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Preserved brain samples dating back to early 17th-century Milan have tested positive for cocaine , a team of Italian researchers has found, but it's not immediately clear how it got into their systems. The new study from the University of Milan sheds light on the historical spread of the highly addictive drug, previously understood to have emerged in Europe as recently as the s, and famously both used and promoted by prominent figures including psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. But as the August study's findings show, Freud may have been rather behind the times, by as much as nearly years. Researchers ran a battery of toxicological tests on specimens recovered from the Ospedale Maggiore , a Milanese hospital and church that operated throughout the s and maintained extensive burial chambers, known as the Ca'Granda crypt. Among the human remains interred in the complex's crypt, scientists examined nine brain samples, and in two of those nine samples, test results showed the presence of cocaine and some of its chemically related substances — a bewildering discovery, as none of the hospital's original records from the time mention the drug or its use. Cocaine draws it origin from the leaf of the Erythroxylum coca plant, a bush native to South America. For millennia, humans have used the plant for a variety of medicinal and religious purposes, including by chewing the leaves in a mixture with lime and roasted shells. Societies including the Inca Empire, and later Spanish colonialists, controlled the flow of coca crops for their effect on the body, described in the University of Milan study as holding 'the power to take away hunger and thirst, produced exhilarating effects, could be used as medicine … and induced a sense of well-being. But while the plant was recognized for its potent and lucrative qualities, researchers note that early coca exports across the Atlantic were extremely limited. At the time, Spain maintained a tight lid on information from the so-called 'New World,' making it near impossible for demand to spread in Europe. Moreover, shipments of fresh coca largely failed to survive the transatlantic journey, the study notes. In this Jan. It wouldn't be until the 19th century that modern forms of cocaine — hydrochloride salts chemically synthesized from coca plants — would emerge in medicine, and later recreational abuse. In the modern drug epidemic, cocaine, amphetamines or other stimulants were involved in roughly half of all accidental deaths from opioid toxicity in Canada between and , federal data shows, and a United Nations report from last year estimates that roughly half a million prior-year cocaine users reside in Canada. But with two Italian brain samples showing signs of cocaine exposure a century or more before the drug's widespread adoption in Europe, the story may prove more complicated than it once appeared. Besides what the study authors describe as disputed reports of cocaine in ancient Egyptian mummies, the Milanese cadavers represent the oldest known users of coca products outside of the Americas, where the plants have long been endemic. The researchers took pains to ensure there weren't interfering factors. The brain samples were handled in protected conditions or in their original crypt, which had been sealed since before modern times — safeguarding against environmental contamination. Further, detailed analysis of the samples showed trace amounts of hygrine, a substance associated with coca leaf use, but not modern cocaine salts — consistent with the researchers' timeline. Near as they can tell from the data, it would appear that the two Ospedale Maggiore patients had consumed the drug through chewing leaves or drinking a coca-leaf tea, likely in a single instance, and shortly before their deaths. As for why they'd consumed it, there are only educated guesses. The hospital's pharmacy archives don't note the introduction of cocaine until the late s, casting doubt on the idea that it was provided as a form of medicine. That said, the duchy of Milan was under Spanish rule during much of that period, and as a key coastal trade outlet, the city would have seen shipments from across the Atlantic, potentially including what historical accounts of the time describe as 'exotic' plants. According to the researchers' findings, available clues point to either recreational use, or as a productivity enhancer, just as the Spanish colonists used it in New-World mines and plantations, and as in much of modern cocaine abuse. 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While the start to fall has seen above-average temperatures for much of southern Alberta, the first chance of winter is in the forecast for Monday evening, which has many in Lethbridge preparing. Members of the Sault Ste. Facing a massive bill and a looming federal deadline, town officials in Conception Bay South, N. We may earn a commission when you use our links to shop. Read about us. Skip to main content. Search CTVNews. It would appear there's a pair of Baroque-era Italian mummies with some explaining to do. Archaeo-toxicology Besides what the study authors describe as disputed reports of cocaine in ancient Egyptian mummies, the Milanese cadavers represent the oldest known users of coca products outside of the Americas, where the plants have long been endemic. Follow the CTV News channel on WhatsApp That said, the duchy of Milan was under Spanish rule during much of that period, and as a key coastal trade outlet, the