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These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format. All countries. Topics A-Z. The content in this section is aimed at anyone involved in planning, implementing or making decisions about health and social responses. Best practice. We have developed a systemic approach that brings together the human networks, processes and scientific tools necessary for collecting, analysing and reporting on the many aspects of the European drugs phenomenon. Explore our wide range of publications, videos and infographics on the drugs problem and how Europe is responding to it. All publications. More events. More news. We are your source of drug-related expertise in Europe. We prepare and share independent, scientifically validated knowledge, alerts and recommendations. About the EUDA. A large variety of individuals, many of them designated as high-value targets, groups and networks shape the complex supply of cocaine to the EU. Criminal networks involved in cocaine trafficking are highly resilient, with some operating across several continents. For example, some locations in the Middle East, such as the United Arab Emirates, have emerged as a safe haven for top-level organisers of cocaine trafficking to the EU. Trusted members of the criminal networks are sent to arrange and supervise these shipments. Wholesalers are involved in the acquisition, storage and distribution of cocaine to regional and local markets. Local criminal networks then usually take care of mid-level or retail distribution or both. However, some Albanian-speaking criminal networks have made successful attempts to apply an end-to-end business model from producing or transit countries in South America to retail distribution within the EU and beyond see Box Cocaine trafficking by criminal networks from Western Balkans. This includes financing, access to suppliers in the producing or transit countries, transportation, extraction, storage, distribution and money collection. The substantial profits associated with the cocaine trade have attracted numerous EU-based criminal networks to become involved. Several of these operate in the main EU distribution hubs and also organise shipments from countries of origin and transit to the EU. The majority of the criminal networks reported to Europol have been active for more than 10 years, with some actors having played a key role for decades, such as Italian networks, while new players are on the lookout for a bigger share of the cocaine market, such as Albanian, Belgian, British, Dutch, French, Irish, Moroccan, Serbian, Spanish and Turkish networks UNODC and Europol, These Colombian criminal networks continue to control the production, remain involved in the supply of cocaine to the EU and have further shifted their operations outside Colombia to avoid profiling and increase profits. They cooperate with other South American and EU-based criminal networks and maintain a physical presence in key transit countries and in the EU. Brazilian criminal networks have become partners of Colombian criminal networks and also purchase cocaine produced in Bolivia and Peru. In addition to their trafficking activities, they are service providers for globally operating criminal networks that use Brazilian ports to traffic cocaine. Mexican criminal networks ship large cocaine consignments via South American ports to the EU. In addition to their involvement in methamphetamine production facilities located in Europe see EU Drug Markets: Methamphetamine , Mexican suspects are also involved in the operation of cocaine extraction labs in the EU see Box Mexican criminal networks become involved in EU cocaine market. Nigerian criminal networks also have a presence in Latin America and use air couriers to maintain direct connections to the EU, where they are involved in distribution in numerous Member States. Meanwhile, British and Irish criminal networks are very large wholesalers and store significant quantities of cocaine in EU distribution hubs, mainly to supply the United Kingdom. Non-EU criminal networks originating from south-eastern Europe, particularly the Western Balkan networks, also organise cocaine smuggling operations from Latin America. Western Balkan networks have established themselves as key organisers of cocaine trafficking activities on the global market. In parallel, Albanian-speaking criminal networks appear to have expanded their activities in more EU countries since Europol, a. Some shipments arranged by networks from eastern Europe transiting the EU are intended for non-EU markets in eastern Europe, while a share is distributed in the Nordic countries Europol, a. Criminal cooperation relies on a business mentality that allows criminal networks to overcome financial burdens, expand trafficking activities, access expertise and reach new markets. Criminal networks often share and outsource information, services, resources, smuggling routes, experts, distribution and money laundering Lalam, Cooperation even takes place occasionally between rival criminal