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The Indian states of Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh share a porous border with Myanmar that enables drug trafficking in the region. India has become one of the major markets for these drugs. The study explores the trends in the trafficking of drugs before and after the Myanmar coup of and further looks into the security challenges faced by India due to these narcotics flows. Non-traditional security challenges such as transnational organised crimes are taking centre stage in disrupting the peace and harmony of the State, and one of the most prevalent transnational organised crimes that facilitate other crimes is drug trafficking. The decline in sociocultural, political and economic growth leads to economic instabilities which in turn result in the economically weaker section of the population resorting to illicit economies. India and Myanmar share a border close to kms constituting international boundaries for four northeastern states of India- Mizoram, Nagaland, Manipur and Arunachal Pradesh MEA As India is also sharing maritime borders with Myanmar, anything that affects Myanmar will have a spillover effect on the Northeastern states of India especially in the case of drug production. Myanmar has its largest production of opium and other drugs in the Shan State and Kachin state which are also conflict-prone areas. India shares its border with the Kachin state of Myanmar, one of the largest producers of drugs in Myanmar. The border between India and Myanmar is porous in nature which makes the flow of drugs from Myanmar to India feasible. Both land and maritime fronts are used as routes for trading narcotics. Considering the proximity of Myanmar to the Northeastern states of India, the movement of drugs from Myanmar to India is less excruciating. Lately, Moreh has been experiencing a range of drug seizures and arrests. Along with trafficking through land borders, Myanmar is also a major maritime transit route in drug trafficking in the Indian Ocean region. The Bay of Bengal neighbourhood is highly susceptible to the narcotics trade and is a booming illicit trade economy in the region. Myanmar is used as a transit route to flood Indian markets with opium and other synthetic drugs. Most drug shipments that come from the East of the Indian Ocean and the Pacific region mainly have Myanmar as their transit route. The illicit flow of drugs from Myanmar to India has a lot to deal with the major players in the sociopolitical and economic realm of Myanmar. Myanmar is going through a social and political turmoil of coup and the resultant chaos. The ethnic rivalry between the Bamars and ethnic minorities has resulted in political turmoil. Since Myanmar and the Northeastern states of India share historical and cultural similarities, the brotherhood facilitates the movement of narcotics. And other sections of people resort to this illicit economy because of the lack of legitimate jobs during the period of political and economic crises, thus resulting in social crisis. China is reported to be a key player in the flow of drugs to Myanmar. China has influence over some of the Ethnic Armed Organisations EAOs , and being one of the key providers of Myanmar in various other walks of its political sustenance, the government that is in power, democratic or military is found to have allegiance to China. The Wa State in Myanmar has a close connection with the Chinese province of Yunnan given the ethnic similarities between people on both sides Laang It is observed that drug networks in South Asia and Southeast Asia are largely controlled by Chinese networks. Even though ISI is suspected to have been part of trafficking in India, considerable evidence is yet to be found. Myanmar has witnessed intense political conditions in the colonial era as well as in its establishment of an independent state. The fluctuating political system in Myanmar and the dissatisfaction towards the military government, Tatmadaw along with its longstanding conflict between the dominant ethnic community, Bamars and other ethnic minorities are reasons behind the present condition of Myanmar. According to the World Bank Myanmar Economic Monitor Report released in , along with a major population falling below the poverty line, incomes in the household are decreasing, leading to a decrease in the purchasing power of the population directly affecting small businesses thriving on basic amenities supply like groceries World Bank Thus, a sharp decline in the social living conditions of the population of Myanmar has led the population to generate livelihood from illicit economies Sassaroli Since the cultivation happens in the peripheries of Myanmar such as Shan and Kachin, along with other states, the obvious easy markets for these drugs are the Northeastern states of India. Proving this, there have been multiple seizures of tons of methamphetamines across Manipur and Mizoram. There have been certain patterns in the production and flow of drugs from Myanmar to India. From to the Myanmar coup of , there is a trend emerging and this trend can also be seen in the consumption in India with the number of seizures recorded. But this decrease does not mean a decrease in the consumption of drugs in the State, but there was an increase in the manufacturing of synthetic drugs that affected the consumption of opium. Since , the illicit flow of synthetic drugs has been at its high in Assam and other parts of Northeastern India. Comparing the drug production in Myanmar and any Northeastern state, for example, Assam, it can be identified that whenever there was a spike in the production of opium or other drugs in Myanmar, the seizures also increased in the state. During the years , when the production of drugs in Myanmar was high, Assam had a peak in its drug seizure. The coup of has completely devastated the normal life of the population of Myanmar resulting in the population resorting to the trade of drugs illegally. The geography of Myanmar facilitates this easy movement, and the neighbouring states become markets for this. This in turn becomes the support factor for the insurgent groups functioning in India. After the coup, there has been a significant rise in the flow of drugs from Myanmar to India. There have been multiple seizures of drugs, particularly synthetic drugs. Manipur and Mizoram experience greater threats because of the ease of movement facilitated by dense forests and mountains. There are sizeable amounts of drugs that have been seized from both states as the conflict in Myanmar continues. The illegally housed Chin population in Mizoram is assumed to be in links with the drug network that makes the smuggling easier. It is also interesting to note that Chin State was never part of the previous Myanmar Opium Surveys as a hotspot which underlines the significance of the increase in opium cultivation here UNODC Given below is the figure