bi-annual progress reports to the Mini Dublin Group and prepares information for the European Commission as part of the process of bringing the country closer to the EU practices. To date, no survey on drug use among the general population has been conducted. In total, first- and second-grade classes students born in , and turning 16 years old at the time of survey from 68 public secondary schools took part in the survey. The most recent survey Currie et al. Based on the frequency of use, four user groups were defined as follows 1 :. Experimenters: those who have used cannabis 1—2 times in the last 12 months. Regular users: those who have used cannabis 3—39 times in the past 12 months. Heavy users: those who have used cannabis 40 times or more in the past 12 months. Drug demand reduction is one of the pillars of the National Drugs Strategy of the Republic of Macedonia — In the National Prevention Programme, prepared by the state Inter-ministerial Commission for the Control of Drugs, was also adopted. The Programme supports a comprehensive approach to drug prevention and unites the efforts of all relevant ministries — the Ministry of Education and Science, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Welfare and Social Policy, Ministry of Justice and Ministry of Interior. The Programme provides for the decentralisation of implementation to the level of local governments, in close partnerships with non-governmental organisations NGOs. Universal prevention activities are mainly implemented through schools. The Ministry of Education and Science has implemented activities to inform students, teachers and parents and programmes that support activities to help people to adopt healthy lifestyles, and has also strengthened international cooperation on these issues. In total, 2 pupils and 41 teachers participated in the preventive workshops in In addition, information documents on alcohol and cannabis were prepared, printed and distributed in the schools. In training on the early detection of psychoactive substance use among school students and interventions for change was organised for school professionals. It included primary school students aged 10—14 and their parents. The programme was implemented in seven consecutive sessions, initially for children and parents separately, and subsequently for both groups together. This definition specifically includes regular or long-term use of prescribed opioids such as methadone, but does not include their rare or irregular use, or the use of ecstasy or cannabis. In various methods expert opinions, census, capture—recapture and multiplier methods were used to estimate the prevalence of injecting drug use in five cities, including Skopje. The national focal point NFP calculated estimates multiplier method based on treatment and syringe and needle exchange programmes, police contacts and drug-related deaths of the number of problem drug users, mainly opiate users, for the country. The size of the injecting heroin user population based on the estimates from this study was found to be about 8 This figure corresponds to a rate of 1. In a total of 1 patients of which 78 were female were on opioid substitution treatment OST with methadone, according to data from state substitution treatment centres. OST with buprenorphine is only provided by the University Clinic for Toxicology Chibisev and Simonovska, ; it reported a total of patients of which 23 were female in During some patients 16 female started OST with buprenorphine, and 53 patients left the programme. In some new patients 10 females started OST with buprenorphine, while 39 left the programme. The average age of those who started OST with buprenorphine was Additional information regarding acute intoxication is available from the University Clinic for Toxicology. During it reported 11 cases of acute cannabis intoxication, 3 of ecstasy, 27 of methadone, 15 of heroin, 6 of cocaine and 12 of narcotic analgesics Chibisev and Simonovska, North Macedonia is a low HIV prevalence country and has reported the lowest number of HIV positive cases so far among the countries in the south-eastern European region. The first death from AIDS was registered in In the Institute of Public Health registered the largest annual number of people infected with HIV at 20 15 men and 5 women. Among them, one is a 6-year-old child, the first child reported in the last 17 years. Of these 20 newly registered cases, 12 were already registered with AIDS stage of a disease. As a consequence, the number of deaths related to AIDS has dropped by almost 2. This reduction in mortality highlights the benefits of antiretroviral therapy, the network of voluntary testing and counselling and other surveillance, prevention and treatment activities Ministry of Health, HIV testing has been available in North Macedonia since The number of tests performed increased from in to 18 in In some drug users including 86 female underwent voluntary counselling and testing. No HIV cases were detected. According to the Institute of Public Health Kuzmanovska, , the total number of hepatitis B virus HBV patients in was 98 male and 56 female , while in there were male and 82 female. The total number of hepatitis C virus HCV patients in was 76 60 male and 16 female , while in there were male and 48 female. The University Nephrology Clinic reported 62 patients including 28 female with HCV in and 56 