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Activities by an organized crime group involving the illegal entry, transit or residence of migrants for a financial or material benefit. The production, transport, storage and sale of goods that are fraudulently mislabeled or fraudulent imitations of registered brands. The illicit transport, handling and sale of excise consumer goods despite a ban or outside a legal market. Excludes oil and counterfeits. The illicit trade and possession of species covered by CITES convention, and other species protected under national law. The poaching, illicit trade in and possession of species covered by CITES and other species protected by national law. Includes IUU fishing. The illicit extraction, smuggling, mingling, bunkering or mining of natural resources and the illicit trade of such commodities. The production, distribution and sale of heroin. Consumption of the drug is considered in determining the reach of the criminal market. The production, distribution and sale of cocaine and its derivatives. Consumption is considered in determining the reach of the market. The illicit cultivation, distribution and sale of cannabis oil, resin, herb or leaves. Consumption is used to determine the market's reach. The production, distribution and sale of synthetic drugs. Organized crime that results in a monetary loss via financial fraud, embezzlement, misuse of funds, tax evasion and abusive tax avoidance. Clearly defined organized crime groups that usually have a known name, defined leadership, territorial control and identifiable membership. Loose networks of criminal associates engaging in criminal activities who fail to meet the defining characteristics of mafia-style groups. Includes foreign nationals and diaspora groups. The State's role in responding to organized crime and its effectiveness. The degree to which states have put oversight mechanisms in place to ensure against state collusion in illicit activities. A country's supranational structures and processes of interaction, policy making and concrete implementation to respond to organized crime. The degree to which states are able to control their physical and cyber territory and infrastructure against organized criminal activities. Assistance provided to victims of various forms of organized crime, including initiatives such as witness protection programs. Refers to the existence of strategies, measures, resource allocation, programmes and processes that are aimed to inhibit organized crime. Denmark serves as a destination and transit country for human trafficking, playing a crucial role as a link between mainland Europe and Scandinavia. Most trafficking victims in Denmark are women, with Nigerians accounting for over half of the total. While sexual exploitation remains the most prevalent form of trafficking, forced criminality and labour exploitation are also common. Semi-legal companies in sectors like construction and transport facilitate trafficking for forced labour. Furthermore, cybercriminal activity has increased, with certain aspects of the market shifting to online platforms. Denmark primarily serves as a destination and transit country for human smuggling, particularly to neighbouring countries like Sweden, where immigration laws are more relaxed. Debt plays a key role in driving voluntary human smuggling, although deception often complicates the determination of which workers, such as those in the sex industry, are smuggled willingly. Voluntarily smuggled individuals typically originate from countries such as Ukraine, the Philippines, Afghanistan, Nigeria and Bangladesh. Compared to its neighbours, Denmark has a relatively smaller domestic market for human smuggling. While gang-related criminal activities such as extortion and protection racketeering are not widespread, they have created a sense of uncertainty in Danish society. Recent cases affecting reputable companies have confirmed that incidents of this nature are not isolated. The most common cases registered by authorities are those of coercive control, threats and usury. Denmark serves as a destination and transit country for arms trafficking, particularly to Norway and Sweden. Weapons are frequently sourced from countries such as Hungary, Slovakia, Serbia and Turkey. Transnational criminal networks, reminiscent of mafia-style organizations, transport firearms and explosives through Denmark, establishing a strong presence in illegal arms markets across the Nordic region. Although the domestic demand for arms in Denmark is relatively small, there has been a recent increase in arms trafficking in Scandinavia. Firearms, primarily Turkish converted blank-firing guns, are smuggled into Denmark for sale or transit rather than immediate use. These weapons are often converted within Denmark or in makeshift workshops to minimize the risk of detection during trafficking. The demand for illicit weapons mainly comes from organized-crime groups and political extremists, as political terrorism remains a threat in the country. Extensive arms trafficking occurs between Denmark and Sweden. It is predominantly controlled by criminal gangs, including biker clubs and networks using arms as a supplementary income source, for personal use, or for customization. Recent studies in Denmark indicate that young people demonstrate a noteworthy willingness to purchase counterfeit goods. In fact, the percentage of young Danes intentionally buying counterfeit products has increased compared to previous years and surpasses the EU average. Reports have highlighted the presence