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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Drug addiction is one of the alarming public health and social problems in Afghanistan and around the world. Addiction denotes the habitual use or the physical or mental dependence on narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances. A total of drug addicts were included in this study. A item questionnaire containing three subscales: 39 items for personal information, 32 items for drug use, and 6 items for dependence and treatment subscale were validated and used for data collection. The median age of the participants was 30 years. Of all participants, In this study, Almost half of the participants Of the drug users included in this study, Over two-thirds of the participants This study revealed that male illiterate teenagers living in low-economic nuclear families were more vulnerable to drug use in Herat, Afghanistan. The most common reasons for drug use were curiosity, peer influence, and seeking pleasure. Drug abuse and addiction are among the most disturbing public health and social problems in the world. In Afghanistan, the number of drug addicts has been rapidly increasing during the last two decades. A recent study conducted in drug addiction clinics in Kabul revealed that the mean age of addicts was Half participants were married, The mean age at starting drug use was Addicts started drug use due to a friendship environment The most frequent substance used were cannabis To our understanding, it is the first comprehensive study on determining the causes of drug use in Herat province and may serve as the template for future studies in this region. Study design, place and duration of study: For this descriptive study, we recruited drug addicts who were admitted to six public rehabilitation centers in Herat, Afghanistan; between March and July Herat, the second most populated province of Afghanistan, is home to 2,, people, including 1,, males and 1,, females. All six public drug rehabilitation centers in Herat city were included in this study. These include beds for males, for females and children, and 50 for teenagers. Data were collected at 4-month interval from all centers to ensure the discharge of the recruited patients treated for drug use. Sampling procedures and eligibility criteria: All drug addicts who were hospitalized in the six addiction rehabilitation centers between March and July were the target group. Inclusion criteria included drug addicts, regardless of age, gender, occupation, and social background who intentionally cooperated in data collection and have resided in Herat for the past 5 years. Exclusion criteria included those with advanced mental illnesses, unable to collaborate for any reason and those who did not give informed consent for the interview and data collection and the residents of other provinces of Afghanistan. A total of patients treated at the six public drug rehabilitation centers were included in this study. A questionnaire was developed based on the evidence-based literature by a group of neuroscientists and public health specialists. The questionnaire consisted of three subscales with a total of 77 items. Assessment of reliability and validity of the questionnaire :Prior to the initiation of this study, a pilot study of 18 drug users was conducted and the questionnaires were completed. The correlation between each item and its own subscale was assessed to ensure convergent validity, which was considered acceptable only if it was above 0. Discriminant validity was tested by comparing the correlation of each item and its own subscale with the correlation of that item with other subscales; this was acceptable when an item correlated more with its own subscale than any other subscales. Data collection: A group of fifteen medical students from Ghalib University conducted data collection. All surveyors received an intensive two-week training in survey and data collection techniques both at university and in the field. Data was collected from each participant confidentially by face-to-face interviews in separate and private rooms. The average duration of the interview was between 40 minutes. Ethical considerations: The study protocol was approved by the Human Ethics Committee of Ghalib University approval Number: ; Data were acquired from each participant after ensuring about privacy and confidentiality of the information and obtaining written informed consent. The association between the two categorical variables was investigated with Pearson Chi-square test. Moreover, a stacked bar chart was used to illustrate the association. A p-value less than 0. A total of drug users were included in this study. The mean age of participants was The median age was 30 years. Four out of five of the participants Most participants More than two-thirds of the participants Furthermore, Heroin was the most frequently used drug among males The second most commonly-used drug was opium The least used drug in males was crack 5. Heroin was the most preferred drug by participants of any age. Participants aged 17 years or younger tended to use marihuana more than other drugs as the second option No participant aged 40 or above reported the use of marihuana. While the most commonly-used drugs in primary and secondary school students were heroin and methamphetamine The second most frequent drug used by participants with average economic status was methamphetamine Table 3. More than half of the participants Only 6. Of the participants, Two-thirds of participants According to the age of onset, More than half of