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These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format. All countries. Topics A-Z. The content in this section is aimed at anyone involved in planning, implementing or making decisions about health and social responses. Best practice. We have developed a systemic approach that brings together the human networks, processes and scientific tools necessary for collecting, analysing and reporting on the many aspects of the European drugs phenomenon. Explore our wide range of publications, videos and infographics on the drugs problem and how Europe is responding to it. All publications. More events. More news. We are your source of drug-related expertise in Europe. We prepare and share independent, scientifically validated knowledge, alerts and recommendations. About the EUDA. Much of our knowledge about cocaine trafficking routes results from law enforcement activity and intelligence. Information on types and quantities of drugs seized and information on the origin and destination of shipments give indications of the main routes and modes of transport. However, such information is affected by factors such as law enforcement strategies, resources and priorities, as well as temporary changes to routes and practices in response to interdiction efforts or new opportunities. Hence, caution is needed in interpreting these data. The 1 tonnes of cocaine seized worldwide in was the highest ever to be reported. As in previous years, the vast majority of the global total was seized in the Americas, followed by western and central Europe. Although small in comparison with the Americas and Europe, quantities seized in emerging cocaine markets in Africa and Asia also reached record highs in UNODC, a see Figure Global quantity of cocaine seized. The source data for this graphic is available in the source table on this page. Record levels of cocaine production have been matched by record quantities seized, especially from containers handled in the numerous ports along the transatlantic cocaine routes. Most of the cocaine seized in the EU is transported by sea, primarily in maritime shipping containers. Cocaine is shipped to the EU directly from the countries of production but also from neighbouring countries of departure in South and Central America as well as the Caribbean. Based on quantities of cocaine seized in European ports and in ports elsewhere destined for Europe see Box Detailed analysis of cocaine seized in or destined for EU , Brazil about 71 tonnes , Ecuador The latter is a relative newcomer in the top countries of origin for shipments destined for Europe, confirming that Central America now has a more significant role EMCDDA and Europol, This is likely to reflect a diversification of trafficking routes within the Americas. In total, 25 countries in the Americas reported seizures of cocaine with Europe as the intended destination in In addition to the countries previously listed, also mentioned are Paraguay There have traditionally been two main areas through which maritime and air shipments of cocaine transit en route to Europe: the Caribbean, and the West African mainland and neighbouring islands of Cape Verde, Madeira and the Canaries. While these are likely to remain significant transit areas, there are indications that North Africa continues to grow in importance and that transhipment through the Western Balkans, while remaining more limited in scope, may also have increased. From the Caribbean, cocaine is typically shipped on pleasure craft via the Azores, or by air, either on direct flights or via a variety of transit points. The quantities of cocaine seized in the West African mainland and neighbouring islands, together with those seized in Europe coming from the region appear to be small in comparison to the amounts seized at departure points in the Americas. Data reported at the international level indicate that cocaine seizures in West Africa totalled This includes a finding that more than 16 tonnes of cocaine was seized in the region that year, reversing the dearth of seizures recorded since Bird, Large seizures were also reported in This includes a shipment of 2. According to media reporting, Gambian drug authorities were searching for the owner of the consignment, a French national, in connection with the incident News24, ; Reuters, Although considerably less cocaine was seized in North Africa 1. However, developments in the last four or five years suggest that the region, particularly its coasts on the Atlantic and the Mediterranean, is a growing transit and storage hub for cocaine both arriving by sea directly from South America and coming via West Africa by land for onward transport to Europe or elsewhere, for instance the Middle East EMCDDA and Europol, ; GI TOC, The main cocaine hub of North Africa is probably Morocco. The country has traditionally seized the largest quantities of cocaine in the region, which continued in with seizures totalling 1. There are indications that the Moroccan total could be even higher. For instance, in October , more than 1. The drugs were concealed in a container on a ship that had