Buy Cocaine Bandar Abbas
Buy Cocaine Bandar AbbasBuy Cocaine Bandar Abbas
__________________________
📍 Verified store!
📍 Guarantees! Quality! Reviews!
__________________________
▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼
▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲
Buy Cocaine Bandar Abbas
These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format. All countries. Topics A-Z. The content in this section is aimed at anyone involved in planning, implementing or making decisions about health and social responses. Best practice. We have developed a systemic approach that brings together the human networks, processes and scientific tools necessary for collecting, analysing and reporting on the many aspects of the European drugs phenomenon. Explore our wide range of publications, videos and infographics on the drugs problem and how Europe is responding to it. All publications. More events. More news. We are your source of drug-related expertise in Europe. We prepare and share independent, scientifically validated knowledge, alerts and recommendations. About the EUDA. Key findings and threat assessment. Global context. Trafficking and supply. Criminal networks. Prices, purities and offences. Retail markets. Actions to address current threats and increase preparedness. Heroin is obtained from morphine, an alkaloid that occurs naturally in opium. The process by which morphine and heroin are produced from opium harvested from poppies comprises six main steps see Figure Overview of heroin production :. Morphine, and therefore heroin, may also be produced by a synthetic route without the use of opium. Although these approaches have garnered much academic interest over the years, they are unlikely to be used for illicit heroin production, given the comparatively low yields and the large number of steps required Zerell, This was the sixth consecutive year in which production in the country exceeded 6 tonnes UNODC, , a. These figures represent opium cultivation in Afghanistan in the first cultivation season following the Taliban takeover in August 1 and the announced ban shortly before the opium harvest began on poppy cultivation and other drugs in April see Section Key developments in the opiate trade in Afghanistan. The source data for this graphic is available in the source table on this page. The European heroin market is closely bound to the fate of the Afghan opium market as it is almost exclusively supplied with heroin from Afghanistan, via Turkish, Iranian and Pakistani organised crime networks see Section Criminal networks operating in the heroin market. With widespread socioeconomic insecurity, it has become apparent that the production of opiates, a major illicit economic activity in Afghanistan, could be subject to significant change. In April , the Taliban announced a ban on opium poppy cultivation, raising the question of the implications this will have for Europe. Data for shows that the prices of opium have continued to rise to an average of USD per kilogram, nearly five times greater than the average price two years prior to the Taliban takeover UNODC, c. The reduction in the area under opium cultivation includes an estimated reduction of cultivation in Helmand, the main poppy cultivating province in Afghanistan, from more than hectares in to less than 1 hectares in Mansfield, The significant drop in , if sustained beyond , would have major implications for the European drug market, highlighting the importance of intensifying monitoring of opium cultivation in Afghanistan see Box Challenges and opportunities in estimating opium poppy cultivation in Afghanistan. The long-term impact of the ban on opium cultivation is difficult to predict for a number of reasons. Importantly, the Taliban is deeply fragmented, likened to a loose conglomerate of members chasing frequently conflicting agendas and positions for power Sharifi, As such, it is unclear whether and how they will continue to enforce the ban, particularly in the context of frozen international aid programmes and the economic hardship faced by farmers in the country, which may make sustaining the ban politically difficult domestically. How the European heroin market will be affected by the new political situation in Afghanistan is uncertain. The existence of stocks held by individuals along the opiate production chain in Afghanistan and the trafficking chain to Europe, and that it takes at least 12 months before the opium harvest appears on the European retail market as heroin, makes it too early to predict the impact on drug availability in Europe. At the moment there are no signals of heroin shortages on the European market. If opiate production continues at the present low level, the market may take time to adapt and alternative supply sources may not be immediately accessible. It should be noted, however, that criminal networks are highly flexible. Experience with previous periods of reduced supply suggests that this can lead to changes in patterns of drug trafficking and use. For instance, there are historical examples of shortages in heroin supply to the European market where the use of fentanyl increased to fill the gap Caulkins et al. In this context, the potential consequences of sustained disruption of the supply of heroin to Europe would be increased rates of polysubstance use among heroin users or an increase in the European market for synthetic opioids, including fentanyl and its derivatives, new synthetic opioids and prescription opioid medicines. While it is possible to estimate the global production of heroin, a number of limitations and data gaps mean that it is difficult to provide