participants The participants declared the first three reasons for drug intake were curiosity Of the addicts included in the study, Of all participants included in the study, To prevent drug abuse in the country, Only 3. The mean age of participants in this study was This finding is similar to the results of a survey conducted in Kabul, Afghanistan, where the mean age of participants was This result is similar to the findings of Farook et al. Of the participants in the study, almost half used heroin; it was the most commonly-used drug both in men This finding is in accordance with the results of two recent studies conducted in Pakistan. Half of the drug users in this study were illiterate and only 1. This is in accordance with the findings of two studies conducted in Iran, in which However, participants in this study were not randomly sampled from the addict population and a firm conclusion about the effect of literacy on drug abuse could not be made. About four-fifths of participants in this study reported easy access to drugs. One-fourth of participants claimed that they violated the law to find money to buy drugs. In fact, studies have shown that easy access to drugs is a strong factor in initiating drug use among adolescents. In this study, half of the participants Similarly, a study conducted in Iran reported that Participants declared that the three most common reasons for initiating drug use were curiosity More than Accumulated research suggests that lack of awareness about harmful effects of drugs, lack of family support, temptation by peers and family members, stressful life events, seeking pleasure, and low economic status are among the most common risk factors associated with drug addiction. In fact, previous research has also proved that drug addiction has a devastating impact on economic development, and the society and public health. In this study, more than one-third of participants reported having a drug-using father and one-quarter stated they had an addict sibling, only one-tenth mentioned their mother was a drug addict. This suggests that a drug-using family could have been an influencing factor for drug addiction among study participants. In this regard, research has shown that temptation by peers and Family members has a great influence on among young adults. Despite popular belief that most drug addicts in Afghanistan began using initiating and maintaining drug use drugs when they moved to neighboring countries of Iran or Pakistan, this research demonstrated that almost two-thirds of participants initiated drug use in Afghanistan. This is alarming from a health and social perspective and requires targeted intervention to raise public awareness. In fact, research highlighted the fact that the level of knowledge and awareness of addicts about various aspects of addiction is low, and it is necessary to provide addicts with the information they require according to their individual needs. This study revealed that drug use remains a major public health problem in Herat, Afghanistan. Drug addiction in nuclear families and close friends as well as easy access to drugs are the main risk factors. Interventions should focus on raising awareness, and political commitment including agricultural interventions and strengthening barriers to easy access in the community must be addressed immediately. Authors would like to extend their thanks to Ghalib University — Herat Branch, for financial support for this project. Epidemiology of Drug Use in Herat - Afghanistan. Addict Health ; 14 2 : NAS: Conceptualization, data curation, data analysis, investigation, methodology, supervision, writing-original draft, review and editing; ARN: Conceptualization, data curation, investigation, methodology, resources, writing-review and editing; HM: Conceptualization, Investigation, Data collection, data curation, investigation, writing-review and editing; HM Data collection, data curation, investigation, writing-review and editing; KWAS: Data collection, data curation, investigation, writing-review and editing; OD: Conceptualization, investigation, methodology, Data analysis, writing-review and editing; HO: Conceptualization, data curation, data analysis, investigation, methodology, supervision, writing-original draft, review and editing. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Addict Health. Find articles by Nasar Ahmad Shayan. Find articles by Aziz-ur-Rahman Niazi. Find articles by Hooman Moheb. Find articles by Hamid Mohammadi. Find articles by Khaja Wazir Ahmad Saddiqi. Find articles by Osman DAG. Find articles by Hilal Ozcebe. Received Jan 20; Accepted Dec Open in a new tab. Conflict of Interests The authors declare no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this paper. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel. Sociodemographic Characteristics. Age group. Educational Level. Able to read and write. Primary school. Secondary school. Economic status perception. Very difficult. Primary and Secondary. High school and higher. Economic Status. Very good and good. Bad and very bad. The place where drug was purchased. Peer influence. Working conditions. Sexual relations. Mental health problems. Financial problems. Interest in consuming again. Serious problem in Afghanistan. How to prevent drug abuse in the country. Punishment for selling drugs. Education at school. Prevent cultivation of drugs. Enhance security forces. Punishment for using drugs. Strengthen treatment policies.
Afghanistan, one of the world's largest producers of heroin and methamphetamine – most of it smuggled abroad – is home to nearly 4 million drugs users.