including 26 female in The report does not have information on links with injecting drug use among the patients. There were 76 cases of HCV in , and 42 in Of these, 96 had chronic infection and 46 had acute infection. In there were male and 50 female patients with HBV infection, of which had chronic infection and 47 had acute infection. The total number of patients infected with HCV was 76 in 60 male and 16 female , and in male and 48 female. In some 48 patients were treated for infectious diseases. There is no information on links with injecting drug use among the patients. In there were 14 drug-related deaths including 1 female , and in there were 18 5 females. In the youngest person to die from overdose was 18 years old, while the oldest was In the youngest person was 17, and the oldest was In the majority of DRDs were aged 25—29 In the majority of DRDs were aged 35—41 In four deaths were linked to opiate overdose, and nine to methadone in four cases it was in combination with benzodiazepines, but in the remaining cases only methadone. One death was identified as being due to cocaine intoxication. In the majority of DRDs Data analysis by the national focal point shows changing patterns in DRDs and the number of drug-related deaths and an increase in the number of drug-related deaths among females in the most recent years. While the most common cause of death was overdose with heroin for the years —10, figures for and indicate that methadone has become the most prevalent opioid detected alone or combination with other psychoactive substances in drug-related deaths. However, low autopsy rates and limited forensic toxicological examinations make it difficult to assess and interpret the actual number of drug-related deaths in the country. At the national level, drug-related treatment is provided by different systems of health, social and civil society organisations NGOs. Drug-related treatment is available within the framework of the public health national service network, making the public sector the leading actor in drug-related medically assisted treatment. Four private psychiatric services have also recently started offering treatment. The national treatment system includes outpatient and inpatient treatment, detoxification and substitution maintenance treatment. The majority of treated drug users receive outpatient treatment, where opioid substitution treatment, psychosocial interventions, individual or group counselling and social and psychotherapy are offered. Inpatient drug treatment consists of psychosocial interventions, pharmacologically assisted in terms of withdrawal treatment. Detoxification treatment may take place in inpatient or outpatient settings. Treatment for drug users is available nationwide. The University Clinic for Toxicology consists of several units: intensive care, detoxification, an outpatient unit for drug addicts with a counselling centre, diagnostic cabinets, a toxicological laboratory, and a toxicological information centre. The information centre provides advice on procedures, diagnosis and treatment for poisoning cases, and also advises drug users. The Clinic provides treatment for acute intoxications with opioids and other drugs, treatment of somatic complications, which are a consequence of long-term use of opioids and other drugs, clinical examination of drug addicts, serological screenings for HBV, HCV and HIV, treatment of withdrawal syndrome, and detoxification. Methadone was first used as a substitution substance in , and it remains the main substance prescribed for substitution maintenance treatment. Buprenorphine, which was introduced in at the University Clinic for Toxicology, is also used in detoxification and substitution treatment. The cost of the buprenorphine programme is met by the Government. Idrizovo Prison has had a methadone maintenance treatment centre since It has a bed medical facility where people who are addicted to drugs can be treated alongside other patients. Its biochemistry laboratory is able to perform screening tests for the presence of psychoactive substances in urine. Prisoners in other prisons are also receiving methadone substitution therapy, in cooperation with local treatment centres and with the University Clinic for Toxicology for buprenorphine. In some of the 2 prisoners registered on 31 December were drug users; of them were on a substitution maintenance programme with methadone and 17 prisoners were on treatment with buprenorphine. In approximately of 2 prisoners were drug users. In Idrizovo Prison of 1 prisoners were drug users in Of these, were on methadone maintenance treatment and five received buprenorphine based treatment. Harm reduction activities aim to reduce mortality and morbidity among drug users. The number of people in the country who inject drugs has increased substantially over the past decade. Harm reduction activities are implemented through a nationwide network of needle and syringe exchange programmes using outreach work, and in drug help centres. The centres also offer first aid and social care services in emergency cases. Needle and syringe exchange programmes offer basic medical services, treatment of wounds, voluntarily counselling and testing for HIV, case management and legal services. Harm reduction programmes needle exchange, opioid substitution therapy, counselling and support centres in Skopje in had contact with clients. The