of substances like glue, dust and dirt in these products. Efforts to combat the trade in counterfeit goods in Denmark are robust. Authorities have reported seizing of various counterfeit products, including perfumes and clothing imitating renowned international brands. The rightful owners are entitled to receive reasonable compensation for these counterfeit goods, which, if distributed in the market, would have amounted to billions of Danish kroner. The illicit trade in excise goods has also become a concern in Denmark. Cigarette smuggling has seen a significant increase, driven by soaring cigarette prices. The illicit trade of cigarettes has doubled in recent years, leading to substantial tax revenue losses for the state. Other illicit trade activities have also been observed, such as the smuggling of medicinal products, as evidenced by German customs seizing narcotic oxycodone near the Danish—German border. Statistics indicate an increase in criminal offences related to licensing and trade. Flora-related crimes are limited in Denmark due to the enforcement of local and international regulations by Danish government agencies. However, it has been discovered that some Danish timber companies are involved in illegal timber imports. Since Denmark has little to no domestic timber production, there continues to be a risk of illegal timber being imported from countries such as Russia and Brazil. The perpetrators of these crimes are often Danish flooring and timber companies. The illegal fauna market in Denmark is relatively small and limited in scale. As a high-income country, Denmark is more likely to be a destination rather than a source country for illegal fauna trade. Most illegally imported animals, including hunting trophies, come through Copenhagen Airport, where they are intercepted and confiscated by customs authorities. Individual perpetrators, such as enthusiasts or small-scale specialised smugglers, are the main criminal actors involved. Denmark is also known for its strict anti-ivory trading laws compared to neighbouring countries, although the EU has recently implemented stricter regulations to curb this trade. Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing is not a major problem. Non-renewable-resource crimes are not an extensive criminal market in Denmark. However, there has been an increase in copper theft over the past decade, particularly involving the cutting of cables between train tracks. These thefts are often carried out in an organized manner by criminal networks specializing in stealing precious metals, with many groups originating from Eastern Europe. Denmark has a notable number of dealers in precious metals and stones, and there are indications that valuable minerals are also used for money-laundering purposes. While Danish companies have been implicated in non-renewable- resource crimes, such as illegal bunker trading in Nigeria and illegal gold mining in Ghana, the domestic illegal trading of non-renewable resources is not a significant problem. The Danish energy market is highly regulated, and the monetization of non-renewable resources primarily occurs through large-scale projects that are subject to environmental regulations. Denmark serves as both a destination and transit point for heroin. Criminal networks, including the Albanian mafia and smaller organized-crime groups, play a prominent role in smuggling heroin into and through Denmark. They utilize routes such as the Balkan and Silk routes, entering from the southern borders shared with Germany. The domestic market is controlled by Danish mafia-style groups that act as distributors and organizers, outsourcing certain tasks to street gangs and trafficked individuals. Despite a decline in the market due to drug users spending less on imported heroin, the Danish heroin trade remains an ongoing issue. The COVID pandemic has prompted criminal networks to adapt to the circumstances by leveraging digital technologies to facilitate distribution and conceal financial transactions, showcasing their ability to adapt and sustain their operations. Denmark plays a dual role in the cocaine trade as both a transit and destination country. The demand for cocaine primarily stems from the young population, where it is popular as a party drug. The consumption of cocaine saw a slight increase during the COVID pandemic and has become a more noteworthy issue. The smuggling of cocaine into Denmark occurs through various land routes from other European countries, with maritime routes primarily accessing ports in Belgium, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain as entry points. Criminal networks, including mafia-style groups and ethnic gangs from South America, West Africa and Southern Europe, dominate the cocaine trade in Denmark. However, it remains somewhat fragmented, with smaller entrepreneurs and dealers also active. Cocaine use per capita in Denmark is slightly higher than the EU average, comparable to Italy and the Netherlands. Denmark serves as both a destination and transit country for cannabis, with a significant portion of the drug being smuggled to Norway. While limited quantities of cannabis are cultivated within the country, the independent neighbourhoods of Christiania in Copenhagen have been a focal point for the cannabis trade for many years. Initially dominated by local residents, organized-crime groups have increasingly taken control of the market. The trade in Christiania has led to violence and conflicts, prompting periodic crackdowns by authorities. However, illegal activities persist, with multiple