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Facebook Twitter Print Email. There are many dangers lurking in the shadows just off the bustling streets of the Afghan capital Kabul, but none is more threatening than the drug abuse crisis that is ravaging the city, and the entire country. The conditions in the 1,bed facility are dire. Since the Taliban came to power in , international funding has dried up, leaving underpaid, poorly trained staff to deal with patients. Food is scarce, and what little is available provides scant nutrition. Residents of this facility, like those throughout the country, are expected to go through a day programme, where they are provided medical services and counselling, according to authorities, after which they undergo an assessment. This is done to determine whether they can return to their families. Conditions outside the prison-like walls of the treatment centre can be equally grim. This, she told UN News , allows decision-makers to do just that: take informed decisions. It also helps in developing an understanding of the scope of the drug problem in the region, particularly in Afghanistan, where in opium production represented nine to 14 per cent of the GDP and synthetic drug production is rising rapidly. The Centre receives data from various sources, including from governments, open sources, social media, academic research, statistics, and of course from counterparts on the ground in Afghanistan. However, the most instrumental tool the team uses in its work is the methodology built by UNODC over the past three decades to remotely identify crops. This allows UNODC to pinpoint with laser accuracy where opium poppy is being produced and cultivated. The signatures were developed over many years by comparing satellite imagery with what is known as ground truths. The experts at the UN agency were able to develop hundreds of signatures using this method which required surveyors to visit specific GPS locations to verify the initial analysis. Today, UNODC has the capability to identify various crops with an extremely high degree of accuracy, including wheat, melons, alfalfa, cotton, among others, and of course opium poppies. The signatures developed can even inform the team of the quality of the poppy fields and the expected yields. Protecting the data is vitally important to avoid catastrophic repercussions for farmers, particularly given the current political situation in Afghanistan. At the heart of the Information Centre are four resourceful Afghans with decades of on-the-ground experience. As part of the UNODC team in Afghanistan, they had conducted field visits and surveys until the agency decided to end these operations after the Taliban came to power. They are in regular contact with their colleagues who remain in the country and are providing key data, particularly on drug pricing. As field surveyors and analysts, the Afghan experts have played a pivotal in the creation of the crop signatures that help monitor opium cultivation. Our Afghan colleagues have been working on this for quite some time. Saddiqi a pseudonym is one of the staff members who deemed it necessary to protect his identity. He was able to get his family out of Afghanistan. While lamenting that several of his colleagues lost their lives in the line of duty while the surveys were being conducted, Mr. Esmati tells UN News. Drug abuse is rampant in the country. The Centre has therefore focused primarily on monitoring the production and cultivation of the extremely profitable plant-based substance used to produce heroin. After years of intensified opium production and cultivation, evidence shows that opium cultivation will decline sharply in due to a ban strictly enforced by the Taliban. And while the benefits of a possible significant reduction in illicit opium cultivation in Afghanistan this year would be global, it would be at the expense of many farmers with no alternative means to generate income. In that light, Ms. Mittal emphasized the importance of the Centre not only to the United Nations, the region and the international community, but also for the de facto authorities themselves. Mittal tells UN News. The Regional Representative stressed that it is still too early to know whether the results of the poppy ban will hold, as that would require analysis by the Information Centre over the coming years. But with the de facto authorities clamping down, there are indications that the market is changing. Synthetics and methamphetamines seizures are skyrocketing across the region, quadrupling in Tajikistan and increasing a whopping fold in Kyrgyzstan. There are some concerns that the production of methamphetamines could be driven by the ephedra plant which grows in the wild in this region of the world. It can come from cold medications or from bulk ephedrine. So, we are trying to understand how people or traffickers are producing methamphetamines. With its operations largely limited to basic humanitarian the Organization has been identifying innovative ways to carry out its development activities through implementing partners, without directly supporting the de facto authorities. UNODC works to build the capacity of farmers and vulnerable communities in Afghanistan through its implementing partners. The Information Centre is playing an important role in determining the need for alternative development programmes. For decades, opium has travelled from Afghanistan through Central Asia and the northern route to other markets, including Europe, even reaching Southeast Asia, the Middle East and Africa. Monitoring the drug trade in this region remains extremely important, as traffickers find new ways to smuggle their products and the rise of synthetic drugs presents a problem with potential global implications. Mittal underscored that profits are what drive illicit activities, and the biggest profits are made outside of the producing countries like Afghanistan. Flores said her team aims to monitor and analyse all the transnational threats in the region, including human trafficking — which is a growing risk with the migratory flow of people from Afghanistan, as well as the smuggling of firearms, illicit mining, wildlife trafficking, and falsified medicines as a growing trend in the region. As authorities tackle issues, the illicit markets can change. The prospects of a diplomatic solution between the international community and the de facto authorities in Afghanistan continue to be grim, as human rights issues remain a major sticking point. In the absence of true sustainable development in Afghanistan, illicit activities will likely persist as a plague in the country and in turn infect the world, making the work of the Information Centre instrumental in addressing these challenges. UN News. Audio and Subscription Audio Hub Subscribe. Play video. My children have no-one to feed them Residents of this facility, like those throughout the country, are expected to go through a day programme, where they are provided medical services and counselling, according to authorities, after which they undergo an assessment. There would seem to be no end in sight to their suffering. Opium poppy field in Kapisa Province, Afghanistan file. Former opium poppy farmer cultivating tomatoes in Nangarhar Province, Afghanistan. Homes line a hill on the edge of Kabul city.
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estimates there are more than 50 million regular users of heroin, cocaine and synthetic drugs like 'ecstasy' worldwide.1 The global illegal trade could be worth.
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UNODC. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. MCN. Ministry of Counter Narcotics. AOTP. Afghan Opiate Trade Programme (UNODC).
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