of the Myanmar-Manipur border which is emerging as an opium cultivation hill that makes the drug trade easier, and the threat increases as the Zomi Revolutionary Army ZRA , one of the Myanmar rebel groups has influence in the region. It is reported that Heroin seizures increased from Police were able to seize As the conflict in Myanmar continues, the cartels are finding new routes to enter multiple countries and the Northeastern states are becoming a transit route for global illicit trade. Along with drugs, the chemicals required for the production of synthetic drugs are sourced from India and China. It challenges human security and social welfare. Most transnational organised crimes are interconnected and happen simultaneously when a drug cartel is functioning in the same region. One of the immediate threats exposed by drug trafficking is the interlinkage between drug traffickers and insurgent groups. Most of the insurgent groups receive financial assistance from drug cartels that mainly operate outside of the Indian territory. These drugs that flow from external actors to the separatist and secessionist movements negatively catalyse the Indian state. The unstable condition of states that is proximal to states where there is an existent threat from across the border, becomes advantageous for the belligerent. Similar to the association of insurgent groups and drug smuggling, the trafficking of Small Arms and Light Weapons SALW also has linkages with the functioning of the illicit drug economy. At times, drugs are used as currencies for the purchase of Small Arms and Light weapons by insurgents or terror groups. Thus, the illicit flow of drugs and small arms are always looked at in tandem with each other. Hence, the flow of drugs to India could mean the possible threat of conflicts. Drug networks are powerful and orchestrate all possible trafficking that aligns with their narcotics trafficking. Human trafficking is one such issue, and with growing drug addiction, it becomes easier to manipulate children. In Mizoram, children are used as drug mules to carry heroin and methamphetamine substances and surveil the Mizoram-Myanmar border Vanlalruata The socioeconomic conditions and security of a State are threatened by drug abuse. This drug abuse can have generational consequences including physical and mental issues on all genders as well as progenies turning unhealthy with physical and cognitive difficulties. The statistics of Manipur show that Drug cartels and dealers often have connections within the political and administrative system that help in working under the radar. This corruption persists not just only at the grassroots level but also amongst the higher authorities. Local politicians and political parties operating have links with these drug cartels which helps these drug networks get a hold of the administrative system, thereby making it feasible for these networks to make decisions in their favour and also ensure safe havens. Internal conflicts and political stability in a country lead to the loss of livelihood resulting in people resorting to illegal economies, and in the case of Myanmar, because of the political instability, there was an exponential increase in the production of drugs consisting of Opium and synthetic drugs. One of the major markets for this drug is India which has porous borders that help in the easy movement of drugs from Myanmar to India. The Ethnic Armed Organisations EAOs , Junta, and Tatmadaw-backed militias along with the insurgent groups and sympathisers in Northeastern states of India are the main actors in this illicit flow of drugs along with the involvement of Chinese networks. Since the largest production of drugs in Myanmar happens in Shan and Kachin proximal to Northeast India , and considering the coup had gone severe on these peripheries, there was a sharp increase in the flow of drugs. The changing patterns of the types of drugs in Myanmar resulted in a pattern change in India as well. After the coup of , there is an evident rise in drug flow from Myanmar to India with tonnes of seizures happening across Manipur and Mizoram. With the Chin population from Myanmar illegally settling in Manipur, the movement of drugs has also become a point of suspicion. There has also been a report of the Manipur-Myanmar border dent turning into opium cultivation hills. Linkedin Twitter Icon-instagram-1 Facebook Youtube. Search for:. Latest Updates. Event Mail. June 8, Lakshmipriya Vijayan. Post View : Drug Trafficking. The Flow of Drugs from Myanmar to India. Major Routes. Main Actors. Involvement of other countries. Before the Coup of Fig 1: Trend in the use of selected drugs in Myanmar, After the Coup. Fig 2: Myanmar-Manipur Border where Opium cultivation is on the rise. Source: Google Earth View. Albertin, Cristina. Bhadouria, Shivanshi. Bhattacharyya, Rajeev, and Catherine Putz. Hueiyen News Service. Indian Express. Laang, Khorjei. Prabhakar, Siddharth. Sassaroli, Maria E. Sen, Sourabh. Vanlalruata, H. World Bank. Lakshmipriya Vijayan. Share the Post:. About Author. Related Posts. Useful Links. Our Partners. Centre For Joint Warfare Studies. Home Contact Us. Quick Links. Contact Us. Get In Touch. Error: Contact form not found. All rights reserved.
Frontier has found at least 23 public and private groups were created in September and October last year to sell drugs, a time when the.
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The drug burn came as U. Myanmar has a long history of drug production linked to political and economic insecurity caused by decades of armed conflict. The destroyed drugs included opium, heroin, methamphetamine, marijuana, kratom, ketamine and crystal meth, also known as ice. Authorities also destroyed drugs in the central city of Mandalay and in Taunggyi, the capital of eastern Shan state, both closer to the main drug production and distribution areas. Experts have warned that violent political unrest in Myanmar following the military takeover two years ago — which is now akin to a civil war between the military government and its pro-democracy opponents — has caused an increase in drug production. Office on Drugs and Crime earlier this year. Estimates of opium production were metric tons tons in , rising slightly in , and then spiking in to an estimated metric tons tons , according to the report. The U. Historically, some rebel ethnic groups have also used drug profits to fund their struggle for greater autonomy from the central government. Most of the opium and heroin exported by Myanmar, along with methamphetamine, goes to other countries in Southeast Asia and China. IE 11 is not supported. For an optimal experience visit our site on another browser. Skip to Content. NBC News Logo. Search Search. Profile My News Sign Out. Sign In Create your free profile. Sections U. Follow NBC News. Latest Stories Election Politics U. By Associated Press.
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