total number of contacts in was 12 In four harm reduction programmes in Skopje distributed needles, syringes and 14 condoms. The Skopje programmes delivered 14 medical services, mainly basic medical interventions, counselling and education for drugs and the consequences of drug use, information for treatment and referral to treatment. Social workers in Skopje delivered 5 services, most of which were related to: obtaining identification documents and other personal documents e. Of the newly registered drug users in harm reduction programmes in Skopje, 92 Heroin use only was reported by 32 In the country as a whole, 14 harm reduction programmes had contact with 2 clients during , of which were new clients. Among new clients, The total number of contacts in was 38 In a total of needles, syringes and 95 condoms were distributed. In these 14 programmes delivered 41 medical services, most of which were basic medical interventions, counselling and education about drugs and the consequences of drug use, and information about treatment and referral to treatment. Social workers delivered 25 services, most of which were related to: obtaining identification documents and other personal documents e. Heroin use only was reported by Regarding the predominant route of administration of drugs, of new clients North Macedonia is on the Balkan drug trafficking route. South-west Asia, mainly Afghanistan, remains the main source for heroin. There has been a noticeable increase in the trafficking of cannabis via North Macedonia in recent years. The main route of cannabis and its derivatives is from Albania, through the north-western to the south-eastern part of the country towards Greece and Bulgaria. Heroin comes most often from Turkey, Bulgaria or Greece towards Albania or Serbia, cocaine is taken by air via Skopje airport or by sea to ports in Albania and Bulgaria, but synthetic drugs come most frequently from Bulgaria and Serbia. The data from the Ministry of Justice indicate that people were charged against Article and against Article of the Criminal Code in The impact of the opium crop failure in Afghanistan on the major illicit markets for opiates was reflected in a general decrease in seizures in , and a heroin shortage was observed in some European countries in — Although large quantities of heroin continued to be trafficked along the main Balkan route leading from Afghanistan to western and central Europe via south-eastern Europe, declining seizures were reported in most of the countries in these regions in UNODC, Turkey also reported a substantial decline in the amount seized in ; this needs to be understood in the context of earlier interdiction activities that appear to have disrupted the heroin market in parts of Europe EMCDDA, There has been a general decrease in seizures between —12 in North Macedonia. There are indications that alongside with the decrease in seizures there was some shortage in supply, which has encouraged users in to replace heroin with other substances such as methadone, benzodiazepines and Tramadol. In addition to the seized controlled substances listed in Table 1, in around ml and 1 tablets of illicit methadone were seized in North Macedonia. According to data from the Ministry of Interior, the street prices of heroin ranged from EUR 5—8 for 0. The price of marijuana ranged from EUR 2. The Criminal Code, Articles and , regulates the unauthorised production and release for trade of narcotics, psychotropic substances and precursors as well as enabling the taking of narcotics, psychotropic substances and precursors. The possession of narcotic drugs for personal use is not allowed in accordance with the Criminal Code. Furthermore, a person who induces another to take narcotics, psychotropic substances and precursors, or who gives narcotics, psychotropic substances and precursors to another for this person or someone else, or who makes available premises for the taking of narcotics, psychotropic substances and precursors, or in some other way enables another to take narcotics, psychotropic substances and precursors, shall be punished with imprisonment of three months to five years. If the crime is committed toward a juvenile, or toward several persons, or if it causes especially severe consequences, the offender shall be punished with imprisonment of one to 10 years. The strategy for the socialisation and social adaptation of convicts for —12 also sets out special measures to improve access to drug treatment programmes in prisons. The law for the control of precursors introduces a system of monitoring and control of licit trade and control of precursors, with the aim of preventing smuggling and the diversion of precursor from licit to illicit channels. The overall objectives of the law are the protection of human health and the environment from the harmful effects of some precursors. Because one part of the precursors is made up of chemicals and one part of active medical ingredients, the whole framework of control of precursors has been amended with the adoption of two new laws, for the control of chemicals and on medicinal products and medical devices, all of which were harmonised with EU legislative instruments in In addition to the control of precursors listed in the UN Convention of , the law on chemicals is important for controlling the substances included in the Limited International Special Surveillance