criminal actors involved. Cannabis demand in Denmark exceeds local supply, with a substantial amount imported from countries like Morocco and Libya through Southern Europe. Cannabis use is prevalent among Danish citizens, with over one-third of the population having tried it at least once, which is a higher figure than the EU average. The synthetic-drug trade in Denmark primarily relies on imports from the Netherlands and central and Eastern Europe. Although some small-scale amphetamine production facilities for personal use have been discovered, most amphetamines on the Danish market are sourced from other countries. The Netherlands is a prominent producer of synthetic drugs, which are then transported to Denmark by mafia-style groups and criminal networks, primarily through land routes. While there is evidence of amphetamine production within Denmark, the scale of this production remains uncertain. The rise of online drug markets has altered the dynamics of the domestic synthetic-drug trade, with users directly purchasing drugs from foreign distributors and receiving them by mail. Local drug dealers have adapted to these changes by utilizing open social-media platforms to sell synthetic drugs. The threat posed by cyber-dependent crimes in Denmark is considered to be high. Ransomware attacks are the primary concern. Authorities have identified numerous fraudulent websites posing as those of Danish authorities, designed to deceive individuals and steal their personal information. Foreign and domestic hacker groups have targeted the hospitality and retail sectors, engaged in data breaches in private companies, and employed keyloggers to obtain personal information. Russian cybercrime gangs have been indicated as among the most active criminal groups. However, authorities have observed an extensive level of collaboration among hacker groups, indicating a well-developed ecosystem supported by the emerging concept of crime-as-a-service. Financial crimes in Denmark have raised concerns due to the occurrence of various fraudulent activities. One emerging trend involves scam calls where individuals impersonate police officers and exploit victims financially. Although there is no evidence of large transnational networks being involved, the perpetrators are often young Danish nationals who possess strong technological skills. In addition, there have been instances of Danish authorities being defrauded through dividend trading schemes. The number of registered cases related to financial crimes has substantially increased, particularly in embezzlement and fraud cases. Furthermore, reports of tax evasion and fraud by major corporations and leading banks have surfaced in recent years. Denmark is home to several mafia-style groups involved in a range of illegal activities, including drug trade, extortion, economic crimes, robbery, human trafficking and arms trafficking. Despite existing rivalries among these groups, agreements have been made to minimize violence in order to avoid government bans that would lead to their dismantlement. While the number of gangs with criminal affiliations has increased in Denmark over the past five years, the total membership has decreased, with individuals frequently switching between gangs. These groups typically operate in designated residential areas in the suburbs and often employ legal business structures for money laundering and the sale of stolen goods. Drug trade is a prominent criminal market, with Denmark serving as a crucial transit route from mainland Europe to Scandinavia. These gangs primarily recruit members of second-generation diaspora communities in lower socio-economic neighbourhoods. Collaboration between foreign and domestic criminal actors occurs when transnational connections are required, particularly in human-trafficking and smuggling operations. While foreign actors may benefit from organized crime in Denmark, domestic actors largely control markets driven by domestic demand. Rivalries and alliances between Danish and Swedish criminal groups often lead to conflicts, occasionally escalating into gang-related shootings. Money-laundering, fraud and cyber-security threats from foreign entities further contribute to the complex criminal landscape in Denmark. Smaller criminal networks perpetrate a variety of criminal activities and often maintain connections with dominant gangs through family ties or affiliations with parent criminal groups abroad. These networks find refuge in suburban areas, providing shelter to family members and protecting criminal actors from law enforcement. Their criminal endeavours commonly involve copper and precious metal theft, human trafficking, human smuggling, drug trafficking and weapons trafficking. Money laundering within financial institutions is also suspected to involve individuals linked to criminal networks associated with Azeri and Moldovan actors. In contrast, the involvement of state-embedded actors in criminal markets is limited. Denmark is recognized as one of the least corrupt countries globally, with organized crime having minimal ties to public services or the government. There is also no information regarding private-sector actors engaging widely in organized criminal activities. Denmark is recognized as a highly stable country, boasting a long-standing democracy and a robust public administration. It stands as one of the most stable nations globally, maintaining peaceful relations with its neighbouring countries, without any border conflicts. The Danish government places significant emphasis on collaboration with law