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Rights and Freedoms. Complaints by the surrounding community had forced the police to act, resulting in the partial dispersal of the drug users to the Kot-e Sangi area. They however continue to return. The drug users have been accused of littering, stealing and disturbing passersby, but there is no real place for them to go, as the 27 Kabul-based treatment centres struggle to accommodate the growing number of drug users in the capital. In late August , the Kabul police pushed drug users out from under Pol-e Sokhta bridge in the west of Kabul, which, since the police raid on the old Russian Cultural Centre in , had become the primary hotspot for both users and dealers in the city. The Pol-e Sokhta bridge had become the most frequented location because of the numerous drug dealers in the area. See previous AAN reporting here. The area surrounding the Pol-e Sokhta bridge is also one of the most densely populated residential and commercial areas of the city and the bridge is used by thousands of people on a daily basis. On both sides of the bridge, many merchants sell fruits, clothes and other goods. The increased presence of drug users over the past years has caused numerous problems for the local community, including theft and littering. The residents and shopkeepers of the Pol-e Sokhta area have complained many times about the large presence of drug users to the police and other local government officials, with families and shopkeepers repeatedly reporting that drug users had stolen from their houses and shops. Many locals said they were ready to sell their houses and shops, but that no one was willing to buy their properties. Real estate prices have been decreasing due to the large numbers of drug users in the area for example see here and here. High-ranking government officials have repeatedly promised to address the grievances of the shopkeepers and residents. However, it still took ten months for the government to take a bold decision and finally act on the Pol-e Sokhta bridge situation. On 22 August , the police from Police District 6 PD 6 pushed the drug users out from under the bridge. Kabul police spokesman Ebadullah Karimi told the media that the Ministry of Public Health and the Ministry of Counter-Narcotics, in cooperation with the Kabul police, had launched this campaign to clear the area and that, from now on, the police would not allow any mass gatherings of drug users in the city see also here. He also claimed that the police had arrested as many as 33 drug dealers in the first three days of the campaign alone, recognising that drug users usually assemble where drug dealers are easily accessible. A video showing the police forcing drug users to leave the area can be found here. After they rounded up of the drug users from underneath Pol-e Sokhta bridge, the police loaded them onto buses and sent them to Jangalak Centre — the largest state-run drug treatment centre and shelter for street drug users in Kabul city. It has a capacity of beds. This was confirmed by Fawad Usman, head of the centre, who told Hasht-e Subh daily newspaper the shelter could accommodate only around homeless drug users and the drug treatment centre could take in only Within a few hours, those drug users who were forced to leave the centre returned to the Pol-e Sokhta area. The police, however, did not allow them to settle under the bridge again. The drug users then went to the top of the bridge, where they gathered and crouched in the flowerbeds the Pol-e Sokhta bridge has in recent years been upgraded to a large flyover with multiple lanes and a long stretch of flowerbeds in the middle. However, the authorities of PD 6 did not let the drug users stay on the bridge for long either. According to drug users interviewed by AAN, the police took some of them by bus to the Darulaman area, further south towards the city limits. However, after several hours, the addicts had travelled back to the Pol-e Sokhta area where they could more easily find their drug dealers. Another attempt was made to remove them, when the police pushed the drug users northwards, towards Kot-e-Sangi bridge and the surrounding areas, which encompass police districts 6, 5 and 3. Pushing drug users back and forth between the various police districts has now become routine behaviour for the officials from PD 3, PD 5 and PD 6. According to UNODC, as of mid-October , the police were also trying to round up smaller groups of drug users still dispersed in the area, in cycles of 45 days, in order to take them to the local treatment centres. However, the effectiveness of the current drug treatment services and the lack of treatment facilities and alternative treatment methods is a serious impediment to finding a long-term solution for the street drug users in Kabul, let alone the other urban centres in Afghanistan. He also said that, this year for the first time, female street drug users were found under the bridge. During his 12 years as a drug treatment specialist, he had never before witnessed female drug users in a public space in Afghanistan. When Dr Homa and her team had gone to the Pol-e Sokhta bridge just before the police raid, they had found six female drug users and two babies. She said three of the women were relapsed drug users; the three others were identified as new drug users. Although Dr Homa invited them to come for treatment to the SSAWO centre, none of them were willing to do so; they said there would be nothing for them after the treatment — no jobs and no future. The clearing of the bridge has clearly not been a success. The drug users keep returning and then refuse to leave the area, which the police respond to by beating them with sticks and the butts of their guns. This causes anger among the drug users, who sometimes react violently, throwing stones and pushing back the police, and sometimes even collectively attacking the local police forces. Based on this violent approach by the police, it seems they are no longer treating the drug users as individuals in need of treatment, but rather as a group of criminals. The police are also searching anyone they suspect of dealing in drugs. Forcing the drug users to leave their places from under the Pol-e Sokhta bridge has not only failed to improve their living conditions, but has actually worsened them. It has also increased the problems faced by the communities in the surrounding police districts — problems that the police actions were meant to address. The drug users claim that some passers-by insult them and spit on them. Local residents, on the other hand, report that some of the drug users harass passersby, in particular women. Shopkeepers and street traders have repeatedly complained to the media about the increasing criminal activities in the area now that the drug users are living above the street, instead of underneath the bridge for example see: here. Multiple Kabul police districts are now trying to get rid of the drug users by pushing them into neighbouring police districts. Meanwhile, the drug users have no place to stay, other than the various open-air, public spaces in the area. With winter at the door, many will find themselves on the streets of Kabul in harsh weather conditions. Both the government and international aid organisations have tried to identify a possible location for a large shelter to accommodate the majority of the street drug user population during the winter. Considering the current conditions of the drug users, one wonders if the officials knew what they are doing in the first place, when they started their campaign. It has exhausted the drug users to the point that many of them have lost hope. The Afghanistan National Drug Survey is based on a sampled survey and defines drug users as those individuals who have been tested positive hair, urine and saliva of 10, Afghans were collected for one of the following types of drugs: opioids, cannabis, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, alcohol, and amphetamine-type stimulants. Jelena Bjelica More from this author. Qayoom Suroush More from this author. Subscribe to receive updates from the Afghanistan Analysts Network Sign up.
