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These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format. All countries. Topics A-Z. The content in this section is aimed at anyone involved in planning, implementing or making decisions about health and social responses. Best practice. We have developed a systemic approach that brings together the human networks, processes and scientific tools necessary for collecting, analysing and reporting on the many aspects of the European drugs phenomenon. Explore our wide range of publications, videos and infographics on the drugs problem and how Europe is responding to it. All publications. More events. More news. We are your source of drug-related expertise in Europe. We prepare and share independent, scientifically validated knowledge, alerts and recommendations. About the EUDA. A large variety of individuals, many of them designated as high-value targets, groups and networks shape the complex supply of cocaine to the EU. Criminal networks involved in cocaine trafficking are highly resilient, with some operating across several continents. For example, some locations in the Middle East, such as the United Arab Emirates, have emerged as a safe haven for top-level organisers of cocaine trafficking to the EU. Trusted members of the criminal networks are sent to arrange and supervise these shipments. Wholesalers are involved in the acquisition, storage and distribution of cocaine to regional and local markets. Local criminal networks then usually take care of mid-level or retail distribution or both. However, some Albanian-speaking criminal networks have made successful attempts to apply an end-to-end business model from producing or transit countries in South America to retail distribution within the EU and beyond see Box Cocaine trafficking by criminal networks from Western Balkans. This includes financing, access to suppliers in the producing or transit countries, transportation, extraction, storage, distribution and money collection. The substantial profits associated with the cocaine trade have attracted numerous EU-based criminal networks to become involved. Several of these operate in the main EU distribution hubs and also organise shipments from countries of origin and transit to the EU. The majority of the criminal networks reported to Europol have been active for more than 10 years, with some actors having played a key role for decades, such as Italian networks, while new players are on the lookout for a bigger share of the cocaine market, such as Albanian, Belgian, British, Dutch, French, Irish, Moroccan, Serbian, Spanish and Turkish networks UNODC and Europol, These Colombian criminal networks continue to control the production, remain involved in the supply of cocaine to the EU and have further shifted their operations outside Colombia to avoid profiling and increase profits. They cooperate with other South American and EU-based criminal networks and maintain a physical presence in key transit countries and in the EU. Brazilian criminal networks have become partners of Colombian criminal networks and also purchase cocaine produced in Bolivia and Peru. In addition to their trafficking activities, they are service providers for globally operating criminal networks that use Brazilian ports to traffic cocaine. Mexican criminal networks ship large cocaine consignments via South American ports to the EU. In addition to their involvement in methamphetamine production facilities located in Europe see EU Drug Markets: Methamphetamine , Mexican suspects are also involved in the operation of cocaine extraction labs in the EU see Box Mexican criminal networks become involved in EU cocaine market. Nigerian criminal networks also have a presence in Latin America and use air couriers to maintain direct connections to the EU, where they are involved in distribution in numerous Member States. Meanwhile, British and Irish criminal networks are very large wholesalers and store significant quantities of cocaine in EU distribution hubs, mainly to supply the United Kingdom. Non-EU criminal networks originating from south-eastern Europe, particularly the Western Balkan networks, also organise cocaine smuggling operations from Latin America. Western Balkan networks have established themselves as key organisers of cocaine trafficking activities on the global market. In parallel, Albanian-speaking criminal networks appear to have expanded their activities in more EU countries since Europol, a. Some shipments arranged by networks from eastern Europe transiting the EU are intended for non-EU markets in eastern Europe, while a share is distributed in the Nordic countries Europol, a. Criminal cooperation relies on a business mentality that allows criminal networks to overcome financial burdens, expand trafficking activities, access expertise and reach new markets. Criminal networks often share and outsource information, services, resources, smuggling routes, experts, distribution and money laundering Lalam, Cooperation even takes place occasionally between rival criminal networks. Colombian criminal networks cooperate with other South American e. Brazilian and EU-based criminal networks and maintain a physical presence in key transit countries and in the EU. Similarly, as highlighted in the previous section, Dutch and Belgian criminal networks collaborate with Latin American criminals to organise large shipments of cocaine smuggled to the EU, while Albanian-speaking criminal groups cooperate closely with Italian networks GI TOC, b. Encrypted communication makes the degree of global connectedness between criminal networks very apparent. Information gathered from such communication reveals a fragmented landscape comprising different networks of contacts interacting with one another on an ad hoc basis, to organise international drug trafficking at different levels. Facilitators provide a range of services for the cocaine supply chain. Cocaine traffickers use professionals from numerous areas such as lawyers, bank employees, accountants, money launderers, IT experts, chemists, mechanics, investigators