departed from Brazil and was bound for Antwerp, Belgium, and Portbury, a middle-sized port in Bristol, United Kingdom Kundu, On a much smaller scale than Morocco, international cocaine trafficking activities in Algeria and Libya reported in the last edition of this report EMCDDA and Europol, ; Micaleff, appear to have continued in the recent period. In , Algeria reported seizing about kilograms UNODC, a , while there are indications that Libyan seizures amounted to over 44 kilograms. In December , there were two significant seizures from containers bound for Libya: one in Ecuador on a container bound for Libya and Syria kilograms , and another in Malta from a container originating in Ecuador kilograms Dixon, This area is a known hub for the transhipment of drugs at sea, particularly cannabis resin from Morocco, on ships bound for Europe or Libya, while significant quantities of cocaine have been seized in the port of Oran recently Ben Yahia and Farrah, For instance, non-routine data reported by the European Border and Coast Guard Agency Frontex on drug seizures at a number of border posts between the EU and the Western Balkans in and indicate that comparatively small amounts of cocaine enter the EU from that region. Meanwhile, Frontex data confirm the large quantities of cocaine seized in Spain, a traditional entry point for cocaine into the EU Frontex, Nevertheless, individual seizures in and could suggest that cocaine trafficking through ports in the Western Balkan region, particularly in Albania and Montenegro, may have increased. For example, kilograms was seized in the port of Durres, Albania in April Exit. Montenegrin authorities also suspect that more than 3 tonnes were smuggled through the port of Bar in the second half of Kajosevic, Furthermore, Kosovo seized a shipment of kilograms of cocaine in May after it had been smuggled through the Albanian port of Durres Halili, For the fourth consecutive year, record amounts of cocaine were seized in Europe in At Meanwhile, new records were also established elsewhere in , including Greece 1. This indicates that entry points of cocaine shipments are diversifying and that cocaine consumer markets are developing in eastern Europe including Turkey see Cocaine retail markets: multiple indicators suggest continued growth and diversification. Source: The source data for this graphic is available in the source table on this page. Data available for a few key countries indicate that even larger quantities of cocaine were seized in the EU in For instance, data on cocaine seizures in Belgium indicate that almost 92 tonnes of cocaine was seized in , almost all in the port of Antwerp. If seizures made elsewhere of shipments that were destined for Antwerp are taken into account, then close to tonnes of cocaine was seized in connection with Antwerp in Belgian Federal Police, personal communication. The preliminary data available from a few countries indicates that more than tonnes of cocaine were seized in the EU in , exceeding the previous record European total Cocaine traffickers flexibly use a wide range of innovative trafficking methods, which evolve over time in response to enforcement efforts and other factors. Although cocaine also enters the EU by air, the main route used to smuggle the drug into Europe is still the maritime route from South America to western Europe, especially taking advantage of the licit containerised trade. Maritime transport allows the smuggling of large quantities, and the nature of international commercial maritime traffic means that a vast number of routes can be and are used. In addition, smaller, private sailing boats or even semi-submersible vessels are capable of bringing in large quantities of cocaine in single shipments, entering Europe at many points see Box First two semi-submersible drug-smuggling vessels captured in Europe. Criminal networks involved in cocaine trafficking now also more frequently employ methods of transport such as mother ships, pleasure craft, fishing vessels, cruise ships and the drop-off method. Major European container ports have recorded many seizures of large cocaine shipments in recent years. In addition to targeting major ports, organised criminal networks are now increasingly shipping larger amounts of cocaine from South America to smaller ports in the EU or neighbouring countries, where security measures may be easier to circumvent. Corruption of maritime and aviation port employees and security officials throughout Europe is, in most cases, a key condition for the successful use of these facilities for cocaine importation by criminal networks. Most of the cocaine available in Europe continues to be smuggled into the largest container ports of the EU located in Belgium Antwerp , the Netherlands Rotterdam and Spain Valencia and Algeciras. The German authorities have attributed the recent increase in seizures in the port of Hamburg to the activities of Balkan and Albanian-speaking organised crime networks BKA, The use of these ports shows how criminal networks continue to exploit established commercial maritime routes between Latin America and Europe to smuggle cocaine into the EU. Taking