India Post, Ministry of Communication & Technology.
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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Drug addiction is one of the alarming public health and social problems in Afghanistan and around the world. Addiction denotes the habitual use or the physical or mental dependence on narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances. A total of drug addicts were included in this study. A item questionnaire containing three subscales: 39 items for personal information, 32 items for drug use, and 6 items for dependence and treatment subscale were validated and used for data collection. The median age of the participants was 30 years. Of all participants, In this study, Almost half of the participants Of the drug users included in this study, Over two-thirds of the participants This study revealed that male illiterate teenagers living in low-economic nuclear families were more vulnerable to drug use in Herat, Afghanistan. The most common reasons for drug use were curiosity, peer influence, and seeking pleasure. Drug abuse and addiction are among the most disturbing public health and social problems in the world. In Afghanistan, the number of drug addicts has been rapidly increasing during the last two decades. A recent study conducted in drug addiction clinics in Kabul revealed that the mean age of addicts was Half participants were married, The mean age at starting drug use was Addicts started drug use due to a friendship environment The most frequent substance used were cannabis To our understanding, it is the first comprehensive study on determining the causes of drug use in Herat province and may serve as the template for future studies in this region. Study design, place and duration of study: For this descriptive study, we recruited drug addicts who were admitted to six public rehabilitation centers in Herat, Afghanistan; between March and July Herat, the second most populated province of Afghanistan, is home to 2,, people, including 1,, males and 1,, females. All six public drug rehabilitation centers in Herat city were included in this study. These include beds for males, for females and children, and 50 for teenagers. Data were collected at 4-month interval from all centers to ensure the discharge of the recruited patients treated for drug use. Sampling procedures and eligibility criteria: All drug addicts who were hospitalized in the six addiction rehabilitation centers between March and July were the target group. Inclusion criteria included drug addicts, regardless of age, gender, occupation, and social background who intentionally cooperated in data collection and have resided in Herat for the past 5 years. Exclusion criteria included those with advanced mental illnesses, unable to collaborate for any reason and those who did not give informed consent for the interview and data collection and the residents of other provinces of Afghanistan. A total of patients treated at the six public drug rehabilitation centers were included in this study. A questionnaire was developed based on the evidence-based literature by a group of neuroscientists and public health specialists. The questionnaire consisted of three subscales with a total of 77 items. Assessment of reliability and validity of the questionnaire :Prior to the initiation of this study, a pilot study of 18 drug users was conducted and the questionnaires were completed. The correlation between each item and its own subscale was assessed to ensure convergent validity, which was considered acceptable only if it was above 0. Discriminant validity was tested by comparing the correlation of each item and its own subscale with the correlation of that item with other subscales; this was acceptable when an item correlated more with its own subscale than any other subscales. Data collection: A group of fifteen medical students from Ghalib University conducted data collection. All surveyors received an intensive two-week training in survey and data collection techniques both at university and in the field. Data was collected from each participant confidentially by face-to-face interviews in separate and private rooms. The average duration of the interview was between 40 minutes. Ethical considerations: The study protocol was approved by the Human Ethics Committee of Ghalib University approval Number: ; Data were acquired from each participant after ensuring about privacy and confidentiality of the information and obtaining written informed consent. The association between the two categorical variables was investigated with Pearson Chi-square test. Moreover, a stacked bar chart was used to illustrate the association. A p-value less than 0. A total of drug users were included in this study. The mean age of participants was The median age was 30 years. Four out of five of the participants Most participants More than two-thirds of the participants Furthermore, Heroin was the most frequently used drug among males The second most commonly-used drug was opium The least used drug in males was crack 5. Heroin was the most preferred drug by participants of any age. Participants aged 17 years or younger tended to use marihuana more than other drugs as the second option No participant aged 40 or above reported the use of marihuana. While the most commonly-used drugs in primary and secondary school students were heroin and methamphetamine The second most frequent drug used by participants with average economic status was methamphetamine Table 3. More than half of the participants Only 