and assassins. For example, clearers at ports provide a unique and essential criminal service in the cocaine market to various criminal networks. They retrieve the cocaine from containers as they have access and knowledge of the procedures and logistics at ports. They are corrupt officials or port workers stevedores, consignees, and carriers who may receive part of the cocaine package or a percentage of its value for their services Europol, a. Some criminal networks provide transport and storage logistics to other criminal networks, including vessels, passenger vehicles and trucks. For instance, some provide vehicles with sophisticated built-in hidden compartments. Parallel criminal financial networks assist cocaine traffickers not only in money-laundering activities, but also in placing large amounts of money in the countries of origin and in the distribution hubs, in order to acquire the cocaine shipments. A number of financial coordinators and money launderers are based in the Middle East, which is home to an established parallel financial system. These are service providers connecting criminals and organised criminal networks with different expertise, acting as intermediaries between the field operators, other brokers and high-level criminals. Typically, they work with a small group of close associates with whom they have a long-lasting relationship. The relationships outside this core group are more fluid and partnerships are rather temporary. Brokers may be working for larger criminal organisations that have a long-standing tradition in crime, such as the Italian mafia. However, most brokers seem to work independently. Being involved in every phase of the drugs trafficking chain, they connect suppliers in South America to traffickers in the EU, and traffickers to buyers or individuals providing logistical support. Some of these brokers control several stages of the trafficking chain e. Others concentrate only on one stage e. Brokers facilitating the wholesale trafficking of cocaine are mainly based in South America. The broker will have to pay large sums for the services of associates, intermediate brokers, facilitators, drivers, port workers and corrupt port officials. Intercepted communications also show the significant investments EU clients have to make for an overseas drugs shipment, which high-level brokers and high-risk criminal networks operating in the EU are able to provide. Other brokers and criminal networks pool their resources to jointly invest in shipments. Shipments from overseas are handed over to a distributor chain in the EU, consisting of wholesale distributors who split it into smaller packages and transport it to intermediary and retail distributors. Conversations between brokers and criminal networks involved in the distribution chain of cocaine in the EU confirm numerous physical money movements of cash amounting to millions of euro throughout the EU and globally. Over the last decade, criminal groups involved in the cocaine trade have been associated with the rising number of incidents of violence linked to drug markets in the EU. Europol information suggests a change in the nature of violence linked to cocaine markets, with a growing number of criminal networks using violence in a more offensive way than in the past. In some Member States, competition between drug suppliers has intensified, resulting in an apparent increase in the number of violent clashes. In general, expanding cocaine markets appear to have led to an increase in the occurrence of homicides, shootings, bombings, arsons, kidnappings, torture and intimidation. While much violence occurs within and between criminal networks, cocaine smuggling methods, particularly in seaports see Section Exploitation of global logistics: European and Latin American ports , have led to an increase in violence directed at port workers and officials. However, in some Member States cocaine-related violence, including murder, now also targets non-criminal actors such as lawyers, government officials and journalists see Box Cocaine-related violence. A large number of incidents are related to Belgian and Dutch criminal organisations operating in two of the largest cocaine entry points in Europe, namely the ports of Antwerp and Rotterdam. Between and the end of August , 66 events with hand-grenades or firearms were reported in Antwerp, likely related to the cocaine trade Eeckhaut, While corrupt port workers initially appeared to be the main targets, the emphasis then appeared to shift towards intimidation between rival drug gangs. Thus, a conflict between some criminal networks of Moroccan origin, which are important players in the cocaine market, has apparently led to serious acts of violence in Belgium and the Netherlands. Persons other than gang members have also been targeted. In September , the lawyer of a member of one of the Moroccan criminal networks, was shot dead in front of his house Tieleman and Voskuil, Some of the perpetrators of these murders appear to be young, sometimes teenagers, including local people with no previous experience in the killer-for-hire business Dahlkamp et al. Some Dutch law enforcement officers, members of the judiciary and journalists have been put under permanent police protection as it was determined that their work made them potential targets Dahlkamp et al. In addition, the security arrangements for the Dutch prime minister were upgraded in September due to concerns that he may become a target of criminal networks Van den Heuvel and van Wely, A Dutch national of Moroccan origin, reportedly leading a major cocaine network, has been connected to at least 10 murders see Box Cocaine-related violence. Violence connected to cocaine is also reported in other European port cities, such as Marseille and Le Havre, France. A large proportion of these incidents is apparently related to the methods used by criminal networks to enforce the compliance of corrupt workers who may want out or who request more money for their assistance Piel and Saintourens, In a particularly horrific incident, the