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By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. To learn more, view our Privacy Policy. To browse Academia. The rate of women being caught trafficking drugs in different countries and different states have escalated, therefore this have raised a question for investigation on why the rate is escalating so high. Within this statistics, some of the women have been prosecuted due to them being tricked and blackmailed, some of which have done trafficking due to being promised weeks away as holidays yet again knowingly so that what they currently carrying is illegally but not knowing that apparently they are carrying illegal substances, some of this women swallow such substances, some they rap around they leg, thighs, stomach and breast. Within this statistics, some of the women have been prosecuted due to them being tricked and blackmailed, some of which have done trafficking due to being promised weeks away as holidays yet again knowingly so that what they currently carrying is illegally but not knowing that apparently they are carrying illegal substances, some of this women swallow such substances, some they rap around they leg, thighs, stomach, breast and virgania. Material and methods. The inclusion criteria were met by fifty-two studies. In order to facilitate the understanding of the behaviour of women who commit this crime, factor analysis was grouped into social-cultural, personal and psychological factors. The main social and cultural factors considered were the adopted political system, the racial element, the cultural-regional peculiarities, the geographical positioning, the socio-economic status and the sociofamilial environment. The personal factors identified were age, occupation, lifestyle, system of norms and values, and psychological ones referred to indicators of psychological disorders, addictive behavior, the ability to control reactions and the perceived level of Statistics from the Brazilian Ministry of Justice reveal that, in recent years, the participation of women in criminal activities has expanded dramatically. Women have been mostly arrested for non-violent offenses, in particular for involvement in drug-related crimes. High-scale revenues and numerous job opportunities have been attracting an increasing number of women to the drug world. Traditionally, the involvement of women in the drug economy is explained by conditions of social and economic exclusion that restrain their opportunities in the formal labor market. The principal argument of the thesis is that experie Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences, Log in with Facebook Log in with Google. Remember me on this computer. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Need an account? Click here to sign up. Research proposal - women as drug mules Nkosinathi Nhlabathi. Drug mules: women in the international cocaine trade review Whitney Tchoula. The participation of women in drug trade networks Priscila Bittencourt R. Ikigai - Japanese Longevity Kristianto J. However this girls are in it for the money yet again they gain little money than those who lead the trafficking syndicate, because the syndicate is hard to locate most of the time this women are recruited by a broker or a middlemen, of which those middlemen are the one directly involved with the drug lords the themselves This proposal will consist of, research background, problem statement, literature review, research design, data collection, lastly with a conclusion. Definitions Drug Trafficking: 'Drug trafficking is an activity that involves the importation, manufacturing, cultivation, distribution and or sale of illicit drugs, drug trafficking is a hierarchical system in which drugs are moved from smugglers, growers or manufactures to wholesalers or middlemen who pass the product down the chain to retailers and then eventual consume or drug user' Desroches , p. Drug traffickers: 'Traffickers use the term 'supplier' or 'source' to refer to the person above them in the distribution chain and from whom they purchase their drugs' Desroches , p. Unfortunately the mules never meet the investor or investors but communication is only done through the broker who have recruited that woman or women Contact: Mules only have two contacts, the first being the broker within their home country and the other one being from the country or state where the substances are being taken to. The second contact being the person who is responsible to financial support the mule while in that country and also making sure that the mules deliver the substances and make them other offers for the mules to deliver other substances in another country. Mule: Is an individual that has accepted payments to transport drugs to other countries or known as states. Mules are individuals who have given consent to perform such activities. Experienced mule: An individual that has been in the syndicate long enough to know the ins and out of trafficking, therefore experiences refers to that individual being involved or have trafficked substances more than once. Mule Broker: This are individuals that work for the investors or drug lords, the brokers are responsible to recruit mules, give them money and instructions on how to communicate with second mule in the other country of departure. Mule watcher: This are individuals who travel with mules yet not known by the mules only known by the investors and brokers, their main aim is to make sure that the trip in the other goes according to plan and if the is a change of plan, the investors are notified immediately. Research background women are being manipulated to traffic drugs all over the world, this women are used by drug lords due to them being