advantage of the large volume of containerised trade in goods between the two regions, criminal networks are able to conceal large quantities of cocaine in individual shipments. As a result, the main European container ports have recorded increasing numbers of large-volume cocaine seizures in recent years. While these main container ports continue to be targeted, it is likely that law enforcement activities at these facilities have pushed some criminal networks to find alternative smuggling routes, resulting in a recent intensification of cocaine shipments to smaller ports in the EU or in neighbouring countries where security measures may be viewed as easier to evade. The available data suggest that cocaine trafficking towards the EU continued during the COVID pandemic without any apparent disruption. At least tonnes of cocaine destined for Europe was seized in Some tonnes was seized at departure ports located in Latin America, and approximately tonnes was seized at EU ports. As in previous years, the largest quantity of cocaine in the EU was seized in Belgian ports 69 tonnes , followed by Dutch 45 tonnes and Spanish ports 26 tonnes. In Latin America, the largest amount was seized at ports in Brazil 45 tonnes , Ecuador 24 tonnes and Colombia 18 tonnes see Figure Top 10 countries for quantity of cocaine destined for Europe seized at ports in A total of 60 tonnes of cocaine was seized in such secondary EU ports in see Figure Top 10 EU seizing ports for quantity of cocaine. For a description of different concealment methods, see Figure Maritime trafficking: diversification of modus operandi. The available data indicates that in Latin America, the largest quantities of cocaine destined for Europe were seized in Guayaquil, Ecuador 23 tonnes , and Santos, Brazil 21 tonnes. If all seizures departing from these ports are taken into consideration, totalling about 61 tonnes shipped from Guayaquil and 31 tonnes from Santos, it becomes clear that these two ports are used intensively by cocaine trafficking criminal networks. Analysis of concealment methods emphasises some key features that enable large quantities of cocaine to be smuggled to the EU. Criminal networks are creative and appear to be able to rapidly adapt to avoid detection, which explains why a range of modi operandi are implemented. The data indicate that the port of Antwerp is probably the main entry point for cocaine smuggled into the EU. Europol intelligence suggests that most of the cocaine entering Antwerp is destined initially for the Netherlands, where further distribution is arranged. Focusing exclusively on cocaine seized outside Europe and destined for Belgian ports in the period, a variety of modi operandi can be observed in the 10 main shipping ports see Figure Top 10 source ports for quantity of cocaine destined for Belgian ports. The reasons for this are unclear and require additional research and closer monitoring. That said, Ecuador, which shares land borders with both Colombia and Peru, two of the main cocaine-producing countries, seems to have transformed in the last decade or so from a transit country into a major trafficking hub. Furthermore, it is now also reportedly emerging as a cocaine-producing country Pichel, Such transformation is thought to have fuelled recent violence between local gangs rumoured to be used by important cocaine trafficking networks from Colombia and Mexico. A recent surge in assassinations, which nearly doubled between and , including violent prison gang riots in which hundreds of inmates died in , are reportedly linked with cocaine trafficking in the country, particularly in the port of Guayaquil. Only the top 5 ports with data available for all years are shown. Operations supported by Europol have exposed the role played by corruption in the functioning of drug markets in Europe, a factor that may have been underestimated in the past. Corruption is a crime enabler for all types of criminal activities and is a significant facilitator of drug trafficking activities. In this regard, corruption is used by traffickers to gain entry to ports, to access drugs hidden in containers, to set up or ensure control over businesses used as covers for smuggling activities, such as renting transport vehicles or storage premises, and also to facilitate money laundering, among others. Indeed, various modi operandi used to smuggle cocaine through EU ports require corruption, and recent investigations in some EU ports have provided valuable insights on the methods used by criminal networks to retrieve cocaine shipments from containers in the EU. Of course, the threat of corruption is not restricted to EU ports, since it is also used in most other ports targeted by criminal groups globally. Subsequently, criminal actors will need to introduce the drugs into the container and replace the seal that has been broken during this process with a counterfeited one. Usually, this operation takes place after customs have cleared the container. In the destination port, the criminal network will, again, need inside help and information as they usually require the targeted container to be placed in a specific location in