mutilated body of a Le Havre dock worker was found in the car park of a nursery school near the port area in June Pointel, While the violence in Le Havre seems to be restricted to those involved in port logistics, in Marseille it affects the city more comprehensively. Drive-by shootings, where rival youth gangs and criminals violently settle scores, have become an identified problem in several districts. The violence is attributed to the increasing influence of criminal networks involved in the cocaine trade, combined with economic and social problems Ravindran, Score-settling among gangs has led to numerous deaths, with more than 20 contract killings reported in the Marseille area in alone Bordenave, Southern Spain is also recording significant numbers of deadly score-settling incidents between criminal networks involved in the cocaine and cannabis resin trades. In the Costa del Sol area, the Spanish authorities report a total of 33 homicides and murders and two attempted homicides between and Conflict between the Kinahans and rival groups has led to the murder of at least 20 people in Belgium, Ireland, the Netherlands and Spain. The trial of some Kinahan clan members revealed that specialised crime cells were established in order to kill rivals Reynolds, Criminal groups from the Western Balkans, including Albanian-speaking groups, also appear to be responsible for some deadly violence. Similarly, there are indications that acts of violence and murders linked to cocaine trafficking also occurred in Albania recently, but apparently not on the same scale Oculus News, ; Politiko. The criminal groups seem to use a wide arsenal ranging from pistols and automatic rifles to sniper rifles and remote-controlled bombs OCCRP, ; Politiko. Violence connected to Western Balkan criminal networks has also been reported in South America, where some of them maintain a presence, but more often as victims than perpetrators. This has been the case, for example, in Ecuador, where many suspected members of Albanian-speaking groups fell victim to mafia-style killings, in particular in connection with the port of Guayaquil Cela and Moran, ; Euronews. Overall, Western Balkan criminal networks seem to use violence in a somewhat strategic and controlled way, primarily to maintain their credibility as a threat, which is reported as a key feature of their business model in the cocaine trade GI TOC, b; Kemp, ; Townsend, Consult the list of references used in this resource. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. Latest data Prevalence of drug use Drug-induced deaths Infectious diseases Problem drug use Treatment demand Seizures of drugs Price, purity and potency. Drug use and prison Drug law offences Health and social responses Drug checking Hospital emergencies data Syringe residues data Wastewater analysis Data catalogue. Selected topics Alternatives to coercive sanctions Cannabis Cannabis policy Cocaine Darknet markets Drug checking Drug consumption facilities Drug markets Drug-related deaths Drug-related infectious diseases. Recently published Findings from a scoping literature…. Penalties at a glance. Frequently asked questions FAQ : drug…. FAQ: therapeutic use of psychedelic…. Viral hepatitis elimination barometer…. EU Drug Market: New psychoactive…. EU Drug Market: Drivers and facilitators. Statistical Bulletin home. Quick links Search news Subscribe newsletter for recent news Subscribe to news releases. On this page. Cocaine: increasingly attractive for a wider range of criminal networks. PDF is being prepared. This make take up to a minute. Once the PDF is ready it will appear in this tab. Sorry, the download of the PDF failed. Last update: 6 May
Cocaine is an addictive stimulant drug made from the leaves of the coca plant (Erythroxylon coca) which is native to South America. Cocaine can be snorted.
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How Much Does Cocaine Cost? However, prices may vary depending on location, purity, and local law enforcement. Read here for more about the cost of cocaine by weight, prices around the world, what affects these costs, and how cocaine prices affect drug use rates. Cocaine amounts are not always referred to by weight when being sold. Occasionally, street slang is used to reference amounts of cocaine to confuse law officials and as part of the nomenclature around drugs. Below are the typical measurement units cocaine is sold in, their average prices in the country, and their corresponding slang. Crack cocaine is more regularly abused in lower-income areas as crack has a lower average price per gram than cocaine. Most reports suggest that an 8-ball of cocaine an eighth of an ounce or 3. An 8-ball is a weight measurement equal to 3. This is typically used for drugs such as cocaine and meth. Selling drugs such as cocaine, crack , and heroin in 8-ball weights has been popular since the s as many drug users prefer to have larger quantities of the drug and most dealers will offer a special price for 8-balls. A zip also called a 'zone', is a 1-ounce measurement, equivalent to 28 grams. The term 'zip' originates from large zip lock bags being used when selling larger amounts of drugs. As with the price of a gram of cocaine, the cost of a kilo changes depending on the area it is bought in, even within the same state. The average price for cocaine varies per country. This follows the global trend among developed nations outside of Europe where cocaine costs a premium price, such as in Australia or China. Regions with stricter drug regulations and harder-to-reach trafficking ports typically have higher prices. As with all illegal drugs, there are a variety of factors that affect the cost of cocaine. Some of them include the purity of the drug, the type of cocaine being purchased , the socioeconomic status of the area, the popularity of the substance, and the presence of crime. Cocaine can be mixed with a variety of other substances that can cause different side effects and feelings. Most of these combinations make the drug even more dangerous to take. For example, mixing cocaine