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However, quarrels soon arose between members because there was no longer a clear hierarchy. The first struggle within the Kotor clan occurred in , 2 but the final break happened in in Valencia, Spain, over a cocaine deal. There are at least four criminal proceedings against him. With the death, flight or imprisonment of key clan members, what will the future look like for these clans? Montenegrin clans run like businesses, where some members or associates act as investors, providing funds to buy cocaine in South America. Others are contractors and subcontractors responsible for packaging, transporting and selling cocaine in Europe. Their advantage is a proven international logistic network for purchase and distribution. The supply and demand for cocaine are growing. Recent violence in Ecuador may even be helping the clans consolidate their position in the drug trade. Reconciliation after seven years of clashes is unlikely, especially when some of the assassinations were committed in front of family members. Moreover, no one is powerful enough to pacify or dismantle the clans. Those still at large or on the run will be more careful about their movements and communications and invest more in protection. There is also the risk that hired assassins will be killed to prevent their potential testimony in courts. It is likely that members will hide outside the Balkans, especially Serbia and Montenegro, where they are known to law enforcement. When choosing a location to hide or run a business, criminals gather information about the political climate and ensure sufficient protection by bribing security sector officials. They tend to choose countries where corruption is relatively high, such as Greece, 29 there are fewer people from the Balkans and international police cooperation is undeveloped. Some members have chosen to hide in Ukraine. Assassination attempts have occurred there, possibly involving high-ranking police officials. Montenegrin police investigate a crime scene after a shooting in the capital, Podgorica. There are doubts that the detained members could work unhindered behind bars in Montenegro, as shown by the confiscation of mobile phones hidden in their cells in June and November The poor performance of the criminal justice system in Montenegro and Serbia makes countering the activities of clans even harder. Court proceedings take a long time. The accused are on the run, and there are few cooperating witnesses, meaning it is tough to prove indictments in court. Lower-ranking members, who mainly act as couriers, take responsibility for monetary compensation and legal protection. This is the opposite of what happens, for example, in the US and Romania, where clan members are more effectively prosecuted. Four factors will shape the institutional response to the clans. First, the results of Serbian and Montenegrin cooperation with foreign criminal justice institutions. If communications from the Sky ECC app are excluded from court cases, it is probable that most of the charges against suspected clan members will be dropped. This will only strengthen the clans. In future investigations, law enforcement should rely on more than just Sky ECC and work to secure new evidence and witnesses. Judges are likely to insist on more proof than communications, as shown in the case against a police inspector in Serbia who allegedly provide confidential police data to third parties in exchange for money. In that context, law enforcement in Serbia and Montenegro should continue participating in international investigations. They should use more joint investigation teams, mirror investigations and controlled deliveries. Judicial cooperation through mutual legal assistance is crucial since it is the only way to provide full evidentiary strength at the court. Additional undercover investigators — preferably foreign citizens — and domestic training could help deliver results. Past discussions about a Balkan arrest warrant — a simplified cross-border judicial surrender procedure — for prosecution or execution of a custodial sentence or detention order should be renewed. Supporting the Bulgarian initiative of a network for enhanced regional cooperation of internal security units could be beneficial. Interview with an active senior police official from Montenegro, Podgorica, December Interview with a retired high-ranking Serbian police officer, Belgrade, February The prosecution believe that he ordered the hit through the Sky app from his cell in Belgrade. Bloody clashes among Montenegrin clans have not undermined their role in the international cocaine trade. Rising synthetic drug seizures in Albania suggests local demand for these substances is growing. Risk Bulletins. Tap or select text, and then tap the bookmark icon to save a bookmark. Bookmarks are saved in your browser cache. Clearing your cache will remove them. Your last visit. The last time you visited, you stopped reading here. Home Summary highlights Increasing migratory pressures in Serbia have led to conflict between people smuggling groups and crackdowns on migration. Violent clashes among smugglers Response to people smuggling Squeezing the sponge: post-conflict Ukraine poses a great risk of firearms trafficking. Conditions are in place Information gained from decrypted messaging apps has driven a wave of indictments and arrests in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Caught in the net Bloody clashes among Montenegrin clans have not undermined their role in the international cocaine trade. Strong odds that the clans maintain their cocaine business The bloody rivalry will continue Changing fortunes A successful response depends on criminal justice institutions Rising synthetic drug seizures in Albania suggests local demand for these substances is growing. Where do the drugs come from? Who is distributing the drugs? Acknowledgements About Risk Bulletins.