vulnerable. Pearson , p. Broadly, give definitions of drug mules, 'mule in Spanish, envases or containers, valijeras for those who hide drugs in their luggage , vagineras for those who hide the dope inside their vaginas , correos humanos 'human couriers' ,camellos 'dealers' , or capsuleras 'capsule-bearers' '. Drug mules are used by drug lords, not only does it affect them but the impact is also felt by the world. Studies and case studies have shown that some of this mules are not aware they are travelling with drugs. Boarder control in airports catch travellers in their bags, some in their anus, breast, vigirna, thighs, legs and in their hairs, there are many ways in which they import or export drugs in different countries, Bell , p. Main purpose of the research is to 1 Identify factors that leads women becoming drug mules 2 How can the circumstances they face be changed 3 For law makers to be lenient in travellers who have no knowledge or involvement in importing or exporting those drugs, but be lenient to them in cases where there is sufficient evidence to prove their innocent. Problem statement This research is intended to close the gap whereby there has been little research on why drug mules end up being caught in the middle of a drug trafficking syndicate. This study will explain broadly why there is a need to research the causes that influence women to be involved and become experienced drug mules. And this study will add to the knowledge of other research and researchers who will also be kin to further investigate other parts of the knowledge concerning women as drug mules. Literature review Since there are different factors that affect women who are drug mules, this research will do an in depth analysis in identifying not all but different factors that lead to them becoming victims. According to Gillan , p. Bjerk and Mason , p. Some of the women in prison still have contact with the drug lords or the broker who they were introduced by in the trafficking syndicate, Campbell and Hansen , p. This women are those that have been in the trafficking circle for a very long time therefore difficult to leave the criminal life and therefore becomes secretive in talking to anyone with such information, because if such information has leaked high risk of being killed by the cartel members or gang members. Campbell and Hansen , p. Wilson and Stevens , p. Due to different factors some were indeed promised free holiday abroad for weeks or even months travelling different parts of the world, It is interesting that some mules are not told what they are carrying only knows that what they are carrying is illegal or and have no knowledge of drugs in their bags, Ledwaba Illegally as it is being caught with drugs, Ledwaba stated that among the women who are lured into the ring, most vulnerable are women who have used drugs then later being an addict leading them to more debt from their suppliers or broker, then they are later blackmail to traffic those drugs as payments to their debt. It is therefore important that all stake holders involved should investigate properly such cases, mules who are arrested are only a fraction of the big fish. Information that can be gathered can lead to some of this drug lords being caught and brought to justice. However information provided can only be successful if the enforcement themselves want to curve the drug problem, because some of the enforcement police officials are also involved in the whole syndicate and the drug lords are always one step ahead due to leakage of information, Carter ,p. By gathering both data, qualitative and quantitative data will further allow other researchers to have basic knowledge about women as drug mules and also policy makers can further understand why majority of women are caught a being mules and the rates of men are low. Fleetwood, Radcliffe and Stevens, , p. Research design Research methodology This research will be conducted using the qualitative and quantitative research. Qualitative methods will be including an in-depth interview, a one-on-one interview which will obtain sufficient data from individuals and selected groups, mules experiences and those still serving sentences, which will lead to better understanding of their behaviour. Quantitative make use of numeric data and symbols, information be obtained from airports, police stations and other stakeholders. One-on-one interview It is important to form trust and certain relations with inmates who are in prison, forming such relations will create a mutual of trust and reliability and being able to respect other peoples ways in which how do they want to communicate. Inmates are there because they were arrested for trafficking drugs from country to another or from one state to the other, therefore remembering that some of the inmates may still have contact with syndicate on the outside world, therefore it is important that there are certain ways to communicate with them which they can further elaborate how can that be achieved. There are some inmates that will want to tell their side of the story without being scared in anyway. Quantitative Quantitative data which is numeric and symbols will be obtained from the airport, majority of traffickers are caught in airports, from the airports they are taken to jail and from then prosecuted. Advantages and Limitations Advantages The purpose of this research will allow law enfocers and policy makers to deeply understand the causes of such criminal activities, by doing so, will be able to differentiate how drug mules are also affected by their own doings, at times it is not free-will it is a matter of survival or being forced to do such due to other threats from their own homes or families being threatened in different