with other stimulants like meth greatly increases the risk of overdose. These dangerous drug combinations also tend to increase prices. Crack cocaine , which tends to be full of impurities, is far cheaper than powder cocaine. While most users seek to purchase white powder cocaine, there are actually many types of cocaine available, though some may not be easy to acquire. Cocaine variants such as brown cocaine brown-brown are not normally sold in the US and may therefore come at a steep price. Illicit drug production and distribution is an illegal activity that costs the government billions of dollars per year in trying to control it. Increased law enforcement tends to force drug manufacturers to limit their production, making the sale of substances like cocaine riskier and therefore higher. As with availability, where drugs are produced dictates their price. Cocaine tends to be produced in South America as that is where the materials for making it originate. It is then trafficked into North America, most commonly through drug cartels in Mexico. This means states in this area tend to have more access to the substance. The same is also true of larger cities, where crime rates and drug dealing tend to be higher, making the substance more readily obtainable. Some research indicates that fluctuations in cocaine prices influence user consumption patterns. When cocaine prices are higher in specific regions or time periods, there tends to be a decrease in overall consumption rates. Conversely, lower prices are typically linked to increased rates of usage. There were over million people recorded globally to have used illicit substances in , of which 21 million used cocaine, according to the latest version of the United Nations World Drug Report. The global use of cocaine has risen in the past decade despite a slight decrease during COVID with global production and new shipping routes seeing purity increasing with prices decreasing across mainland Europe and beyond. These findings underscore the significance of monitoring street prices to understand consumption trends and their further impact on addiction rates. Cocaine addiction can be incredibly expensive. This can lead to heavy financial losses and crippling debt. The financial cost is not the biggest loss a person with cocaine addiction faces, however. As with all forms of substance use disorder, cocaine addiction greatly impacts health both mental and physical , relationships, family, work, education, and just about all areas of life. In recent years, cocaine has become one of the top substances causing unintentional overdose deaths. Visit here for more information on the cost of addiction. Addiction treatment centers can offer help and support for those suffering from all types of substance use disorders, including cocaine. If you or someone you care about is suffering from addiction, contact a treatment provider near you today. Your feedback allows us to continually improve our information. Content manager for Recovered. Edmund has an extensive background in addiction research and medical writing, working collaboratively with doctors, substance use disorder specialists, and clinical experts across all content on Recovered. Samantha Miller is a practicing NHS doctor based in Glasgow, UK, who regularly contributes as a medical reviewer for mental health and addiction. Samantha Miller. Written by Edmund Murphy on 14 December Medically reviewed by Dr. Samantha Miller on 09 October Measurement Weight in grams Cost in U. Key takeaways: Cocaine is usually sold in gram weights. The cost of cocaine can vary dramatically depending on several factors including location, state law, and purity. Higher prices of cocaine are associated with lower levels of consumption in users. Cocaine is rising to become one of the top drugs that can cause unintentional overdose deaths. Treatment options are available if you or someone you know needs help with cocaine addiction. The price of cocaine by weight Cocaine amounts are not always referred to by weight when being sold. The price of an '8 ball' of cocaine Most reports suggest that an 8-ball of cocaine an eighth of an ounce or 3. The cost of cocaine around the world The average price for cocaine varies per country. What affects the price of cocaine? Purity of cocaine Cocaine can be mixed with a variety of other substances that can cause different side effects and feelings. Type of cocaine While most users seek to purchase white powder cocaine, there are actually many types of cocaine available, though some may not be easy to acquire. Availability of cocaine Illicit drug production and distribution is an illegal activity that costs the government billions of dollars per year in trying to control it. Location As with availability, where drugs are produced dictates their price. How street prices affect cocaine use rates Some research indicates that fluctuations in cocaine prices influence user consumption patterns. Understanding the costs of cocaine addiction Cocaine addiction can be incredibly expensive. Treatment options for cocaine addiction Addiction treatment centers can offer help and support for those suffering from all types of substance use disorders, including cocaine. Was this page helpful? Yes No. Cocaine Retail price in Selected Countries. National Institute on Drug Abuse. National Bureau of Economic Research. A multilevel analysis of the effect of cocaine price on cocaine use among arrestees. Journal of Criminal Justice , 31 2 , — Author Edmund Murphy. Reviewer Dr. Medically reviewed by. MBChB Dr. Samantha Miller Reviewer. Our fact checking process Our editorial process. Ready to talk about treatment? Call us today. For any specific questions please email us at info recovered. More guides about cocaine. One gram of cocaine. One ounce of cocaine or a zip of cocaine. One kilo of cocaine.
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Cocaine is an illegal, highly addictive drug made from the leaves of the South American coca bush. It is a central nervous system stimulant.
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