order to facilitate access to it, for instance on the ground and with unimpeded access to the doors. Additionally, they must receive confirmation that the container has been placed in the desired location and, depending on the type of rip-off method used, extract the cocaine from the container and transport it outside the port area. Other modi operandi may also require corruption as a facilitator. Concealing cocaine within shipments of legitimate goods can also use corruption, for instance in order to be informed and take necessary action if the container has been selected for physical inspection, or to receive customs clearance without such inspection. According to a law enforcement official from Seaport Police, a unit of the Dutch Police, interviewed in the press in , acts of corruption involving staff from shipping companies were identified in the port of Rotterdam in the previous two and a half years Driessen and Meeus, An investigation that led to the seizure of An ex-governor, a harbour master, three police officers and a lawyer were among the 22 suspects arrested during this operation Eeckhaut, Workers in other large EU ports such as Le Havre, France, or Alicante, Spain, have been targeted by criminal networks and engaged to facilitate cocaine importation. Recruitment into corrupt activities is usually carried out by offering large sums of cash or other valuable assets and services, but can also be achieved using violence and intimidation Gil, Kidnappings and murders of port workers have been reported in various EU ports in recent years Auvray, ; Europol, e. Cocaine smuggling by air primarily involves the use of commercial passenger flights, cargo aircraft and general aviation private aircraft. Fairly large shipments of cocaine are smuggled directly from South America and the Caribbean to western Europe by private business aircraft, and use of this method is expected to increase in the future. Stricter border controls and more effective security checks may encourage criminal networks to use secondary international airports and small airfields see Box Private jets: the Achilles heel in the fight against cocaine trafficking by air. With some travel restrictions remaining in place and significantly reduced air passenger traffic, it is likely that the use of air couriers will remain limited compared to the pre-COVID period. In the pre-pandemic period, smaller quantities of cocaine were smuggled using commercial flights. Couriers flew from airports in South and Central America and the Caribbean to major European airports, either directly or after stopovers in countries such as Morocco, Nigeria and the United Arab Emirates. After arrival at the main EU distribution hubs, cocaine shipments are primarily trafficked by road in passenger vehicles and lorries to local markets. Intra-EU trafficking of cocaine also involves commercial flights, light aircraft and helicopters, railway, sea transport, and post and parcel services. Cocaine loads are often hidden in sophisticated concealed compartments in cars, trucks and other vehicles, sometimes with shipments of other drugs. These compartments are also used to transport cash back to the distribution hubs. In addition, Europol intelligence indicates that some European criminal networks orchestrate cocaine shipments directly from South America to Asia without the drugs ever entering the EU. In , cocaine was the most frequently seized substance from air couriers intercepted at European airports and the third most frequently detected drug at European mail centres, after cannabis and other psychotropic substances Council of Europe, The COVID pandemic accelerated an expansion in the use of post and parcel services to fulfil orders placed online. Postal and parcel services are exploited for the distribution of drugs such as cannabis, cocaine, synthetic drugs Council of Europe, , new psychoactive substances, counterfeit currency, stolen and fraudulent documents, and many other illicit commodities. The distribution of illicit goods using post and parcel services is set to increase further in line with the expected growth of online retail activity. Consult the list of references used in this resource. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. Latest data Prevalence of drug use Drug-induced deaths Infectious diseases Problem drug use Treatment demand Seizures of drugs Price, purity and potency. Drug use and prison Drug law offences Health and social responses Drug checking Hospital emergencies data Syringe residues data Wastewater analysis Data catalogue. Selected topics Alternatives to coercive sanctions Cannabis Cannabis policy Cocaine Darknet markets Drug checking Drug consumption facilities Drug markets Drug-related deaths Drug-related infectious diseases. Recently published Findings from a scoping literature…. Penalties at a glance. Frequently asked questions FAQ : drug…. FAQ: therapeutic use of psychedelic…. Viral hepatitis elimination barometer…. EU Drug Market: New psychoactive…. EU Drug Market: Drivers and facilitators. Statistical Bulletin home. Quick links Search news Subscribe newsletter for recent news Subscribe to news releases. On this page. Europe and the global cocaine trade. PDF is being prepared. This make take up to a minute. Once the PDF is ready it will appear in this tab. Sorry, the download of the PDF failed. Last update: 6 May