accurate estimates. It is also difficult to determine the exact locations where the drug is produced. Opium production can be more accurately quantified and located because poppies are grown in specific geographic regions and can be identified through satellite imagery coupled with knowledge of average opium yield per hectare. The average opium yield can, in turn, be used to estimate potential heroin production. While the estimates show the potential amount of heroin that could have been manufactured from the opium produced each year, a number of factors and information gaps may have a significant impact on these estimates. Historically, Afghanistan is the country that has reported the largest numbers of dismantled heroin production facilities, indicating that large quantities of opium are processed into heroin in the country UNODC, a. It should be noted that Afghanistan ceased reporting on the dismantling of heroin production facilities in , when 41 facilities were seized. Following a period of declining morphine seizures starting in , Afghanistan seized 47 tonnes in , the largest quantity in the world, and seizures increased further to 63 tonnes in Large opium consumer markets exist in Iran and to some extent in Pakistan. However, the very large seizures of opium and morphine in these countries indicate that some of these products may be further processed into heroin there or further along the trafficking chain see Box Seizures of opium, morphine and heroin in Iran and Pakistan. Notably, in , Europol reported that both processing and production of heroin take place in Pakistan and Iran, in addition to Afghanistan Europol, a. However, the scale of production in these countries remains unknown, and neither country has reported dismantling heroin production facilities. Acetic anhydride is the main drug precursor used in the processing of morphine into heroin and is subject to international control in accordance with the UN Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. Acetic anhydride is, however, also used in a broad range of legitimate industries, and these have grown considerably since the precursor was placed under international control. This includes use for both industrial purposes and consumer goods such as plastics, dyes and medicines. Coupled with the fact that relatively small amounts of acetic anhydride are required for illicit heroin production, these issues make preventing its diversion for illicit heroin production a challenging task. Globally, almost 1. To put these global figures into context, according to UNODC estimates, the opium harvested in in Afghanistan would potentially require between and litres of acetic anhydride for conversion into between and tonnes of heroin. This represents roughly 0. Seizures of acetic anhydride reported to the International Narcotics Control Board INCB have been declining substantially since , a trend that continued in According to the INCB, possible reasons for this significant decrease might include a decline in the number of diversion attempts and in the subsequent trafficking of the substance, compared with the peak period of to ; the emergence of trafficking in acetyl chloride, a potential substitute for acetic anhydride that is not yet under international control see Box Acetyl chloride seizures ; and a shift to alternative trafficking routes INCB, a, Global seizures of acetic anhydride between and averaged litres per year or approximately tonnes whereas the amount seized globally in the years to averaged litres per year, or approximately tonnes. In , 58 litres or approximately 62 tonnes was seized worldwide. At European level, this was a slight increase from the previous year, when 5 litres was seized, but a significant drop from , when five European countries reported a total of over 20 litres seized, in addition to 7 litres from stopped shipments in three countries see Figures Acetic anhydride: quantity seized and quantity in stopped shipments, EU, and Acetic anhydride: number of seizures and number of stopped shipments, EU, In the Netherlands, the 5 litres seized across two incidents in represented a sixfold increase from the litres seized in In one of these cases, 2 litres of acetic anhydride was seized in a warehouse together with litres of glacial acetic acid, 60 kilograms of sodium carbonate and a large quantity of heroin. The circumstances of this case pointed to the illicit manufacture of heroin in the country. Overall in , 10 sites believed to be associated with illicit heroin manufacture were identified and dismantled in the Netherlands. In recent years, illicit heroin laboratories have also been identified in other EU Member States see Section Opiate production in Europe: a relativtely rare occurence. Source: EU drug precursors database. Information available to Europol suggests that criminal networks active in the Netherlands orchestrate the acquisition and smuggling of acetic anhydride from the EU to heroin producing countries. Criminal networks take advantage of the lack of strict controls on consignments leaving the EU to smuggle acetic anhydride. In addition, limited resources and capabilities to thoroughly check cargo in transit and receiving countries may encourage criminals to smuggle the precursor along particular routes. Despite the continued cultivation of opium poppies in Afghanistan, seizures of acetic anhydride in the country have significantly declined since their peak in , when 37 litres was seized. However, these decreasing amounts do not reflect a diminished need for the precursor in the illicit manufacture of heroin. This is further corroborated by seizures of large amounts of acetic