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Amphetamine Validity Reliability Factor Analysis. Illegal use of psychotropic drugs has become a great problem around the world 1. According to the statistics from the united nations office on drugs and crime in , the abuse of amphetamine compounds has been an increasing epidemic. According to this report, the number of amphetamine compound-producer laboratories has increased from 12, in to 14, in This paper reported that 35 million people all over the world use amphetamine compounds regularly. Iran was introduced as a country with an increasing rate of abuse and production of amphetamine compounds 2. Illicit drug use in Iran and associated problems have been present for a long time in the Iranian society 3. Historically, in Iran recreational drug abuse dates back to the 17th century 4. Iran is currently facing a transition from traditional drugs to the industrial production of illicit drugs, including amphetamines. The abuse of these materials in previous decades was negligible, yet is increasing in the recent years 5. According to a recent study using the rapid situation assessment RSA of drug abuse in Iran, the frequency of amphetamine use makes up 5. Other studies have reported that amphetamine use occurs in Reasons for the abuse of drugs may be the low price of industrial materials, easy access, and the increasing price of traditional opiates Investigations have shown that parallel to the increasing abuse of such drugs, there has been an increase in the demand for treatment A questionnaire with proper validity and reliability is an important part of a good treatment plan. Withdrawal symptoms occur in individuals with an established history of drug use. McGregor et al. Observed symptoms of amphetamine withdrawal could include fatigue, drowsiness, depression, aggression, disorder, excitability, pain, lack of enjoyment, and reduction in concentration 14 - Unfortunately, most studies investigating amphetamine withdrawal processes lack adequate sample size or include participants, who are experiencing simultaneous drug withdrawal interactions potentially creating confounding results. Additionally, most studies lack the use of a validated scale measure to evaluate withdrawal symptoms 15 , Several questionnaires are currently available to measure symptoms of amphetamine withdrawal, including the amphetamine withdrawal questionnaire AWQ 20 , the severity of amphetamine dependence questionnaire SAMDQ 21 , and the amphetamine cessation symptoms assessment ACSA The new measure purports to assess withdrawal symptoms more accurately, and its validity and reliability have been proved in assessment and evaluation of amphetamine abuse withdrawal symptoms The present study was done to determine the reliability and validity of Persian Version of amphetamine cessation symptom assessment ACSA questionnaire in patients of residential medical center in Alborz province of Iran. A cross sectional study was completed using the ACSA The ACSA evaluates 3 factors over 16 questions, including anxiety and mood 11 , fatigue 3 , and amphetamine craving 2. The Persian-version of the ACSA questionnaire was translated from English to Persian language and proofed using the backward-forward translation method To explore the face validity of the questionnaire, 10 experts provided direction for the writing, translating, and arrangement of questions. A group discussion was facilitated through individual sessions where amphetamine withdrawal symptoms were discussed and the questionnaire was provided. While the translated ACSA contributed to minor changes in wording, no question was deleted or added. Patients in residential medical center of the Alborz province of Iran, provided treatment for amphetamine withdrawal, were enrolled in this study. All participants in the study were male. The inclusion criteria in this study required participants to be male being at least 15 years old, having been diagnosed with amphetamine dependence as listed in the DSM-IV, and having provided positive urine test for amphetamine compounds. Also, Psychotic patients, patients with acute medical diseases requiring psychotherapy, and patients, who were hospitalized for issues related to opiates use were excluded from this study. One-hundred and six individuals that received care at the residential medical center of Alborz province were enrolled in the study through the convenience sampling method. An informed consent form was completed by all participants. Exploratory factor analysis and principal component analysis were used to assess construct validity. The questionnaire was given to experts working in the field of amphetamine abuse. A content validity index CVI was used to assess the content validity of the questionnaire. In the first method, a CVI index was calculated for the overall questionnaire. The number of questions identified by each expert as completely related or greatly related was divided by all questions and the result was translated to a percentage: the average of all summed expert percentages was then calculated. In the second method, CVI was calculated for each question, where each question was assigned one point by each expert that qualified it as completely related or greatly related to assessing amphetamine withdrawal. The total points for each question were then summed and divided by the total number of scoring experts to generate a percentage Analyses were completed using SPSS software version One-hundred and six male patients were enrolled in this study. The average and median age of participants was Of the total participants, Overall, 1. Demographic features of these