Drug smuggling on bulk carriers out of Brazil on the rise

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Notable rises in the use of the narcotic have been registered in Asia and Africa. In response to the increased demand, there has been extensive growth in coca cultivation and cocaine manufacture in South America. Although potentially stabilised, cocaine productivity rates remain at the highest levels ever recorded due to the greater efficiency of refining laboratories and optimisation of manufacturing and distribution processes. Although it is not a significant producer of the stimulant drug, Brazil shares extensive unguarded land borders with the three producing countries and is the second-largest cocaine consumer, only second to the United States. Information released by the Brazilian Federal Police , Customs authorities and media sources indicate a substantial increase in the number of occurrences and the amounts of cocaine interdicted in port facilities and aboard vessels. In some of the incidents, the drug was not discovered until the ship arrived at its destination. The worldwide expansion in cocaine supply and demand is a hazard to public health and a challenge to law enforcement efforts. It is also a significant threat to international maritime trade, the safe operation of vessels, and the safety of seafarers, who may have to face criminal prosecution in foreign jurisdictions, some of which punish drug offences with the death penalty. The second busiest trafficking flow is from the producing countries, mainly Colombia, straight to Europe. Over the years, Brazil has gained relevance in maritime cocaine trafficking to that continent, either directly or through transit subregions, such as West, Central and Southern Africa. Although most of the drug to Asian markets is dispatched by drug carriers on commercial flights, the cocaine that arrives in China is smuggled chiefly by sea, originating in Colombia, through the transpacific route, and in Brazil via the Cape of Good Hope. Given the high profitability of cocaine trafficking, globalised organised crime groups rely on the internet and information technology, sometimes gaining corrupt access to digitalised logistics planning and automated systems, to devise methods to exploit the vulnerabilities of commercial shipping routes and move massive quantities of drugs to all corners of the world. Drug trafficking methodology evolves rapidly in response to lagged law enforcement activities. In effect, there are no ports, port facilities or sea routes where ship operators can be sure that the containers and stores on board, or the vessels themselves, are not or will not be contaminated with illegal substances at some points during the voyage. It is no wonder that moving large quantities of drugs in containerships remains by far the preferred smuggling method for organised crime groups. It requires corruption of hauliers or port workers at both ends and involves tampering with the original seal, which is usually replaced or repaired to disguise obvious violation. Drugs are often hidden or incorporated into legitimate cargo shipments, typically involving the cargo owner, packers or port workers. The number of seizures has noticeably increased in recent years, reflecting the growth in maritime cocaine trafficking and, possibly, the result of adoption, by the federal authorities, of objective profiling and risk assessment criteria and non-intrusive screenings with container scanners and sniffer dogs. Publicly reported seizures of drugs inside containers in Santos alone rose from about 1, kilos in to a record 27 tonnes in In the same period, the total seizures in the country went from 2, Kg to 57 tonnes. The figures for are not yet complete but believed to exceed an estimated 15 tonnes in Santos. Antwerp, Rotterdam, Valencia, Le Havre and Hamburg are among the top ports of destinations for the boxes intercepted, packed with a wide variety of legitimate goods. People were caught in the act in only two of these incidents. Until the first week of April this year, at least ten cases of containerised smuggling were recorded in Santos, with about 4, kg of cocaine seized, and new seizures continue to be reported. In Northern Brazil , cocaine smuggled across the extensive triple border with Colombia and Peru is shipped from Manaus to other ports down the Amazon River and in the Northeast region, particularly in the container terminals of Vila do Conde Barcarena , Pecem, Suape and Salvador. Drugs can be introduced into all types of merchant ships in a variety of ways. The ingenuity of criminals should never be underestimated. Items can be brought aboard vessels by stevedores, officials, and contractors, sometimes with the complicity of crewmembers, and hidden in seldom-used compartments or anywhere of difficult access. When the ship arrives at its destination, a port worker associated with the smugglers, or a crewmember, carries the drugs