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Menu All All. Sign In. Biography IMDbPro. Looking for some frights to dig into after your Thanksgiving feasts? We have you covered with today's Horror Highlights, which includes release details for Friends Don't Let Friends , the chilling synopsis for 11th Hour Cleaning, and the trailer for the scary short film Balloon. We have a release date of November 28th Official Synopsis: As a group of friends come together to cover up a murder, they end up stranded deep in the desert, and have to band together to make it out alive. The further they venture into the darkness, the closer they come to discovering that each one of them is more dangerous than anyone had ever realized. See full article at DailyDead. Camp Sunshine is the See full article at HollywoodLife. The last few years have seen some of the internet's most successful webseries' find funding on Kickstarter, a crowd-sourcing platform for creative projects to generate financial backing, and Awkward star Beau Mirchoff hopes to follow in the footsteps of Husbands, Sun Come Up and the like with Camp Sunshine. The hopeful half-hour comedy follows the staff of Camp Sunshine, the brain-child of writer-director Kanin Guntzelman. Then he wrote this pilot, asked if I wanted to be a part of it and I thought it was just hilarious and we started this endeavor. Currently, contributors can score a personal video message or Skype session with the See full article at Entertainment Tonight. This content is published for the entertainment of our users only. The news articles, Tweets, and blog posts do not represent IMDb's opinions nor can we guarantee that the reporting therein is completely factual. Please visit the source responsible for the item in question to report any concerns you may have regarding content or accuracy. More from this person. More to explore. Recently viewed. Please enable browser cookies to use this feature. Learn more.

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You have full access to this open access article. This study investigates the prevalence of substance use among victims and perpetrators involved in clinical forensic cases. Urine samples from individuals aged 18 and above, collected in , were analyzed using two LC-MS-based analytical methods and an HS-GC-FID method for the most frequently reported substances of abuse and medication. Both the urine samples and the information from case documents were fully anonymized. Other classes of substances detected included benzodiazepines, anabolic steroids, antipsychotic agents, and antidepressants. The study also examines the interrelationship of drug patterns between victims and perpetrators, and results show that both parties were influenced by substances at the time of the incident. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in the use of substances between perpetrators of blunt and sharp force cases and perpetrators in cases of sexual assault. Timely sample collection and a structured toxicological analysis of both victims and perpetrators in the same case are vital in clinical forensic cases to enhance comprehension of the connection between criminal activities and substance use. This understanding enables the development of prevention strategies at an informed level. Excessive alcohol and drug use remains a pressing public health issue with far-reaching consequences for society. These include criminal activity, higher medical expenses, and negative social impact on individuals, families and communities \[ 1 , 2 , 3 \]. Understanding the specific types of drugs being used and the magnitude of their effects allows for targeted interventions and policies aimed at mitigating the harms associated with substance abuse. Recent research has increasingly linked drugs and alcohol abuse with violent behavior \[ 4 , 5 , 6 \]. Studies indicate that those who engage in criminal activities report higher levels of drug and alcohol use compared to non-criminals. Additionally, individuals who use alcohol and illegal drugs are more likely to engage in criminal behavior than non-users \[ 6 , 7 \]. Substances such as central nervous system CNS stimulants, cannabis, anabolic steroids, and opioids have been linked to violent behavior \[ 5 , 7 , 8 \]. Cocaine, for instance has been associated with both perpetrators and victims in blunt force and sharp force cases \[ 9 , 10 \]. Methamphetamine use has been correlated with violent behavior in blunt force cases, though no clear correlation has been established between drug ude and the type of criminal activities \[ 11 , 12 \]. ElSohly et al. Alcohol, in addition to its direct harm to the user, has the highest negative impact on individuals other than the user \[ 13 , 14 , 15 \]. Other studies also found alcohol to be the most commonly involved substance in sexual assault cases for both victims and perpetrators \[ 13 , 14 \]. Substances detected in ElSohly et al. Additionally, it is well-documented that perpetrators of sexual assault tend to target individuals under the influence of alcohol or other drugs, regardless of their own