enforcement agencies and politicians from neighbouring nations to combat organized crime effectively. Collaboration and coalitions among opposition parties further exemplify the strong democratic foundations of Denmark. While violence levels remain generally low, there is concern regarding the convergence of organized crime and terrorism, with ongoing monitoring of individuals who fought alongside the Islamic State in Syria and Iraq. Additionally, the rise of extremist right-wing groups presents a potential security threat. Denmark has gained international acclaim for its high level of government transparency and accountability. Rigorous oversight mechanisms are in place, encompassing the judicial system, media scrutiny and international entities. Institutions and whistle-blower protocols play vital roles in safeguarding the rights of workers and citizens, while continual efforts are made to enhance oversight capabilities. Denmark has effectively established mechanisms to combat corruption and uphold accountability. However, certain areas require improvement, such as the implementation of an asset disclosure regime aligned with global standards and enhanced requirements for politicians to disclose conflicts of interest. Denmark actively engages in international cooperation to combat transnational crime. As a member of various alliances and international organizations, the country partakes in coordination efforts with other nations concerning security matters, border control and organized crime. Denmark has signed and ratified relevant treaties and actively collaborates with foreign authorities and law enforcement agencies, including partnerships with EU agencies. The country has implemented a series of laws and measures to combat organized crime, although these have raised concerns and garnered attention from international human-rights organizations. The legal framework includes specific penalties for gang-related crimes and emphasizes the transnational dimension of organized crime, leading to border checks for individuals travelling from Sweden into Denmark to prevent the entry of those associated with organized crime and terrorism. In recent years, there has been an increase in convictions and longer sentences for members of mafia-style groups due to new laws targeting gang membership. Some gang members have received harsh sentences, including up to 20 years in prison for attempted murder. The Danish prison system is under firm control of the state, with limited incidents of corruption, money laundering and gang violence compared to global standards. However, international monitoring agencies have expressed concern over the use of isolation, particularly for minors. Danish prisons prioritize the re-integration of prisoners into civilian life by allowing temporary exits for family visits, educational facility visits or job interviews. However, overcrowding has become a challenge. The Danish law enforcement authorities are regarded as efficient, professional, well-equipped and well-coordinated in their efforts to combat organized crime. The national investigation centre serves as the special investigation authority for organized-crime cases, while two specialized units handle complex cases involving organized crime in specific regions. Danish law enforcement is adequately resourced and collaborates with international partners to combat organized crime. Denmark maintains strict control of its land borders and actively participates in EU border patrol. While crime poses some challenges, the main concern for Danish territorial integrity is geopolitics, particularly in relation to Greenland. However, Denmark exercises overall high control of its territory, supported by an efficient coast guard and navy, and collaboration with neighbouring countries. While Denmark is part of the Schengen Agreement, occasional border controls with passport requirements have proven somewhat effective in addressing the threats of organized crime and terrorism. Denmark has a unified framework for anti-money laundering AML and financial legislation but lacks a national strategy against this crime. Despite an increase in inspections, assessments and reports, financial crime has been on the rise. Like other European countries, Denmark faces the challenge of balancing data protection, privacy and law enforcement efficiency within the AML framework, sparking debates among professionals. There is no systematic evidence of organized-crime groups infiltrating legal businesses, and the government has established efficient regulatory systems that promote entrepreneurship and protect property rights. With robust non-market institutions such as healthcare and independent judiciaries, Denmark has experienced steady economic growth and maintains a strong foundation for further development. Additionally, the country is considered one of the freest economies in the world. Instead, Denmark is forging new relationships with Eastern European countries, China and Turkey, reflecting a reduced reliance on neighbouring nations. The Danish government has implemented strategies to support victims of organized crime, focusing on areas such as human trafficking and drug addiction. The Danish Security and Intelligence Service provides witness protection services, including security guards and identity changes. Victim protection is taken seriously, and victims can seek compensation through the Criminal Injuries Compensation Board. However, foreign nationals who are victims of human trafficking are repatriated to their home countries rather than allowed to