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According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition DSM-5 , substance abuse is defined as the use of any drug, in a manner that deviates from approved social or medical patterns. Drug abuse is a serious problem that has affected almost every part of the world, including developed countries. The number of addicts is rising at a rate of per year. Drugs such as cannabis and heroin are rising, due to their affordability and accessibility 2. In addition to the general population, drug abuse is a significant problem for doctors and medical students, as identified in the US 3. A study conveyed in Karachi in showed that the use of illicit drugs amongst youngsters is rising. While such studies have been performed to determine the prevalence and frequencies of tobacco, alcohol and marijuana use in medical and other undergraduate students, there has yet to be a cross-sectional study conducted in Karachi, Pakistan, that correlates the academic performance of medical students with substance use. This was a cross-sectional study that was performed among MBBS students of six dental and medical colleges in Karachi, Pakistan. The inclusion criteria were MBBS students currently in 2nd year or higher that are currently enrolled in a medical college or university in The exclusion criteria were students not consenting, on medication or dealing with a comorbidity. Constructing the questionnaire required modifying premade questionnaires regarding alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use. We also included questions about GPA and attendance percentages during the past year. We included students in our study but after excluding surveys that were incomplete or incorrectly filled, we were left with participants with useful data. Out of the participants, The average age of our participants was The relationship status of the respondents were similar, with The lowest frequency was for current marijuana use as their sole substance at 0. Dual and polysubstance use was also noted Supplementary file Table 1. Out of subjects, Users of alcohol had a mean GPA of 3. Among non-users, the mean GPA was 3. We also determined the mean attendance among users and non-users Table 1. Alcohol users had a mean attendance of Subjects that had marked some of the above and all of the above had an average attendance of Among non-users the mean class attendance was Our results indicate that among this sample of medical and dental students, academic attendance was noted to be lower among substance users compared to non-users. This study hypothesized that an association existed between illicit substance use and academic performance. We concluded that there was no such correlation when it came to GPA, but there was a significant correlation when it came to attendance. Moreover, This is an interesting contrast to a study that was conducted in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 7 which concluded that stress concerning the study load of a medical student is sufficient to push the average medical student to turn to illicit substances for relief. Factors such as peer pressure and altering levels of stress are often accused of being a source of motivation and thus, substance use. At this point our research draws similar conclusions to a study conducted in India on medical students and doctors in 8. While taking the specified substances selected for this research into consideration, we must take into review and understand how easily available they are both legally and illegally in our current society. Most of our participants admitted to the use of tobacco smoking, which is understandable as it is easily available and legal to use. The easy availability might be a reason why Peer pressure after joining medical school could also be a predisposing factor. A study conducted in Nepal on third-year medical students 9 describes how peer pressure and stress may combine to force an individual to start using illicit drugs. While this study is novel within the current setting, it is not without limitation. It is possible that students may have not been comfortable at informing us of their addiction habits and hence response bias is likely. Moreover, due to the large female population of students in medical schools in Karachi, it is likely that some may be less likely to report substance use which limited the potential utility of the data among female students. Furthermore, we based our data on self-report and were not able to quantify substance use other than using a dichotomous variable. Substance abuse had an impact on academic performance, at least in terms of attendance, in medical students. Our research indicates that there is no significant difference in academic performance. We also identified a large disparity between the number of female users compared to the number of male users. Further studies to be carried out to confirm our results as well as expand on the existing issues surrounding and resulting in the use of these substances so that policymakers may have a substantial evidence base when dealing with substance use among students in Pakistan. Home Issues About. Instructions to Authors. Editorial Policies. Effect of illicit substance use on academic performance of medical students in Karachi, Pakistan. Syeda U. Riaz 1. Nousheen Iqbal 1. Bilal Mehmood 1. Reem Nasir 1. Shagufta Naqvi 1. Muzamil Junejo 1. Ayesha Hassan 1. Ghulam Muhammad 1. Pulmonary Toxicology. Introduction: While studies have been performed to determine the prevalence and frequencies of tobacco, alcohol and marijuana use in medical and other undergraduate students, there has yet to be a cross-sectional study conducted in Karachi, Pakistan, that correlates the academic performance of medical students with substance use. Information on tobacco, cannabis and alcohol consumption was collected. Results: Non-users had a mean GPA of 3. With regard to attendance rates, non-substance users had higher mean attendance rates of Non-users had a mean attendance of Users had a mean attendance of Conclusions: There was no significant association between substance use and average GPA of MBBS students in Karachi, Pakistan, however a significant association between substance use and attendance was noted. RESULTS We included students in our study but after excluding surveys that were incomplete or incorrectly filled, we were left with participants with useful data. Figure 1 Substance use frequency amongst the two genders. Limitations While this study is novel within the current setting, it is not without limitation. We acknowledge the efforts of our department to gather and keep the data safe. All participants provided written informed consent. The data supporting this research are available from the authors on reasonable request. Substance use among third year medical students of Nepal. J Nepal Health Res Counc. Accessed January 26, Google Scholar. Medical Student Research Journal. An epidemiological study on substance abuse among college students of north India Kashmir valley. Alcohol, cigarette, and illegal substance consumption among medical students: a cross-sectional survey. Workplace Health Saf. Ridgeway G, Kilmer B. Bayesian inference for the distribution of grams of marijuana in a joint. Drug Alcohol Depend. Use of and attitudes toward club drugs by medical students. J Addict Dis. Journal of Postgraduate Medical Institute. Kumar P, Basu D. Substance abuse by medical students and doctors. J Indian Med Assoc. Pak J Med Sci. Braz J Psychiatry. Laboratory detection of marijuana use. Experience with a photometric immunoassay to measure urinary cannabinoids. Am J Dis Child. Cocaine and marijuana use by medical students before and during medical school. Arch Intern Med. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime; December, Alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, anxiety and depression among second-year medical students. Identify in order to act. Article in French. Sante Publique. Management of substance abuse: Psychoactive substances. World Health Organization; Send by email. Keywords index. Topics index. Table of contents. ISSN: The views and opinions expressed in the published articles are strictly those of the author s. We process personal data collected when visiting the website. 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Profile of drug users in Karachi City, Pakistan

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Drug use has been identified as a major public issue in Pakistan. A descriptive questionnaire survey in Karachi city was made to identify the socioeconomic profile and beliefs and practices of drug users The most commonly used drugs were cocaine Key psychological factors leading tc drug use were problems with parental or marital relations or break-up of a relationship Drugs were seer as an escape from stressful life events Many drug users blamed the origin of their drug use on bad social influences Preventive measures are needed to decrease the rate of drug addiction in Karachi. Abstract Drug use has been identified as a major public issue in Pakistan.

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