ways. This research will be a bases on how should different mules be prosecuted because different actions are motivated by different factors. The research will allow inmates to talk about what had happened to them and how they got involved, some will come through because they know that they were tricked to do such and will give them a sense of relieve. And also it makes them understand what they did indeed hurt the ones the love, friends and families however by acknowledging what they did they can also go outside and tell others how to avoid being in this syndicate. Limitations This research will be based on responses based on the inmates experiences its inference is based upon their own experiences and participation. Different people or researchers and other stakeholders may interpret such data according to their own experience on the field and skills acquired within the field. Some of the information provided in the research will be mostly based on the researchers own notes and memory retained during the interviews, and information provided does not give generalisation on women as drug mules but only gives experiences on women who have been in the syndicate for long enough and those who have been tricked and blackmailed to do such. Data collection Qualitative Data will be collected from using qualitative and quantitative data, qualitative data will consist of question that will be looking the drug mules family structure, environmental factors exposed to, level of education, socialisation within the exposed environment, financial status, family financial status, number of dependency, how they were introduced to drugs trafficking, factors which forced them to become drug mules, how was the experience of being a drug mule, how they were caught and how do they feel now and are they willing to go back. Questions will be open ended because they aim is to broadly understand them. Quantitative data Numeric data will be collected from police stations, airports, court of law, and other stakeholders who are willing to share such data. Qualitative data The data will be extracted from the conversations, therefore similarities will be seen an some information will be converted into a quantitative data, this will include how many inmates come from different states or countries? Quantitative data Existing data will be extracted and therefore comparison be made. Ethical considerations During the period of the research with women inmates, it is important to notify them of privacy. That any information gathered during the study will not be used against them, if they do not want be named directly. The researcher must always respect inmates, remembering not to force an inmate to say what the inmates want them to say. During the interview the research must not be judgemental, must always put the needs and feelings of the inmates before the research. Conclusion Women are being taken likely by brokers who sees them as weak, vulnerable and willing to do whatever just for them to survive, yet again this brokers tend to target and manipulate women who had no knowledge of what they were exactly carrying, further that close friends and families who are in the ring syndicate are the ones who actual introduce them the world of drugs. This research is specifically designed to look at women who have been manipulated under false pretences, blackmailed and those who had no idea what was happening. Therefore this research will help those who make the laws to investigate further and be lenient on those women who have been arrested for something they did not do. Practical criminal investigations in correctional facilities. CRC Press. Bjerk, D. The market for mules: Risk and compensation of cross-border drug couriers. International Review of Law and Economics, Campbell, H. Getting out of the Game: Desistance from drug trafficking. International Journal of Drug Policy, 23 6. Desroches, F. The crime that pays: Drug trafficking and organized crime in Canada. Etienne, M. Sentencing women: Reassessing the claims of disparity. Fleetwood, J. Women in the international cocaine trade: gender, choice and agency in context. Gillan, A. Bursting point: The drugs mules filling up UK prisons. Dreadlock drug mule shares her story IOL. Kensy, J. Drug policy and women: Addressing the negative consequences of harmful drug control. International Drug Policy Consortium. Ledwaba, L. Anguish of 'drug mule's' mom - South Africans in foreign prisons. Phongpaichit, P. Thailand's Illegal Economy and Public Policy. Wilson, L. Understanding drug markets and how to influence them. Pearson, G. King pin? A case study of a middle market drug broker. The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 42 4. Carter, D. Drug-related corruption of police officers: A contemporary typology. Journal of Criminal Justice, 18 2. Drug mules: Women in the international cocaine trade. Shorter sentences for drug mules: The early impact of the sentencing guidelines in England and Wales. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 22 5. Bibliography Bell, W. Coleman, K. Seizures of drugs in England and Wales, — London: Home Office. Dorn, N. Drug markets and law enforcement in Europe. Drug couriers. Emerges, F. The Rise of femicide and women in drug trafficking. The role and sentencing of women in drug trafficking crime. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 7 1. Lai, G. Drugs, crime and punishment. Proportionality of sentencing for drug offences. Series on legislative reform of drug policies, London: International Drug Policy Consortium. Sowetan LIVE. Smith, Z. Kazanski, A. Mastykova Anna. Jean-Pierre Cassarino. Moral Blackmail Terrance McConnell. Related topics Criminology.

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