stay in Denmark. Law enforcement prioritizes targeting drug distributors rather than addicts. Free rehabilitation programmes are available, and addicts can access guidance through hotlines to enter rehabilitation promptly. The Danish government has taken advanced measures to prevent organized crime. Denmark, in particular, has a history of legalizing certain activities, such as sex work, and providing safe drug injections for unsuccessful rehabilitation cases. Prevention efforts also include providing educational materials to school youth, promoting exit programmes, conflict management and support groups. Local prevention initiatives focus on deterring youth from engaging in criminal activities and gang involvement by offering education, recreational opportunities and support for those who have been involved in criminal situations. Denmark is recognized for its high levels of freedom and press freedom. Non-governmental organizations, civil-society organizations CSOs and volunteers play a crucial role in crime prevention, particularly in addressing youth involvement in organized crime. Collaborations between the state and CSOs, such as outreach workers, contribute to knowledge and support for vulnerable youth. CSOs also provide exit programmes and support for victims. Denmark values participation in associations and has a long-standing tradition of engaging with civil society. The criminal markets score is represented by the pyramid base size and the criminal actors score is represented by the pyramid height, on a scale ranging from 1 to The resilience score is represented by the panel height, which can be identified by the side of the panel. A series of 13 discussion papers, one for each illicit market considered during the development of the Index. We're constantly working to improve the Index. By participating in this survey, you will be providing us with insights and suggestions that will help us make the Index an even better resource. This report was funded in part by a grant from the United States Department of State. The opinions, findings and conclusions stated herein are those of the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime and do not necessarily reflect those of the United States Department of State. Capital Copenhagen. Income group High income. Population 5,, Geography type Coastal. GINI Index Criminal markets 4. An assessment of the value, prevalence and non-monetary impacts of a specific crime type. Human trafficking 4. Human smuggling 5. Extortion and protection racketeering 4. Arms trafficking 5. Trade in counterfeit goods 4. Illicit trade in excisable goods 4. Flora crimes 2. Fauna crimes 2. Non-renewable resource crimes 2. Heroin trade 4. Cocaine trade 6. Cannabis trade 6. Synthetic drug trade 5. Cyber-dependent crimes 6. Financial crimes 4. Criminal actors 3. An assessment of the impact and influence of a specific criminal actor type on society. Mafia-style groups 5. Criminal networks 4. State-embedded actors 2. Foreign actors 5. Private sector actors 1. Political leadership and governance 9. Government transparency and accountability 9. International cooperation 8. National policies and laws 9. A state's legal action and structures put in place to respond to organized crime. Judicial system and detention 7. Law enforcement 7. Territorial integrity 8. Anti-money laundering 6. Economic regulatory capacity 8. Victim and witness support 7. Prevention 8. Non-state actors 9. Analysis Download full profile english. People Denmark serves as a destination and transit country for human trafficking, playing a crucial role as a link between mainland Europe and Scandinavia. Trade Denmark serves as a destination and transit country for arms trafficking, particularly to Norway and Sweden. Environment Flora-related crimes are limited in Denmark due to the enforcement of local and international regulations by Danish government agencies. Drugs Denmark serves as both a destination and transit point for heroin. Cyber Crimes The threat posed by cyber-dependent crimes in Denmark is considered to be high. Financial Crimes Financial crimes in Denmark have raised concerns due to the occurrence of various fraudulent activities. Criminal Actors Denmark is home to several mafia-style groups involved in a range of illegal activities, including drug trade, extortion, economic crimes, robbery, human trafficking and arms trafficking. Leadership and governance Denmark is recognized as a highly stable country, boasting a long-standing democracy and a robust public administration. Economic and financial environment Denmark has a unified framework for anti-money laundering AML and financial legislation but lacks a national strategy against this crime. Civil society and social protection The Danish government has implemented strategies to support victims of organized crime, focusing on areas such as human trafficking and drug addiction. Read the analysis Listen the podcasts View all events. Next Skip. How to measure organized crime? Read more on globalinitiative. Give us feedback We're constantly working to improve the Index.