List. The National Drugs Strategy of the Republic of Macedonia —12 was adopted in December , and is in line with the European Union drug strategy — The principles, goals and priorities established by the national drug strategy are elaborated further in the pre-implementation drug action plan —08, and a national drug action plan — The action plan works towards an efficient, coordinated and multidisciplinary approach to the fight against drug abuse, undertaking measures for: increasing the awareness and knowledge of the general public about the controlled psychoactive substances that cause addiction; the prevention of use of psychoactive substances, especially among young people; encouraging healthy lifestyles; the protection of the family; reducing health and social drug-related consequences; including all sectors of society in the activities related to the fight against drug abuse. In May the evaluation of the National Drugs Strategy of the Republic of Macedonia —12 was initiated by the national focal point NFP using multiple techniques, tools and cross-analysis of quantitative and qualitative data from different data sources. The NFP implemented an anonymous survey using a questionnaire that was applied for the evaluation of the EU strategy, but adapted to the national context. The questionnaire was sent to 80 representatives of governmental institutions ministries that have drug-related activities in their plans , non-governmental institutions, treatment centres for drug addiction, University Clinic of Toxicology, the Clinic for infectious diseases, public health institutes and centres, medical centres, international organisations, private drug addiction treatment centres and others. Approximately A field survey was carried out with respondents from 20 cities across the country, using a standard questionnaire adapted to the national situation, by the national focal point, the Sector for Controlled Substances, Bureau for Medicines, Ministry of Health and the Bureau for Public Security, Ministry of Interior. The survey provided data on socio-demographic characteristics, drug use patterns of the respondents and their friends, the prices of drugs and their purchase patterns, and the perceived availability of drug Petrushevska et al. The study concluded that there is a need to further increase the level of knowledge and awareness about the harmful effects of drugs as well as to strengthen intersectoral action at all levels school, family, health and social services, police in order to promote the health of young people. Moreover, the findings suggested a need to implement prevention programmes not only in the educational system, but also at the community and for vulnerable young people in correctional facilities and children who are outside the educational system. Such programmes should focus on increasing awareness and building healthy lifestyles, and should begin in elementary school. The survey also indicated that there is a changing pattern in heroin use in some locations from injecting to sniffing using a foil, which may indicate the positive impact of harm reduction interventions in the field of safer drug use, implemented for a number of years in the country. The Bureau of Medicines, Ministry of Health, carries out the expert and administrative work related to the tasks of the commission. The NFP is led by the head of the sector for controlled substances within the Pharmaceutical Agency at the Ministry of Health and is located in the premises of the Ministry of Health. Most of the ministries and institutions involved in drug-related issues provide data to the NFP. The Directorate for the Prevention of Money Laundering, as an administrative part of the Ministry of Finance, is responsible for financial intelligence, collecting, evaluating, analysing and keeping data for activities connected with the prevention of both money laundering and the financing of terrorism. The Agency for Freezing and Confiscating Properties, in collaboration with the responsible judicial division, is responsible for: governance of confiscated properties to protect their value; holding confiscated properties; preparing statistical reports; and selling or destroying confiscated properties for example, burning seized narcotic drugs. Chalovska Ivanovska, V. Chibisev, A. Currie, C. Kuzmanovska, G. Milenkovic, Z. Petrusevska, Lj. Todorovski, V. Shikole, A. This overview has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. Tatjana Petrusevska, Pharm. It is defined as the value of all goods and services produced less the value of any goods or services used in their creation. Unemployed persons comprise those aged 15—74 who were: a without work during the reference week; b currently available for work; c actively seeking work. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. Latest data Prevalence of drug use Drug-induced deaths Infectious diseases Problem drug use Treatment demand Seizures of drugs Price, purity and potency. Drug use and prison Drug law offences Health and social responses Drug checking Hospital emergencies data Syringe residues data Wastewater analysis Data catalogue. Selected topics Alternatives to coercive sanctions Cannabis Cannabis policy Cocaine Darknet markets Drug checking Drug consumption facilities Drug markets Drug-related deaths Drug-related infectious diseases. Recently published Findings from a scoping literature…. Penalties at a glance. Frequently asked questions FAQ : drug…. FAQ: therapeutic use of psychedelic…. Viral hepatitis elimination barometer…. EU Drug Market: New psychoactive…. EU Drug Market: Drivers and facilitators. Statistical Bulletin home. Recent events EUDA webinar: Preventing substance-related crime in the community — how can we provide safer and healthier environments? Recent news How do economic recessions influence illicit drug use? Quick links Search news Subscribe newsletter for recent news Subscribe to news releases. Breadcrumb Home Publications North Macedonia. North Macedonia: A summary of the national drug situation. Please note: this content is now considered archived and provided here for information purposes only. For more recent information, please see the North Macedonia partners page. Last update: September On this page: Our partner in North Macedonia Drug use among the general population and young people Prevention Problem drug use Treatment demand Drug-related infectious diseases Drug-induced deaths and mortality among drug users Treatment responses Harm reduction responses Drug markets and drug-law offences National drug laws National drug strategy Coordination mechanism in the field of drugs References Background information Key national figures and statistics National publications Additional sources of national information Our partner in North Macedonia Ministry of Health '50 Divizija' No 14 1 Skopje North Macedonia Tel. Drug use among the general population and young people To date, no survey on drug use among the general population has been conducted. The study found: 5. Inhalant use is rare, and usually those who use inhalants only do so once or twice. Some 1. More female students It should be noted that medical prescriptions of tranquillisers have doubled since The use of cannabis has declined since and remains low compared to the other European countries. Use of marijuana remains more popular among male students. The use of other illicit drugs was similar to in In general, male students used more drugs than female students. Students usually had their first experience of drugs at the age of 14 or The percentage of female users in each of the defined user groups was close to zero. Top of page Prevention Drug demand reduction is one of the pillars of the National Drugs Strategy of the Republic of Macedonia — Selective and indicative prevention activities have not yet been implemented in the country. Top of page Treatment responses At the national level, drug-related treatment is provided by different systems of health, social and civil society organisations NGOs. Top of page Harm reduction responses Harm reduction activities aim to reduce mortality and morbidity among drug users. Top of page Drug markets and drug-law offences North Macedonia is on the Balkan drug trafficking route. Top of page National drug laws The main legislative instruments for drug-related issues are: law for narcotic drugs; national drug strategy; national drug strategy implementation action plan; law for precursors; rule of laws for law for precursor; customs law; law for criminal procedures; code of conduct; law for tracing communications; law for dealing with and freezing confiscated properties in criminal cases; law for preventing money laundering from criminal offences; law for health evidence. The law for narcotic drugs elaborates: the prevention and suppression of the abuse of narcotic drugs, and psychotropic substances; the prevention of illegal production and trade of narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and plants that can be used to produce narcotic drugs, and substances that can be used to produce narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances; the protection of human life and health, and control of narcotic drugs, and psychotropic substances. Top of page National drug strategy The National Drugs Strategy of the Republic of Macedonia —12 was adopted in December , and is in line with the European Union drug strategy — The National Drugs Strategy of the Republic of Macedonia —12 sets out two general aims: Attainment of a high level of health protection, well-being and social cohesion by complementing action in preventing and reducing drug use, dependence and drug-related harms to health and society. To ensure a high level of security for the general public by taking action against drug production, cross-border trafficking in drugs and diversion of precursors, and by intensifying preventive action against drug-related crime. Focus groups with 45 members of the police in Skopje, Tetovo and Bitola were also conducted. Working group Tatjana Petrusevska, Pharm. Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Macedonia. Customs Administration of the Republic of Macedonia. Ministry of Education and Science. Administration for the execution of sanctions on the condition and operation of the criminal and correctional institutions in the Republic Macedonia. Institute of Public Health. Institute of Forensic Medicine, Bitola. Institute of Forensic Medicine, Tetovo. Public treatment centres. Private psychiatric institutions for the treatment of drug addiction. Needle and syringe exchanging programmes operated by NGOs. NGO contact. Top of page Key national figures and statistics 1 Gross domestic product GDP is a measure of economic activity.
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