city would have seen shipments from across the Atlantic, potentially including what historical accounts of the time describe as 'exotic' plants. Correction This article has been updated to clarify the number of overdose deaths attributed to stimulants. Precedent-setting terrorism lawsuit hearing begin in federal court After waiting 15 years, Canadian Abousfian Abdelrazik will finally get the chance to hold the federal government accountable for its alleged complicity which led to his imprisonment and torture in Sudan. Cubans struggle with an extended power outage and a new tropical storm Cuba's widespread blackouts stretched into their fourth day as Hurricane Oscar crossed the island's eastern coast with winds and heavy rain. Crowd in Egypt attacks a railway guard after 2 children are run over Angry residents attacked a railway guard and his post in a town outside Cairo on Monday after a train ran over and killed two children crossing a train intersection that was closed to pedestrians, officials said. Jennifer Lawrence expecting second child with husband Cooke Maroney Jennifer Lawrence will soon be a mom of two. Minimum wage of some temporary foreign workers set to change The federal government is expected to boost the minimum hourly wage that must be paid to temporary foreign workers in the high-wage stream as a way to encourage employers to hire more Canadian staff. Sentencing resumes for Sask. Ontario legislature returns from week break with announcements, protests Ontario's provincial parliament will be a hive of activity today, as the legislature resumes sitting following a week summer break. Atmospheric river shatters rainfall records across B. Montreal man detained in Sudan gets day in court with lawsuit against Ottawa Fifteen years after filing a lawsuit against the Canadian government over his detention in Sudan, Abousfian Abdelrazik is getting his day in court. LIVE A. MT Jasper residents to learn provincial government housing plans today The Alberta government is set to reveal on Monday its plans for interim housing in Jasper, which saw about housing units destroyed in a wildfire in July. South Korea calls for immediate withdrawal of North Korean troops allegedly in Russia South Korea on Monday demanded the immediate pullout of North Korean troops allegedly deployed in Russia as it summoned the Russian ambassador to protest deepening military cooperation between Pyongyang and Moscow. Is that legal? In North Carolina, Trump and Harris navigate a hurricane and a rollercoaster governor's race The presidential race in North Carolina is playing out in the aftermath of Hurricane Helene and alongside a governor's race in which the Trump-endorsed GOP nominee, Lt. Parliament returns amid partisan wrangling, rumblings about Trudeau's leadership The House of Commons returns today from a week-long break, but it's unlikely to be business as usual. Standing desk health benefits may not stand the test of time, study finds Office workers around the world have embraced standing desks as a passive way to improve their health, though the concrete benefits may not stand up to scrutiny, new research from the University of Sydney has found. Ontario appoints former federal Liberal health minister as chair of primary care team Ontario Premier Doug Ford's government is appointing former federal Liberal health minister Jane Philpott to a new role overseeing attempts to connect every Ontarian to primary care within the next five years. Artificial intelligence a 'double-edged sword' in world of cybersecurity: experts In the fight against cyber attackers, they reason AI can help just as much as it harms. Preserving the history of Saskatchewan small towns is this tech company's specialty The image of a sleepy Saskatchewan small town with 'not a lot going on' is a well-known anecdote. Is it pickled fat? Newfoundland 'blobster' expert eyeing weird beach goo A Newfoundland scientist known for identifying a gelatinous, rancid mass that washed up on the island's shores decades ago is hoping to get his hands on a slice of the strange white globs appearing on the province's beaches. Simple Plan latest Canadian act to get documentary treatment at Prime Video The Canadian pop-punk band Simple Plan will be the subject of a forthcoming documentary on Prime Video, which is slated to debut sometime next year. Six months on, what has the Trans Mountain pipeline project achieved and what's next? Importers brace for launch of new portal to collect duties Importers say a new online portal for collecting taxes on goods shipped into Canada is creating headaches ahead of its rollout this week, with potential implications for consumers. Mats Sundin hopes Maple Leafs captain Auston Matthews rewrites team's record book Mats Sundin registered goals and put up points in his regular-season games with Toronto. Eberle nets overtime goal to give Kraken win over Flames Jordan Eberle scored 48 seconds into overtime and the Seattle Kraken beat the Calgary Flames in overtime on Saturday night. Thousands of hybrid vehicles recalled in Canada over risk of fire An increased risk of fire has prompted the recall of thousands of Honda hybrid vehicles in Canada. Canada vowed to clamp down on auto thefts. How is it doing? Local Spotlight. Haunted walk in Eganville, Ont. Donated Moncton home to be transformed into cancer resource hub A Moncton, N. Evacuations ordered in North Vancouver due to flooding Residents of six properties in the District of North Vancouver were ordered to evacuate immediately Sunday evening due to flooding. Durham cop charged criminally after allegedly failing to render medical assistance A Durham police officer has been charged criminally after he allegedly failed to render medical assistance to a person in distress. Calgary road crews prepare for expected snowfall The City of Calgary says road crews are preparing for Monday's snowfall. 