networks. Colombian criminal networks cooperate with other South American e. Brazilian and EU-based criminal networks and maintain a physical presence in key transit countries and in the EU. Similarly, as highlighted in the previous section, Dutch and Belgian criminal networks collaborate with Latin American criminals to organise large shipments of cocaine smuggled to the EU, while Albanian-speaking criminal groups cooperate closely with Italian networks GI TOC, b. Encrypted communication makes the degree of global connectedness between criminal networks very apparent. Information gathered from such communication reveals a fragmented landscape comprising different networks of contacts interacting with one another on an ad hoc basis, to organise international drug trafficking at different levels. Facilitators provide a range of services for the cocaine supply chain. Cocaine traffickers use professionals from numerous areas such as lawyers, bank employees, accountants, money launderers, IT experts, chemists, mechanics, investigators and assassins. For example, clearers at ports provide a unique and essential criminal service in the cocaine market to various criminal networks. They retrieve the cocaine from containers as they have access and knowledge of the procedures and logistics at ports. They are corrupt officials or port workers stevedores, consignees, and carriers who may receive part of the cocaine package or a percentage of its value for their services Europol, a. Some criminal networks provide transport and storage logistics to other criminal networks, including vessels, passenger vehicles and trucks. For instance, some provide vehicles with sophisticated built-in hidden compartments. Parallel criminal financial networks assist cocaine traffickers not only in money-laundering activities, but also in placing large amounts of money in the countries of origin and in the distribution hubs, in order to acquire the cocaine shipments. A number of financial coordinators and money launderers are based in the Middle East, which is home to an established parallel financial system. These are service providers connecting criminals and organised criminal networks with different expertise, acting as intermediaries between the field operators, other brokers and high-level criminals. Typically, they work with a small group of close associates with whom they have a long-lasting relationship. The relationships outside this core group are more fluid and partnerships are rather temporary. Brokers may be working for larger criminal organisations that have a long-standing tradition in crime, such as the Italian mafia. However, most brokers seem to work independently. Being involved in every phase of the drugs trafficking chain, they connect suppliers in South America to traffickers in the EU, and traffickers to buyers or individuals providing logistical support. Some of these brokers control several stages of the trafficking chain e. Others concentrate only on one stage e. Brokers facilitating the wholesale trafficking of cocaine are mainly based in South America. The broker will have to pay large sums for the services of associates, intermediate brokers, facilitators, drivers, port workers and corrupt port officials. Intercepted communications also show the significant investments EU clients have to make for an overseas drugs shipment, which high-level brokers and high-risk criminal networks operating in the EU are able to provide. Other brokers and criminal networks pool their resources to jointly invest in shipments. Shipments from overseas are handed over to a distributor chain in the EU, consisting of wholesale distributors who split it into smaller packages and transport it to intermediary and retail distributors. Conversations between brokers and criminal networks involved in the distribution chain of cocaine in the EU confirm numerous physical money movements of cash amounting to millions of euro throughout the EU and globally. Over the last decade, criminal groups involved in the cocaine trade have been associated with the rising number of incidents of violence linked to drug markets in the EU. Europol information suggests a change in the nature of violence linked to cocaine markets, with a growing number of criminal networks using violence in a more offensive way than in the past. In some Member States, competition between drug suppliers has intensified, resulting in an apparent increase in the number of violent clashes. In general, expanding cocaine markets appear to have led to an increase in the occurrence of homicides, shootings, bombings, arsons, kidnappings, torture and intimidation. While much violence occurs within and between criminal networks, cocaine smuggling methods, particularly in seaports see Section Exploitation of global logistics: European and Latin American ports , have led to an increase in violence directed at port workers and officials. However, in some Member States cocaine-related violence, including murder, now also targets non-criminal actors such as lawyers, government officials