people are presented in Table 1. Participants reported no problems responding to the Persian version of the ASCA, and both patients being treated for amphetamine withdrawal and administrators appeared engaged during the questionnaires administration. Face validity was demonstrated through both patients and administrators reporting that the questionnaire addressed amphetamine withdrawal Content validity index CVI for the overall questionnaire was Results demonstrated adequate sampling index Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin at 0. According to both criteria, it could be concluded that an appropriate factor analysis was applied for this study Specific value index and the variance determination percentage were used to determine that evaluation of amphetamine withdrawal symptoms constituted of several components. The justified variance for the first, second, and third factor was To select questions, functional loads higher than 0. According to the results of the rotated component matrix, 11 questions loaded on the first factor 1, 3, 4, 5, 78, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14 , 3 questions loaded on the second factor 2, 6, 9 , and 2 questions 15 and 16 loaded on the third factor. Labeling for the factors was completed based on the original questionnaire. First, second, and third factors were named by anxiety and mood, fatigue, and craving for use of amphetamine, respectively Table 3. Assessment of reliability was done for the entire group and individually for each of the 3 factors. When a questionnaire is translated for use with a different society and culture, it is necessary to examine its validity and reliability 27 , In this study, the face, content, and construct validity and reliability of the Persian version of ASCA questionnaire was examined. Results demonstrated that this version of the questionnaire had appropriate validity and reliability and that the questions retained their relevance for involved participants Content validity was appropriate, and this version of the questionnaire appeared to assess symptoms and natural processes of amphetamine withdrawal. Through factor analysis, 3 factors were determined for the Persian version of the ACSA questionnaire. These results were consistent with that of McGregor et al. The 3 factors justified Variance for the first anxiety and mood , second fatigue , and third craving factor were Findings of the current study are relatively consistent with that of McGregor et al. The results of the current study showed that the first factor covered questions 1 problem in concentration , 3 excitement , 4 unpleasant nightmares , 5 getting angry , 7 agitation , 8 suicide thoughts , 10 anxiety , 11 lack of enjoying life , 12 suspicion , 13 sadness , and 14 slow movements , the second factor covered questions 2 drowsiness , 6 feeling fatigue , and 9 non-activity , and the third factor coversed questions 15 craving and 16 severity of craving. The results of the current study are consistent with those of McGregor et al. A possible reason for this difference might be due to behavioral differences among the participators in both studies and difference in the justifiable sample. Therefore, it could be concluded that the reliability of the Persian version of this questionnaire was appropriate. These differences may be explained by cultural and population differences and also translation procedures The results of this study demonstrated that the Persian version of amphetamine cessation symptom assessment questionnaire had appropriate validity and reliability and had usability in related studies and activities in Iran. Hence, it is recommended for researchers and therapists, who work in the addiction field, to seek use of this questionnaire in amphetamine withdrawal treatments. Costa e Silva JA. Evidence-based analysis of the worldwide abuse of licit and illicit drugs. Hum Psychopharmacol. World Drug Report. Mohamadi K. Survey the changing pattern of drug use than the traditional low risk to industrial high risk of Iran. Moharreri MR. NIDA research monograph. Mokri A. Brief overview of the status of drug abuse in Iran. Arch Iranian Med. Rapid situation assessment of drug abuse and drug dependence in Iran. A survey of Ecstasy use among year-olds in five areas of Tehran. A Study of Birjand University students' knowledge and attitude towards taking Ecstasy pills. J Birjand Univ Med Sci. Prevalence and factors associated with Ecstasy use among college undergraduates in north of Iran Asian J Psychiatr. Prevalence and predictive factors of psychoactive and hallucinogenic substance abuse among college students. J Fund Ment Health. Comprehensive textbook of addiction treatment. Iranian National Drug Control Headquarters; Jenner L, McKetin R. Prevalence and patterns of psychostimulant use. Models of intervention and care for psychostimulant users. National Drug Strategy Monograph Series. Psychometric evaluation of the Amphetamine Cessation Symptom Assessment. J Subst Abuse Treat. Angrist B, Sudilovsky A. Central nervous system stimulants: historical aspects and clinical effects. Springer; Self detoxication by amphetamine dependent patients: a pilot study. Drug Alcohol Depend. Oral use of stimulants obtained from inhalers. J Am Med Assoc. Abuse of methylamphetamine. Br Med J. Methamphetamine abstinence syndrome: preliminary findings. Am J Addict. Clinical relevance of the distinction between alcohol dependence with and without a physiological component. Am J Psychiatry. Amphetamine withdrawal: I. Reliability, validity and factor structure of a measure. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. Measurement of the severity of amphetamine dependence. Reliability and validity of the Cocaine Selective Severity Assessment. Addict Behav. Process of translation and adaptation of instruments. World Health Organization; Munro's statistical methods for health care research. Measurement in nursing and health research. Springer Publishing Company; Survey on validity and reliability of diagnostic questionnaire of internet addiction disorder in students users. Zahedan J Res Med Sci. Patient Educ Couns. Michaeli Manee F. Internal consistency and confirmatory factor analysis of Wells and Davis Thought control questionnaire. Iran J Psychiatr Clin Psychol. Essentials of nursing research. We use cookies to provide you with the best possible experience. They also allow us to analyze user behavior in order to constantly improve the website for you. Abstract Background: Illegal use of psychotropic drugs has become a great problem around the world. Change in the traditional pattern of drug abuse to industrial drugs is one of the challenges faced today in Iran. Objectives: The present study was performed to determine the reliability and validity of the Persian version of the amphetamine cessation symptom assessment ACSA questionnaire in patients of residential medical center in Alborz province of Iran. Patients and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, patients accepted to participate from patients enrolled in the residential medical center of Alborz province. After the questionnaire was translated to Persian, face, content, and construct validity was assessed. Exploratory factor analysis and principal component analysis were used to assess the construct validity. Content validity index CVI was used to assess the content validity of the questionnaire. The face validity step was based on the opinion of experts and patients that had just withdrew from the study and limited changes were inserted in the questionnaire. Results: Content validity for the entire of questionnaire was In factor analysis 3 acceptable factors with higher than 1 were identified that justified Conclusions: Results of this study showed that the questionnaire had appropriate reliability and validity in the evaluation of amphetamine withdrawal symptoms and could be used in similar activities and studies in Iran. Background Illegal use of psychotropic drugs has become a great problem around the world 1. Results One-hundred and six male patients were enrolled in this study. Table 1. Table 2. Table 3. Rotated Component Matrix for Questions. Table 4. References 1. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4. Leave a comment here:. Cookie Setting We use cookies to provide you with the best possible experience.

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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Correspondence to: Dr. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3. As the first experience of substance abuse often starts in adolescence, and studies have shown that drug use is mainly related to cigarette and alcohol consumption, an initial exploration of substance abuse prevalence, including cigarette and alcohol, seems to be the first step in preventing and controlling drug consumption. This study aimed to explore studies on drug use among high school students by investigating articles published in the past decade in Iran. In this study, the databases inside the country were used to access articles related to substance abuse by students during —, among which 7 articles on 14—19 years old high school students were studied. The seven studied articles showed that the highest drug use prevalence pertained to cigarette and hookah, followed by alcohol, opium, ecstasy, hashish and heroin. Opium and heroin use in Kerman city were, respectively, about 4 and 5 times of their use in other studied cities. Drug use is relatively high in the adolescent and effective group of the society, which requires particular attention and prompt and immediate intervention. Substance abuse is a common phenomenon in the world and has invaded the human society as the most important social damage. Iran also, due to its specific human and geographic features, has a relatively high degree of contamination. This article is a narrative review focusing on studies conducted in Iran. In this research, all articles related to substance abuse and its patterns among high school students, which were conducted in Iran and published in domestic and international journals, were investigated. The articles were acquired from academic medical journals, research periodicals and the Scholar Google, Magiran, Irandoc, and Medlib. The search keywords included prevalence, substance abuse, Iranian student, and addiction. This study explored articles in the past 10 years — about Iranian high school students. The full texts of the articles were often accessible in the scientific information database and magiran websites, but the full text of the article about Gilan Province was obtained after contacting the journal's office. Correspondence was made with the author of the article about Mahriz city to obtain the article as it was not published in the Toloee Behdasht journal. These articles provide information about the consumed drug type, its prevalence in terms of the sex and age, and the experience of at-least-once consumption in the adolescent's life. Some articles had only pointed to drug consumption, which was also included in this research. Some had attended to substance abuse in general terms without distinguishing different kinds of drugs, and in some articles only psychoactive drug use, was mentioned. The cases, in which the sample volume was not sufficient, or were