6. Of the participants, Two-thirds of participants According to the age of onset, More than half of participants The participants declared the first three reasons for drug intake were curiosity Of the addicts included in the study, Of all participants included in the study, To prevent drug abuse in the country, Only 3. The mean age of participants in this study was This finding is similar to the results of a survey conducted in Kabul, Afghanistan, where the mean age of participants was This result is similar to the findings of Farook et al. Of the participants in the study, almost half used heroin; it was the most commonly-used drug both in men This finding is in accordance with the results of two recent studies conducted in Pakistan. Half of the drug users in this study were illiterate and only 1. This is in accordance with the findings of two studies conducted in Iran, in which However, participants in this study were not randomly sampled from the addict population and a firm conclusion about the effect of literacy on drug abuse could not be made. About four-fifths of participants in this study reported easy access to drugs. One-fourth of participants claimed that they violated the law to find money to buy drugs. In fact, studies have shown that easy access to drugs is a strong factor in initiating drug use among adolescents. In this study, half of the participants Similarly, a study conducted in Iran reported that Participants declared that the three most common reasons for initiating drug use were curiosity More than Accumulated research suggests that lack of awareness about harmful effects of drugs, lack of family support, temptation by peers and family members, stressful life events, seeking pleasure, and low economic status are among the most common risk factors associated with drug addiction. In fact, previous research has also proved that drug addiction has a devastating impact on economic development, and the society and public health. In this study, more than one-third of participants reported having a drug-using father and one-quarter stated they had an addict sibling, only one-tenth mentioned their mother was a drug addict. This suggests that a drug-using family could have been an influencing factor for drug addiction among study participants. In this regard, research has shown that temptation by peers and Family members has a great influence on among young adults. Despite popular belief that most drug addicts in Afghanistan began using initiating and maintaining drug use drugs when they moved to neighboring countries of Iran or Pakistan, this research demonstrated that almost two-thirds of participants initiated drug use in Afghanistan. This is alarming from a health and social perspective and requires targeted intervention to raise public awareness. In fact, research highlighted the fact that the level of knowledge and awareness of addicts about various aspects of addiction is low, and it is necessary to provide addicts with the information they require according to their individual needs. This study revealed that drug use remains a major public health problem in Herat, Afghanistan. Drug addiction in nuclear families and close friends as well as easy access to drugs are the main risk factors. Interventions should focus on raising awareness, and political commitment including agricultural interventions and strengthening barriers to easy access in the community must be addressed immediately. Authors would like to extend their thanks to Ghalib University — Herat Branch, for financial support for this project. Epidemiology of Drug Use in Herat - Afghanistan. Addict Health ; 14 2 : NAS: Conceptualization, data curation, data analysis, investigation, methodology, supervision, writing-original draft, review and editing; ARN: Conceptualization, data curation, investigation, methodology, resources, writing-review and editing; HM: Conceptualization, Investigation, Data collection, data curation, investigation, writing-review and editing; HM Data collection, data curation, investigation, writing-review and editing; KWAS: Data collection, data curation, investigation, writing-review and editing; OD: Conceptualization, investigation, methodology, Data analysis, writing-review and editing; HO: Conceptualization, data curation, data analysis, investigation, methodology, supervision, writing-original draft, review and editing. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Addict Health. Find articles by Nasar Ahmad Shayan. Find articles by Aziz-ur-Rahman Niazi. Find articles by Hooman Moheb. Find articles by Hamid Mohammadi. Find articles by Khaja Wazir Ahmad Saddiqi. Find articles by Osman DAG. Find articles by Hilal Ozcebe. Received Jan 20; Accepted Dec Open in a new tab. Conflict of Interests The authors declare no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel. Sociodemographic Characteristics. Age group. Educational Level. Able to read and write. Primary school. Secondary school. Economic status perception. Very difficult. Primary and Secondary. High school and higher. Economic Status. Very good and good. Bad and very bad. The place where drug was purchased. Peer influence. Working conditions. Sexual relations. Mental health problems. Financial problems. Interest in consuming again. Serious problem in Afghanistan. How to prevent drug abuse in the country. Punishment for selling drugs. Education at school. Prevent cultivation of drugs. Enhance security forces. Punishment for using drugs. Strengthen treatment policies.
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