and journalists see Box Cocaine-related violence. A large number of incidents are related to Belgian and Dutch criminal organisations operating in two of the largest cocaine entry points in Europe, namely the ports of Antwerp and Rotterdam. Between and the end of August , 66 events with hand-grenades or firearms were reported in Antwerp, likely related to the cocaine trade Eeckhaut, While corrupt port workers initially appeared to be the main targets, the emphasis then appeared to shift towards intimidation between rival drug gangs. Thus, a conflict between some criminal networks of Moroccan origin, which are important players in the cocaine market, has apparently led to serious acts of violence in Belgium and the Netherlands. Persons other than gang members have also been targeted. In September , the lawyer of a member of one of the Moroccan criminal networks, was shot dead in front of his house Tieleman and Voskuil, Some of the perpetrators of these murders appear to be young, sometimes teenagers, including local people with no previous experience in the killer-for-hire business Dahlkamp et al. Some Dutch law enforcement officers, members of the judiciary and journalists have been put under permanent police protection as it was determined that their work made them potential targets Dahlkamp et al. In addition, the security arrangements for the Dutch prime minister were upgraded in September due to concerns that he may become a target of criminal networks Van den Heuvel and van Wely, A Dutch national of Moroccan origin, reportedly leading a major cocaine network, has been connected to at least 10 murders see Box Cocaine-related violence. Violence connected to cocaine is also reported in other European port cities, such as Marseille and Le Havre, France. A large proportion of these incidents is apparently related to the methods used by criminal networks to enforce the compliance of corrupt workers who may want out or who request more money for their assistance Piel and Saintourens, In a particularly horrific incident, the mutilated body of a Le Havre dock worker was found in the car park of a nursery school near the port area in June Pointel, While the violence in Le Havre seems to be restricted to those involved in port logistics, in Marseille it affects the city more comprehensively. Drive-by shootings, where rival youth gangs and criminals violently settle scores, have become an identified problem in several districts. The violence is attributed to the increasing influence of criminal networks involved in the cocaine trade, combined with economic and social problems Ravindran, Score-settling among gangs has led to numerous deaths, with more than 20 contract killings reported in the Marseille area in alone Bordenave, Southern Spain is also recording significant numbers of deadly score-settling incidents between criminal networks involved in the cocaine and cannabis resin trades. In the Costa del Sol area, the Spanish authorities report a total of 33 homicides and murders and two attempted homicides between and Conflict between the Kinahans and rival groups has led to the murder of at least 20 people in Belgium, Ireland, the Netherlands and Spain. The trial of some Kinahan clan members revealed that specialised crime cells were established in order to kill rivals Reynolds, Criminal groups from the Western Balkans, including Albanian-speaking groups, also appear to be responsible for some deadly violence. Similarly, there are indications that acts of violence and murders linked to cocaine trafficking also occurred in Albania recently, but apparently not on the same scale Oculus News, ; Politiko. The criminal groups seem to use a wide arsenal ranging from pistols and automatic rifles to sniper rifles and remote-controlled bombs OCCRP, ; Politiko. Violence connected to Western Balkan criminal networks has also been reported in South America, where some of them maintain a presence, but more often as victims than perpetrators. This has been the case, for example, in Ecuador, where many suspected members of Albanian-speaking groups fell victim to mafia-style killings, in particular in connection with the port of Guayaquil Cela and Moran, ; Euronews. Overall, Western Balkan criminal networks seem to use violence in a somewhat strategic and controlled way, primarily to maintain their credibility as a threat, which is reported as a key feature of their business model in the cocaine trade GI TOC, b; Kemp, ; Townsend, Consult the list of references used in this resource. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. Latest data Prevalence of drug use Drug-induced deaths Infectious diseases Problem drug use Treatment demand Seizures of drugs Price, purity and potency. Drug use and prison Drug law offences Health and social responses Drug checking Hospital emergencies data Syringe residues data Wastewater analysis Data catalogue. Selected topics Alternatives to coercive sanctions Cannabis Cannabis policy Cocaine Darknet markets Drug checking Drug consumption facilities Drug markets Drug-related deaths Drug-related infectious diseases. Recently published Findings from a scoping literature…. Penalties at a glance. Frequently asked questions FAQ : drug…. FAQ: therapeutic use of psychedelic…. Viral hepatitis elimination barometer…. EU Drug Market: New psychoactive…. EU Drug Market: Drivers and facilitators. Statistical Bulletin home. Quick links Search news Subscribe newsletter for recent news Subscribe to news releases. On this page. Cocaine: increasingly attractive for a wider range of criminal networks. PDF is being prepared. This make take up to a minute. Once the PDF is ready it will appear in this tab. Sorry, the download of the PDF failed. Last update: 6 May