substance use \[ 14 , 17 , 18 \]. Drake et al. This finding was supported by Hedlund et al. Studies on substance abuse in other types of criminal cases, such as blunt force trauma, sharp force trauma, and shootings, are sparse. Understanding the relationship between these different types of criminal acts may provide insights for more effective prevention strategies. This study aims to provide insight into substance use among victims and perpetrators in forensic cases involving various types of violence and sexual assault. Worldwide, clinical forensic examinations can be requested by law enforcement, public prosecutors, and judges to support investigations and legal proceedings through thorough evidence collection and analysis. In Denmark, law stipulates that the police determine the necessity of an examination and request both forensic and toxicological analyses based on case relevance. In , the department conducted clinical forensic examinations, of which involved adults over 18 years of age. These urine samples constitute the material described in this study. The samples include individuals classified as alleged victims and alleged perpetrators, as their conviction status is unknown. For clarity, these individuals will be referred to as victims and perpetrators in the following sections. In addition to the biological samples, case documents, which include details about the individual implicated in the crime and the chronological events surrounding the case, were examined. Subsequently, both the information and samples were anonymized to comply with national ethical guidelines for handling biological samples. Since the sample material was fully anonymized, ethical approval was not required under Danish guidelines. The urine samples were analyzed using three different analytical methods. The substances tested were selected based on internal statistics identifying the most frequently detected drugs in national cases. First, ethanol concentration was determined using headspace gas chromatography with flame ionization, a well-established method described elsewhere \[ 22 \]. Subsequently, the samples were analyzed for substances of abuse and medicinal compounds using two liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry LC-MS methods. Detailed methodology, sample preparation, and data processing are described in Supplementary Document 1. On a national level, the police can request a clinical forensic examination for victims and perpetrators involved in criminal acts. These examinations assist in investigating the case by securing DNA samples, documenting injuries, and obtaining urine and blood samples for toxicological analysis. Clinical examinations are conducted only in cases where the police deem the results critical for the investigation; consequently, they are not performed in all criminal cases or for all individuals implicated. Typically, clinical examinations are reserved for more serious cases. In , cases involving a total of individuals over the age of 18 included urine sampling. These cases were categorized into six types of crime, as detailed in Table 1. As shown in Table 1 , the most frequent case type was sexual assault, followed by blunt force and sharp force cases. The remaining categories pyromania, shooting, and others were less common in the study. The average age of individuals varies across case types, but the majority fall within the 26—35 year age range. In 73 of the cases, both a victim and a perpetrator were involved. Additionally, in nine cases, there were two to five perpetrators associated with a single victim. Results from the analysis of urine samples from clinical forensic examinations of adult victims and perpetrators are summerized in Table 2. For a comprehensive list of the compounds detected in each class, please refer to Supplementary Table 1. Nearly all classes of substances were detected across the six case types Table 2. This finding is consistent with previous studies on both victims and perpetrators \[ 6 , 7 \]. Blunt and sharp force cases showed the highest percentage of CNS stimulants, a trend aligned with other studies \[ 9 , 10 \]. This is expected, as cocaine, the most commonly detected CNS stimulant, is known for its mood-altering effects and increased propensity for risky behavior, including violence \[ 24 \]. Similarly, cannabis, which has also been linked to violent behavior \[ 25 \], is frequently encountered in street-level drug reports by the Danish police \[ 26 \]. Despite their usual sedative effects, opioids have been associated with an increased risk of violence in various studies \[ 27 , 28 , 29 \]. It should be noted that some opioids, such as fentanyl, might be detected due to medical treatment rather than self-administration. This finding is consistent with a Danish study from \[ 30 \], which also included cases involving driving under the influence. However, these figures are relatively low compared to a ten-year Swedish study, which found The higher number of detected substances in perpetrators compared to victims in blunt and sharp force cases may explain these