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Woman hit by shotgun blast while lying in bed two floors above neighbour: police A year-old Repentigny man is facing charges after allegedly drunkenly firing a shotgun in his apartment and injuring a young woman who was sleeping in her bed two floors above. Opponents crusading for new environmental assessment on Lac-Megantic bypass Opponents of the proposed Lac-Megantic rail bypass have a petition in hand and want a new environmental assessment. New Brunswickers head to the polls today New Brunswickers will cast their votes today in what is being predicted to be a tight provincial election. Halifax police investigating worker death at local Walmart Halifax Regional Police say they are on scene after a sudden death at a Walmart on Mumford Road Saturday night. SiRT charges N. Winnipeg mosque broken into over weekend Winnipeg Central Mosque was broken into early Sunday morning. Winnipeg police make arrests in weapon, drug incidents Winnipeg Police Service crews were busy this weekend, arresting several people in connection to various weapon and drug investigations. Bryan Little retires as a Winnipeg Jet The Winnipeg Jets welcomed back a familiar face on Sunday to celebrate the career of a fan favourite. Ontario man told to 'go back to India' explains why he shared video of the encounter online A Waterloo, Ont. Saskatoon city not pursuing Confederation Mall redevelopment The City of Saskatoon has taken the step of issuing a news release to clear up information it says has been circulating on social media about plans for Confederation Mall. Northern Ontario. Sudbury police charge two suspects with extortion, robbery and assault Two suspects are accused of assaulting and threatening a man with a baseball bat before stealing his wallet and cellphone, forcing him to sign a bill of sale for his vehicle. Unprecedented prosecution of Cdn. 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'Unprecedented' discovery: 17th-century mummy brains show evidence of cocaine use

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With respect to the past years, the distinguishing feature of was the Covid health emergency. The resumption of trade in the second half of the and the remarkable ability of the criminal organizations to adapt to the different socio-economic context have quickly revived trade after an initial slowdown. The absolute record of cocaine seizures is particularly striking. Such seizures amounted to Most of the seizures were carried out in ports, approximately the half of them occurred in Gioia Tauro. The figures related to the first months of this year seem to confirm this growing trend, with a consistently high level of cocaine seizures. Despite a clear reduction in the detected shipments, cannabis remains the most widely seized drug, with Compared to the average of the last five years, heroin seizures remained stable amounting to approx. Synthetic drugs seizures registered a massive increase in quantities, mainly due to a single operation occurred in the Salerno port. Such operation led to the detection of over 14 tons of amphetamines, probably destined for foreign markets. Synthetic drugs consumption at national level, although still limited and not comparable with the one of traditional drugs, is growing among young people who use the web and social platforms to purchase drugs in the digital drug markets. Illicit substances are delivered at home in different ways, such as by pushers disguised as delivery men or through other disguising methods. Moreover, in the law enforcement agencies intercepted 33 new non-scheduled substances, that will be included in the tables of controlled substances. The decrease of overdose deaths is worth of attention. After three years of continuous growth, in they were , with a decrease of 66units, with respect to Effective international cooperation in the drug trafficking sector has continued. It involved organizations, European and non-European countries and was carried out through Antidrug Operational Memorandums AOM , technical protocols aimed at encouraging special antidrug operations. These projects stemmed from the inter-institutional cooperation between the Department for Antidrug Policies of the Presidency of the Council of Ministers DPA in the demand and supply reduction and prevention fields. It is aimed at strengthening police cooperation with South-eastern African countries, a new transit area of the Afghan heroin. General of the Guardia di Finanza Antonino Maggiore, outlined the activities carried out and the results achieved, in the De Sena Room of the Central Directorate of Criminal Police …… With respect to the past years, the distinguishing feature of was the Covid health emergency. This site uses technical and third-party cookies. If you do not consent to their use, some of these features may not be available. Cookie Box Settings. Impostazioni Privacy Scegli quali cookie vuoi autorizzare. Puoi cambiare queste impostazioni in qualsiasi momento. Ulteriori informazioni sui cookie che utilizziamo. Al momento non utilizziamo i cookie di targeting o targeting. Questo sito Web non: Ricorda i tuoi dati di accesso.

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