not in the studied age groups, were excluded from the study. Due to different categorizations in these articles regarding the long-term prevalence of substance abuse or the experience of at-least-once consumption, in this study the shared aspect of these articles, that is, the experience of at-least-once use was adopted. An initial search into the data bases yielded 11 articles, two of which were related to years before the study time frame and Furthermore, two articles were ignored, one because of its different age group a lower age and the other because it had addressed a particular district in Tehran with a small sample size. These results are based on 7 articles. All studies were about the 14—19 years old group, and only three studies had distinguished between the sexes. All 7 studies considered in this article were cross-sectional. A study was conducted in on students, from high schools and vocational schools in Zahedan City, using a multi-stage cluster sampling method. In total, from the total of females and males who completed the questionnaire, the following results were obtained. The first experience of smoking was most often seen at the age of 14 The prevalence of other drugs was not studied in this research. A study in Nazarabad city in on 3 rd year high school students, including females and males with the mean age of A research on Kerman's Male Pre-university students yielded the following results. The consumption prevalence of hookah was In Nazarabad City, the consumption prevalence was found to be The male and female drug consumption was A study in Lahijan City showed that the consumption prevalence was In the Mahriz city of Yazd, the consumption prevalence among the male 3 rd year high school students in was reported 6. The comparison of the prevalence of at-least-once drug use for each drug type in each studied region\[ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 \]. A study in Zahedan also reported that at-least-once drug use prevalence was 1. In Gilan, drug use, excluding cigarette, was reported Furthermore, cigarette and drug use prevalence was Cigarette use prevalence was Alcohol consumption was Opium consumption was 3. Drug consumption, excluding cigarette, was In Karaj city, drug consumption prevalence was studied for each sex and drug type \[ Table 2 \]. The comparison of the prevalence of at-least-once drug consumption for each sex in each studied region. As the study conducted on students with the mean age of 16 in Zahedan showed that the highest incidence of the first experience of cigarette smoking belonged to the age of A study in Kerman on students with the mean age of A study in Gilan indicated that drug and cigarette consumption had significantly increased in males aged 19 and above According to a study in Nazarabad, the highest drug use onset was at the age of 15— In , Investigating addictive drugs prevalence among university students showed the prevalence in the following order: Hookah Entertainment constitutes the tendency for drug consumption in most cases The increased cigarette use prevalence among Iranian adolescents is a major public health concern. The cross-sectional prevalence of drug use in among American 12—17 years old adolescents was reported Also, 2. It is noteworthy that Kerman City, compared to other studied cities, has received higher rates of drug use, such that opium and heroin consumption in this city has been, respectively, almost 4 and 5 times that of other cities. These statistics also hold true clearly with regard to ecstasy and alcohol consumption, each being almost 3 times that of Karaj and Gilan. Hashish consumption in the pre-university stage in this city is also higher than in other cities, which might be related to easier drug access in Kerman. In the cities, in which sex-distinct studies were conducted, drug consumption by males had been, with no exception, far higher than by the females, which is, almost 4 times except for hookah and then cigarette. Of course, it is not possible to judge firmly about drug use general prevalence as a result of the few studies in this field; however, the important point is the relatively high drug use among the adolescent and effective group of the society, which deserves particular attention for education and intervention in this group. It has been observed that adolescent and young crystal users, compared to nonusers, show clinical symptoms, have less control and affection in their families, with excitable, aggressive and anxious personalities, and low accountability;\[ 23 \] on the other hand, behavioral problems and friend influence are among the strongest risk factors of drug consumption among adolescent consumers. Nevertheless, it is not clear to what extent the adolescent can manage the effect of behavioral problems and peer group interaction for refusing invitations for drug consumption. Therefore, prevention programs for harm reduction, treatment and consultation as the main objective of the intervention structure should apply to consumers. Accordingly, recent progress in evaluating drug abuse among adolescents would continue for information sharing in the field of clinical and research services. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Int J Prev Med. Find articles by Mah Monir Nahvizadeh. Find articles by Shohreh Akhavan. Find articles by Sara Arti. Find articles by Leila Qaraat. Find articles by Nahid Geramian. Find articles by Ziba Farajzadegan. Find articles by Kamal Heidari. Received Jun 20; Accepted Nov 8. Open in a new tab. Source of Support: Nil. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel.

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