differences. Conversely, more substances were detected in victims than in perpetrators in opioid cases. Due to small sample sizes, no tests were performed on other categories. Interestingly, substances of abuse were detected in both victims and perpetrators in most case types, with some cases showing a higher frequency of substances in victims, such as CNS stimulants in sharp and blunt force cases. A possible explanation for this could be a higher incidence of criminal activities within drug-abusive environments. Polydrug use is frequently observed among individuals engaged in criminal activities, which is crucial to recognize due to the escalated risks associated with simultaneous drug consumption. The number of substances detected in each case is summarized in Table 3. The range of drugs used in sharp force and blunt force cases varied from one to eleven, without a distinct pattern. This finding aligns with the known correlation between polydrug use and increased physical and verbal aggression \[ 31 \]. This is consistent with other studies, which found either no drug use or only alcohol in sexual assault cases, with limited occurrences of polydrug use \[ 13 , 14 , 16 \]. Understanding whether both the victim and the perpetrator were under the influence during the incident is crucial for accurately assessing the circumstances and the potential impact of substance use on the event. Figure 1 illustrates the relationship in 71 cases involving a single victim and a single perpetrator. An overview of the interrelationship of alcohol and drug abuse between victim and perpetrator in cases where there is only one victim and one perpetrator. The illustration comprises 71 relationships, with 13 involving sharp force blue , 12 involving blunt force yellow , and the remaining 46 falling into the category of sexual assault green. As shown in Fig. Most cases involving sexual assault exhibited a similar pattern between victims and perpetrators. However, in nine cases, no substances of abuse were detected in either the victim or the perpetrator. This unexpected finding contradicts the common assumption that victims use fewer drugs compared to perpetrators. It has been reported that perpetrators often come from environments characterized by high levels of polydrug use, which may increase their likelihood of engaging in criminal activities \[ 1 , 3 \]. The sampling interval for victims ranged from one to 24 h, while for perpetrators it ranged from one to eight hours, except for one case with a hour interval, suggesting that late sampling could contribute to negative results. Additionally, there were nine cases with multiple perpetrators for each victim. Details of these cases are provided in Supplementary Table 2. This limited analysis provides only a partial understanding of this population segment. Gaining insight into the types and quantities of substances used, as well as the combinations and associated harms, is crucial for developing effective information campaigns and prevention strategies aimed at reducing criminal incidents. Regular toxicological analyses could also help monitor the effectiveness of various interventions in this area. For optimal accuracy, urine samples should be collected as soon as possible after an incident. Delays in sampling increase the risk of contamination and degradation of drug metabolites, which complicates the determination of substances present and their concentrations. This compromises the reliability of forensic toxicology results in determining whether an individual was under the influence at the time of the crime. Figure 2 illustrates the time interval from the incident to sample collection. The time from the incident until the sample was taken by a forensic pathologist. The time interval was not registered for four samples. Most late samplings involved alleged victims in sexual assault cases, with some perpetrators in blunt force cases also falling into this category, possibly due to delayed arrests. This unknown interval often resulted from inability to recall the timing of the incident or post-registration for cases reported over an extended period. The detection window for most illegal drugs in urine is approximately 48 h, though some can be detected for longer after a single dose \[ 32 \]. Thus, the fact that most urine samples were collected within 24 to 48 h enhances the reliability of the results. Alcohol has a shorter detection window in urine compared to most substances. Detection time can range from approximately one to 24 h, influenced by factors such as intake amount, diet, and genetics. To assess whether the absence of alcohol in urine samples was due to delayed sampling or a true negative result, Fig. Additionally, Fig. A An overview of the timeline for cases where alcohol was not detected. For out of the negative sample, the time interval from the incident to sampling was found below 24 h and for the remaining 77 samples, the time interval was above 24 h. B An overview of the alcohol level in urine for samples with a confirmed positive detection. As seen in Figs. Thus, it is reasonable to conclude that these samples