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These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format. All countries. Topics A-Z. The content in this section is aimed at anyone involved in planning, implementing or making decisions about health and social responses. Best practice. We have developed a systemic approach that brings together the human networks, processes and scientific tools necessary for collecting, analysing and reporting on the many aspects of the European drugs phenomenon. Explore our wide range of publications, videos and infographics on the drugs problem and how Europe is responding to it. All publications. More events. More news. We are your source of drug-related expertise in Europe. We prepare and share independent, scientifically validated knowledge, alerts and recommendations. About the EUDA. Cocaine is, after cannabis, the second most commonly used illicit drug in Europe, although prevalence levels and patterns of use differ considerably between countries. On this page, you can find the latest analysis of the drug situation for cocaine in Europe, including prevalence of use, treatment demand, seizures, price and purity, harms and more. European Drug Report — home. The drug situation in Europe up to Drug supply, production and precursors. Synthetic stimulants. Heroin and other opioids. Other drugs. New psychoactive substances. Injecting drug use in Europe. Drug-related infectious diseases. Drug-induced deaths. Opioid agonist treatment. Harm reduction. Cocaine is, after cannabis, the second most commonly used illicit drug in Europe. Although prevalence levels and patterns of use differ considerably between countries see Prevalence and patterns of cocaine use , the availability of this drug has been increasing for a number of years. Equally, concern has been growing that the health and social costs associated with this drug are rising significantly. The use of cocaine can result in dependent and compulsive patterns of use and is associated with a number of adverse health consequences, which can include agitation, psychosis, tachycardia, hypertension, arrhythmia, chest pain due to acute coronary syndrome and stroke. Chronic cocaine use is associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy and stroke. Cocaine and synthetic stimulants can induce or precipitate psychotic states, such as stimulant-induced psychosis. Longer and heavier use of stimulants delays recovery and worsens the prognosis for recovery. Among those using the drug, the combined use of cocaine and alcohol is common. The presence of the two substances in the body creates cocaethylene in the liver, which is associated with greater health risks. The management of psychiatric comorbidity among people with drug use problems remains challenging, as integrated treatment and mental health service responses are often lacking. A recent review of mortality among people with regular or problematic cocaine use found that the risk of death by suicide, accidental injury, homicide and AIDS-related mortality were all elevated when compared with non-cocaine using peers. Cocaine is usually available in two forms in Europe. The most common is cocaine powder the salt form and less commonly available is crack cocaine a smokable freebase form. Cocaine is produced from the coca plant, grown in South America. In countries with large container ports known to be utilised for cocaine importation, rising levels of drug-related crime, including the corruption of staff along supply chains, intimidation and violence, have been observed. Elsewhere, there are concerns that competition within the cocaine market, both at the wholesale and retail levels, is now an important driver of drug-related crime, including gang-related violence and homicides in some countries. At the same time, cocaine use, and crack cocaine use in particular, appears to be becoming more common, especially among some marginalised communities. Taken together, this means that the growing availability and use of cocaine in Europe is resulting in greater costs, both in terms of its impact on public health and because of the criminality and violence associated with the cocaine market. In , for the sixth year in a row, EU Member States reported a record amount of cocaine seized, amounting to tonnes. Belgium, Spain and the Netherlands remain the countries reporting the highest volumes of seizures, reflecting their importance as entry points for cocaine trafficked to Europe. The volume of cocaine seized in Antwerp has increased annually since In , Spain reported its largest ever seizure of cocaine 9. The trafficking of illicit drugs is highly dynamic and quick to adapt to geopolitical developments, regional conflicts and changes in commercial trade routes. In this context, developments in Colombia, Brazil and Ecuador are all thought to have contributed to the increase observed in cocaine trafficked to the European Union by organised crime groups see the European Drug Market Report: Cocaine for an in-depth analysis. In addition to the use of commercial containers, a range of other methods are now used, often in combination, to evade detection see Figure 3. Show a text version of the above graphic. As interdiction measures have been scaled up at major known entry points for the drug, it appears that cocaine traffickers are increasingly targeting smaller ports in other EU countries and countries bordering the European Union, which may be more vulnerable to drug trafficking activities. Some northern European countries, including Sweden and Norway, reported record cocaine seizures at seaports in Together, these developments may help explain the fact that despite the large seizures, reported cocaine purity at the retail level remains high by historical standards and its price is stable. It is now well-established that the illicit processing of cocaine products takes place in several EU Member States, with 39 cocaine laboratories reported to have been dismantled in Cocaine processing in Europe usually involves the secondary extraction of cocaine that has