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Contraband goods continue to flood Brazil and Argentina via Ciudad del Este and surrounding river routes. The gang recruits many locals and is building up political support. The PCC has teams of lawyers to defend its members against criminal charges and to manage money laundering operations. Several groups like the CV are active in Ciudad del Este, a large city with a big Brazilian community, where they can easily hide from the authorities. Barakat Clan: The Barakat family launders money in the tri-border area, including proceeds coming from Hezbollah, a criminal case in the US alleges. Its leader, Assad Ahmad Barakat, was captured in Brazil in Some clan members have been involved in corruption scandals or have been investigated for crimes of illicit enrichment, among others. Some sources claim that they are working in alliance with the PCC. Brazilian gangs, such as the PCC, are the main consumers of these firearms — mostly long guns, such as M16s. The value of these seizures suggests the arms trade is in the low millions of dollars in the department. In , authorities reportedly seized just five kilograms of cocaine. This is thought to be a paltry amount compared to what is going through the department. The department houses clandestine airstrips, where cocaine or cocaine paste is flown in from Bolivia. Some laboratories have been found in the department, capable of producing around kilograms a week Moreover, family clans who control micro-trafficking, selling crack, cocaine, and marijuana, can earn around hundreds of thousands of dollars a year. In sum, the drug transport business is very large, perhaps competing with even the most lucrative contraband trades, and the local drug peddling market is substantial. No crops were eradicated in , though cannabis is grown in the department, as evidenced by the 20 hectares of marijuana crops eradicated in This amount could have yielded 15 tons of cannabis. The PCC has a strong presence in the area. The gang uses Ciudad del Este as a refuge. Local drug peddling is controlled by family clans, who can earn hundreds of thousands of dollars a year selling cannabis, along with crack and cocaine. However, the revenues do not seem to be significant, and are far less than contraband and drug trafficking. Human Trafficking: Ciudad del Este is a major urban hub rife with transborder crime, including human trafficking. Young girls are especially vulnerable to sexual exploitation in the department. Fake travel agencies recruit people who intend to go abroad, pay their travel costs, but end up handing them over to traffickers in Mexico, Argentina or Spain. Still, human trafficking cases are underreported with authorities chronicling just 17 cases in Contraband: Ciudad del Este is the second most important city in the country, largely due to cross-border trade between Brazil and Argentina. Many of the products sold on the street are contraband or counterfeit. Both prominent criminal organizations and smaller outfits participate in this criminal economy, most commonly smuggling electronics and cigarettes. Money Laundering: Ciudad del Este is considered a major money laundering hub. Enormous commercial flows offer diverse opportunities to whitewash illicit proceeds, as does the contraband market and currency exchange operations in the tri-border area. Informal money transfer systems, money exchange businesses, combined with lax border controls and a large cash economy — Ciudad del Este ranked third worldwide in volume of cash transactions in the early s — have created strong criminal opportunities for money laundering. Ciudad del Este may have developed a market for money laundering-structures that sell their services to various criminal actors and sophisticated schemes involving universities. Subscribe to our newsletter to receive a weekly digest of the latest organized crime news and stay up-to-date on major events, trends, and criminal dynamics from across the region. Donate today to empower research and analysis about organized crime in Latin America and the Caribbean, from the ground up. Skip to content. Stay Informed With InSight Crime Subscribe to our newsletter to receive a weekly digest of the latest organized crime news and stay up-to-date on major events, trends, and criminal dynamics from across the region.

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