were negative for alcohol at the time of the incident. Alcohol-positive findings in the urine ranged from 0. Positive results included both low and high levels of alcohol in victims and perpetrators across blunt force, sharp force, and sexual assault cases. I should be mentioned that the urine-to-blood alcohol ratio averages 1. Most published studies have concentrated on either the victim, the perpetrator, or a combination of both categories within a single group. The main advantage of this study is its ability to examine the substances consumed by both the victim and the perpetrator across different case types, and to investigate the correlation between these substances when both are present. Additionally, the use of two analytical methods for sample analysis of substance use enhances the robustness of the results. The substances selected for analysis were based on national statistical data and practical considerations aimed at streamlining processing and conserving time. While some relevant substances might be missing, the TOF-MS data collected enables retrospective reprocessing to identify additional compounds, potentially offering a more comprehensive overview of substance use within our sample groups. Regarding limitations, individuals in our sample lacked a corresponding case registration. These non-linked victims and perpetrators may not be included in our sample due to being under 18 years of age, a forensic clinical examination not being performed or being performed at a different forensic department, the inability of the police to trace the perpetrator, or the absence of a urine sample. Additionally, in a few cases, victims declined to undergo examination, resulting in the absence of sample collection. A clinical forensic examination should ideally occur as close to the time of the crime as possible to strengthen the findings. As discussed in Section. Knowing the time interval between the criminal event and the biological sample collection is crucial for interpreting results. Detecting drugs and their metabolites in urine becomes increasingly difficult if the sample is collected after the detection window for the drug of interest has closed. When the time interval surpasses the detection window of a specific drug, a negative result might be attributed to delayed sampling rather than the absence of drug consumption. Moreover, we cannot determine if some drugs were ingested before the incident or during the interval between the incident and urine sample collection. Lastly, as noted in Section. Therefore, it is unclear whether our sample is representative of all victims and perpetrators in Denmark. Furthermore, the selection process for clinical forensic examinations may differ across countries and authorities, warranting caution when comparing studies based on individuals who have undergone such examinations. The analysis of clinical forensic examinations from provided valuable insights into alcohol and drug abuse among victims and perpetrators. The study identified substances of abuse in the majority of both victims and perpetrators across various types of violence and sexual assault. Alcohol was the most frequently detected substance across all case types. Cannabis and central nervous system CNS stimulants were also frequently found, consistent with patterns observed in street-level drug seizures by Danish police. Other substances detected included opioids, benzodiazepines, antidepressants, antipsychotic drugs, and steroids. Post-hoc tests revealed a significant difference in drug use between victims and perpetrators in blunt force and sharp force cases. No significant difference was observed in sexual assault cases. In sexual assault cases, both victims and perpetrators were often not under the influence of substances; when a substance was detected in perpetrators, the same type of substance was frequently found in related victims. Additionally, substances were often detected more frequently in victims than in perpetrators. Overall, this study offers important information about the prevalence of alcohol and drug abuse among individuals involved in forensic examinations. The forensic analysis of these patterns, combined with insights from psychology and other relevant disciplines, can contribute significantly to understanding the impact of substances on crime commission and their effects on both victims and perpetrators. This information is crucial for developing targeted interventions aimed at reducing future criminal activities. The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request. Yu J, Williford WR. Alcohol, other drugs, and criminality: a structural analysis. Am J Drug Alcohol Abus. Miller TR, et al. Costs of alcohol and drug-involved crime. Prev Sci. Article PubMed Google Scholar. ROOM R. Alcohol, the individual and society: what history teaches us. Lood Y, et al. Anabolic androgenic steroids in police cases in Sweden — Forensic Sci Int. Boles SM, Miotto K. Substance abuse and violence: a review of the literature. Aggress Violent Beh. Article Google Scholar. The statistical association between drug misuse and crime: a meta-analysis. Armenian P, et al. Stimulant drugs are associated with violent and penetrating trauma. Am J Emerg Med. Hanzlick R, Gowitt GT. Cocaine Metabolite detection in Homicide victims. Soderstrom CA, et al. Epidemic increases in Cocaine and Opiate Use by Trauma Center patients: documentation with a large clinical toxicology database. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. Tominaga GT, et al. Toll of methamphetamine on the trauma system. Arch Surg. London JA, et al. Methamphetamine use is associated with increased hospital resource consumption among minimally injured trauma patients. Lawyer S, et al. Forcible, Drug-Facilitated, and Incapacitated rape and sexual assault among undergraduate women. J Am Coll Health. Basile KC, et al. S Drug Alcohol Depend. Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis. Prevalence of drugs used in cases of alleged sexual assault. J Anal Toxicol. Graham K et al. Blurred Lines? Kanin EJ. Date rapists: Differential sexual socialization and relative deprivation. Arch Sex Behav. Darke S. The toxicology of homicide offenders and victims: a review. Drug Alcohol Rev. Hedlund J, et al. A population-based study on toxicological findings in Swedish homicide victims and offenders from to Tagliaro F, et al. Chromatographic methods for blood alcohol determination. Morton WA. Cocaine and Psychiatric symptoms. A review of cases of Marijuana and Violence. Lindholst C. Retskemisk afdeling, K. Retskemisk afdeling, and S. Retskemisk afdeling, Editors. Drug abuse and intimate partner violence: a comparative study of opioid-dependent fathers. Am J Orthopsychiatry. El-Bassel N, et al. Perpetration of intimate partner violence among men in methadone treatment programs in New York City. Am J Public Health. Morphine and human aggression. Addict Behav. Andersen DW, Linnet K. Are Polydrug users more physically and verbally aggressive? J Interpers Violence. Verstraete AG. Detection times of drugs of abuse in blood, urine, and oral fluid. Ther Drug Monit. Jones AW. Excretion of alcohol in urine and diuresis in healthy men in relation to their age, the dose administered and the time after drinking. Download references. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Trine Skov Nielsen. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Reprints and permissions. Heinsvig, P. Detection of substance use in clinical forensic cases: urine analysis of victims and perpetrators. Forensic Sci Med Pathol Download citation. Accepted : 06 August Published : 05 September Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Download PDF. Abstract This study investigates the prevalence of substance use among victims and perpetrators involved in clinical forensic cases. Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript. Introduction Excessive alcohol and drug use remains a pressing public health issue with far-reaching consequences for society. Analysis of urine samples The urine samples were analyzed using three different analytical methods. Results and discussion Individuals presented in clinical forensic cases in On a national level, the police can request a clinical forensic examination for victims and perpetrators involved in criminal acts. Table 1 Overview of the case types and individuals included in the study. The mean age of individuals for each category is presented in cases of more than one person and the min, max, and median values are presented for the categories with more than three persons to maintain the anonymization Full size table. Table 2 Prevalence of alcohol, drugs, medicals, and performance and image-enhancing drugs in the six categories of clinical forensic case types in the study distributed among victims V and perpetrators P. Both percentages and the number of positive findings are listed in the table Full size table. Table 3 The number of substances detected in each case type. The occurrence of nicotine, Paracetamol, and ibuprofen was not included when counting the number of substances detected for each case type Full size table. Full size image. Conclusion The analysis of clinical forensic examinations from provided valuable insights into alcohol and drug abuse among victims and perpetrators. Key points 1. Alcohol was the most frequently detected substance of abuse. In each crime type, victims and offenders exhibited comparable substance use. Polydrug and overall drug use were more frequent in violent cases than in sexual assaults. Data availability The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request. Article Google Scholar Armenian P, et al. Funding Open access funding provided by Aarhus Universitet. View author publications. Ethics declarations Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest associated with this manuscript. Electronic supplementary material. Supplementary Material 1. Supplementary Material 2. Supplementary Material 3. About this article. Cite this article Heinsvig, P. Copy to clipboard. Search Search by keyword or author Search. Navigation Find a journal Publish with us Track your research.

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