down the gangway ladder or drop them off in the sea in a specific coordinate for them to be retrieved by small waiting boats. Unlike drugs smuggled inside containers that have neither been packed nor sealed by the carrier, drugs discovered inside the vessel tend to shift the risk of detection — and the resulting criminal liability — to innocent third parties, usually the crew. In a daring developing trend in South American ports, well-trained covert divers reach the bottom of the vessel to attach waterproof packages full of cocaine to the hull surface below the waterline or structures such as sea chest, propeller bracket, rudder space and thruster fittings. Associate divers retrieve the illegal items at the port of destination. This method can take place at anchorage areas or alongside a berth during cargo operations. While possession and cultivation of drugs for personal use in Brazil has been decriminalised, public consumption is punishable with warnings on drug effects, community services for up to 10 months and attendance to educational courses and programs. The penalty for those convicted of drug trafficking ranges from 5 to 15 years in prison, plus a fine and attendance to resocialisation programs. Foreigner offenders, including legal residents and visiting seafarers, may be deported on short notice. Vessels transporting drugs in Brazil may be detained and searched during criminal investigations by competent authorities. They and their officers and crews may be questioned as witnesses, indicted or taken into custody, with the right to legal assistance. Cargoes, vehicles and containers involved in drug smuggling may be seized as material evidence, confiscated and forfeited. The absence of explicit contractual provisions can give rise to complex disputes; however, the owner usually accepts liability for the losses and costs arising when the master, officers or crew are accomplices or when drugs are found in their possession or belongings. On the other hand, if the drugs were loaded with cargo or containers, liability tends to rest with the charterer. The tendency is that charterers assume liability because they directed the vessel to the port where the illegal substance was planted. Furthermore, they are contractually responsible for exercising utmost care and due diligence to prevent unmanifested narcotic drugs from being loaded or secreted on the vessel. The crew must be sufficiently vetted, trained and aware of the risks involved. Nevertheless, the master and crew should consider all national ports areas of potential high risk of contamination with illicit drugs to be on the safe side. There are many precautions that masters, officers and crews can take to increase the level of shipboard security, including:. In addition to the port watchmen regularly hired from the unions, the shipowner is entitled to employ security companies, provided that the Federal Police, Maritime Authority and local Port Authority accredit them. However, we are not aware of companies with specific expertise in ship security and search, let alone sniffer dogs familiar with the shipboard environment. In any case, these services would probably not be cost-effective and would be available only in most developed ports. It is a function of the State to prevent and combat illicit drug trafficking, smuggling and piracy, through the Federal Police and Customs Authorities, which have been reasonably effective in their task in the face of the formidable challenge the problem poses. Therefore, the prospect of resorting to private security companies, at this stage, should be subject to further thoughts. The crew must inform the Ship Security Officer SSO or the master if they are unsure whether a person has a legitimate reason to be on board and deny access to those who refuse or are unable to establish their identity and purpose of visit. Suspicious activities on board or in the vicinities of the vessel should be documented, ideally with photos and videos from smartphones, and reported to the SSO, who will consider notifying the PFSO and the port authority. In the absence of any standing guidance in the plan, the crew must observe the following:. Given the globalisation and the level of sophistication of modern maritime cocaine trafficking, few ports in the world, if any, can be considered safe and free from attempts by smugglers to use merchant vessels to transport illegal drugs and precursor chemicals. Shipowners, masters, officers and crews must, therefore, not take risks and bear in mind that drug trafficking is intricately linked to violence and other criminal acts. And the consequences for those engaged in such activities are devasting. Please read our disclaimer. Related topics:. Drug smuggling on bulk carriers out of Brazil on the rise. Proinde-Circular Drug smuggling on bulk carriers out of Brazil on the rise Free download. Global cocaine trafficking by amount seized Armed Forces to strengthen security at key ports and airports. Update on maritime cocaine trafficking in Brazil. Brazil shipborne drug smuggling in full swing. Latest Circulars. Rio de janeiro Av.

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