been incorporated into other materials e. Some relatively large-scale facilities have been detected recently. For example, a cocaine processing laboratory dismantled in Spain in was reported to have a daily output capacity of kilograms of the drug see Figure 3. For a number of practical and methodological reasons cocaine-related health problems can be challenging to monitor, but there are increasing signals that the high availability of this drug is having a growing negative impact on public health in Europe. Cocaine is the second most frequently reported illicit drug, both by first-time treatment entrants and in the available data on acute drug-toxicity presentations to sentinel hospital emergency departments. European drug checking services, although not nationally representative, reported that cocaine was the most common substance they screened in The available data also suggest that the drug was involved in about a fifth of drug overdose deaths in As cocaine use can aggravate underlying cardiovascular problems, it is likely that the overall contribution this drug makes to mortality in Europe is not sufficiently recognised. Cocaine residues in municipal wastewater also increased in two thirds of cities with data for and This, together with other information, suggests that as cocaine has become increasingly available, so too has its geographical and social distribution. Of particular concern is that cocaine use appears to be becoming more common in more marginalised groups in some countries. Both the smoking and injection of cocaine are associated with greater health problems, and it is therefore worrying that cocaine injection and the use of crack cocaine are reported in a growing number of countries. Stimulants such as cocaine are associated with a higher frequency of injection and have been involved in localised HIV outbreaks among people who inject drugs in 7 European cities over the last decade see Injecting drug use in Europe — the current situation. Treating people with problems associated with their cocaine use is challenging, whether they are clients that are more socially integrated and involved in casual or episodic use of powder cocaine, or more marginalised groups injecting the drug or smoking crack cocaine. Most of the chronic harms related to the use of stimulants such as cocaine are associated with intensive, high-dose or long-term consumption. Acute problems can also affect people who use stimulants experimentally, but they are likely to be less common when the stimulant use is infrequent and low-dose. Although our understanding of what constitutes effective treatment for stimulant problems is growing, it remains relatively limited. The current evidence available is indicative of the use of psychosocial interventions, including cognitive behavioural therapy and contingency management. Currently, there is insufficient evidence to strongly support any pharmacological treatment, although some potentially useful new pharmacotherapies are in development. Treating cocaine problems among more marginalised groups can be particularly challenging, as clients may also be experiencing problems with a range of other drugs, including opioids or alcohol. For injecting cocaine and smoking crack, existing harm reduction responses, to a large extent those originally developed for opioid problems, are likely to be appropriate to reduce route-specific harms. However, further work is needed to develop more comprehensive interventions, and greater investment is needed to ensure services are appropriate to the growing needs observed in this area in some countries. In the European Union, surveys indicate that almost 2. Of the 13 European countries that have conducted surveys since and provided confidence intervals, 5 reported higher estimates than their previous comparable survey and 8 reported a stable trend. This data explorer enables you to view our data on the prevalence of cocaine use by recall period and age range. You can access data by country by clicking on the map or selecting a country from the dropdown menu. Prevalence data presented here are based on general population surveys submitted to the EMCDDA by national focal points. For the latest data and detailed methodological information please see the Statistical Bulletin Prevalence of drug use. Graphics showing the most recent data for a country are based on studies carried out between and Prevalence estimates for the general population: age ranges are and for Germany, Greece, France, Italy and Hungary; and for Denmark, Estonia and Norway; for Malta; for Sweden. Cocaine residues in municipal wastewater increased in 49 out of 72 cities with data for both and , while 13 cities reported no change and 10 cities reported a decrease see Figure 3. Mean daily amounts of benzoylecgonine in milligrams per population. Sampling was carried out over a week between March and May Analysis of 1 used syringes by the ESCAPE network of 12 cities in 11 EU Member States between and found that, overall, a third of syringes contained residues of two or more drug categories, indicating frequent polydrug use or re-use of injecting paraphernalia. The most frequent combination was a mixture of a stimulant and an opioid. Apart from the trends, data are for all treatment entrants with cocaine as the primary drug — or the most recent year available. Trends in first-time entrants are based on 25 countries. Only countries with data for at least 5 of the 6 years are included in the trends analysis. Missing values are interpolated from adjacent years. Because of disruptions to services due to COVID, data for , and should be interpreted with caution. Missing data were imputed with values from the previous year for Spain and France and Germany Price and purity: mean national values — minimum, maximum and interquartile range. Countries vary by indicator. Show source tables. The complete set of source data for the European Drug Report including metadata and methodological notes is available in our data catalogue. A subset of this data, used to generate infographics, charts and similar elements on this page, may be found below. Prevalence of drug use data tables including general population surveys and wastewater analysis all substances. Other data tables including tables specific to cocaine. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. Latest data Prevalence of drug use Drug-induced deaths Infectious diseases Problem drug use Treatment demand Seizures of drugs Price, purity and potency. Drug use and prison Drug law offences Health and social responses Drug checking Hospital emergencies data Syringe residues data Wastewater analysis Data catalogue. Selected topics Alternatives to coercive sanctions Cannabis Cannabis policy Cocaine Darknet markets Drug checking Drug consumption facilities Drug markets Drug-related deaths Drug-related infectious diseases. Recently published Findings from a scoping literature…. Penalties at a glance. Frequently asked questions FAQ : drug…. FAQ: therapeutic use of psychedelic…. Viral hepatitis elimination barometer…. EU Drug Market: New psychoactive…. EU Drug Market: Drivers and facilitators. Statistical Bulletin home. Recent events EUDA webinar: Preventing substance-related crime in the community — how can we provide safer and healthier environments? Recent news How do economic recessions influence illicit drug use? Quick links Search news Subscribe newsletter for recent news Subscribe to news releases. This make take up to a minute. Once the PDF is ready it will appear in this tab. Sorry, the download of the PDF failed. Table of contents Search within the book. Search within the book Operator Any match. Exact term match only. Trafficking methods Infiltration of logistical supply chains Intermodal shipping containers Container switching, code fraud, extraction teams Corruption, intimidation of officials and vessel operators More use of smaller ports Floating GPS-tagged drops Collection from mother ships by small vessels Speedboats, pleasure craft Semi-submersibles narco subs, torpedoes Chemical concealment or masking of shipments More use of general aviation, small airfields. Prevalence and patterns of cocaine use In the European Union, surveys indicate that almost 2. Figure 3. Prevalence of cocaine use in Europe This data explorer enables you to view our data on the prevalence of cocaine use by recall period and age range. The latest European data reveal a time lag of 13 years between first cocaine use, on average at the age of 22, and first treatment for cocaine-related problems, on average at the age of Cocaine users entering treatment. In , EU Member States reported 84 cocaine seizures, amounting to tonnes up from tonnes in ; a record amount for the sixth year in a row. Belgium tonnes , the Netherlands In , EU Member States reported dismantling 39 sites related to cocaine production 34 in In spite of a decrease in seizures of the essential chemical potassium permanganate in kilograms compared with 1 kilograms , it is likely that the large-scale processing of cocaine hydrochloride from imported intermediary products continues to take place in the European Union. For example, in , a cocaine processing laboratory dismantled in Spain was reported to have an estimated daily output capacity of kilograms. In addition, some large seizures of unusual substances containing cocaine that must be chemically extracted have been reported, suggesting that secondary extraction of cocaine occurs at significant levels in Europe. For example, in , chemically concealed cocaine was detected in a shipment of 22 tonnes of sugar in France and in kilograms of coal, part of a larger load of coal shipped to Croatia. After cannabis, cocaine was the second most frequently cited drug in offences related to use or possession. Among the 18 drug checking services across 8 EU countries that reported testing more than 10 samples, cocaine emerged as the substance most commonly detected by 5 services during the first half of and by 4 services during the first half of Over the same period, the purity of cocaine samples analysed by the 18 drug checking services remained high. Cocaine market in Europe. Prevalence of drug use data tables including general population surveys and wastewater analysis all substances Download all files zip. Download all files zip. Hidden tables for page Term Colour increase f stable fbaa19 decrease b3d no previous data 7da7d9 ID Term 0 Close 1 Substance 2 Recall period 3 Age 4 Gender 5 Prevalence of drug use 6 Percent 7 Breakdown by substance 8 Prevalence all available countries 9 Trends 11 Males and females 14 Country 15 Years 16 About the data 17 Currently not available for individual countries 20 Notes Prevalence data presented here are based on general population surveys submitted to the EMCDDA by national focal points. Main subject. Target audience. Publication type. European Drug Report main page. On this page.
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Cocaine is, after cannabis, the second most commonly used illicit drug in Europe, although prevalence levels and patterns of use differ.
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