anhydride elsewhere, including in Europe and West Asia, believed to be destined for Afghanistan. Seizures of acetic anhydride have also continued to be made in countries neighbouring Afghanistan, such as Iran and Pakistan, and in the UAE. In , Iran reported seizing a shipment of 13 litres of acetic anhydride, misdeclared as paint, in the seaport of Bandar Abbas. In , Pakistan reported three seizures of acetic anhydride amounting to 5 litres. The largest of these took place in the port of Karachi and involved 2 litres, allegedly originating from China INCB, b. Production of heroin is uncommon in Europe, although the final step of the production process — the acetylation of morphine into heroin — has been reported in Germany, the Netherlands and France. Most of the facilities associated with illicit heroin production reported in the EU between and were sites for processing, i. At cutting and packaging facilities, heroin is adulterated to increase the volume of the drug and packaged for onward distribution. For example, Dutch criminal groups appear to specialise in the preparation of heroin cutting mixtures for these types of facilities typically using caffeine and paracetamol see Section Heroin adulteration and Box Dutch criminal networks specialise in heroin cutting mixtures. Importantly, a facility associated with heroin production may be involved in several of these activities simultaneously see Table Facilities associated with heroin production in Europe. At least 15 sites associated with illicit heroin production were dismantled in the EU between and Ten of those sites were dismantled in the Netherlands in , clustered around Alkmaar, The Hague and Rotterdam, with confirmed heroin production at three of the sites. Preliminary data related to two laboratories dismantled in The Hague region indicate that heroin production or processing continued in the Netherlands in Politie, While there is limited information about the heroin production facilities identified in the EU, including their production capacities and the source of the morphine used in the process, the evidence indicates that heroin production in the EU persists, albeit at a low level, and is made possible by the ease with which acetic anhydride can be diverted from legitimate suppliers in Europe. Heroin production or processing has also been noted in countries bordering the EU. In , Kosovo 2 reported dismantling two facilities set up for the processing and packaging of heroin. Seizures of morphine, possibly intended for processing into heroin, have also been noted in several EU countries. In , Spain reported the seizure of 3. In addition, seizures of opium have been noted in several EU countries. In , Bulgaria reported seizing 27 kilograms of opium, while Spain and Sweden reported seizing The opium available in Europe could be used for heroin production or by individual consumers where demand exists. In addition to the production of heroin from imported morphine or opium, since Czechia has reported dismantling three small-scale heroin production facilities that were using poppy straw or morphine extracted from medicines. The illicit production of all plant-based and synthetic drugs entails a range of environmental harms. With regard to heroin, most of the environmental impacts and harms relate to the cultivation of opium poppies that takes place outside the EU. Field preparation requires agricultural inputs, including pesticides and irrigation, leading to energy and land use, to water, soil and air pollution, and to emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds UNODC, a. The dumping of waste materials from production threatens fragile ecosystems, and the extensive cultivation of these crops leads to a range of environmental harms, including soil erosion. Specifically, in Afghanistan, the use of pesticides and of solar- or fuel-powered irrigation methods has led to soil depletion and reduced groundwater levels Mansfield, In the EU, the identification of laboratories associated with heroin production, albeit in small numbers, indicates more direct damage pathways in terms of the dumping of toxic waste. From to , at least 15 sites associated with the production of heroin were identified and dismantled see Section Opiate production in Europe: a relatively rare occurrence. While the number of reported dumping sites related to heroin production is low compared to the number of dumping sites related to synthetic drug production, the use of precursors, water and electricity may cause direct harms to the environment in the EU. The market for synthetic opioids has been growing in Europe, and it appears that most illegally produced synthetic opioids distributed in the EU originate from non-EU countries. Depending on the destination country and the mode of distribution, the three main source countries for synthetic opioids available on the European drug market are believed to be China, India and, to a lesser extent, Russia. Some production of synthetic opioids, including new synthetic opioids, may occasionally occur in the EU, although currently this would appear to be marginal compared with the manufacturing of other illicit drugs. Laboratories carrying out the full production cycle of synthetic opioids are rarely found, and there does not appear to be any widespread or sustained illicit production of these substances. However, because these substances are very potent often orders of magnitude greater than morphine , even a small illicit laboratory could produce sufficient material to satisfy national or even EU demand. France and Estonia each reported dismantling a small-scale laboratory for the production of fentanyl in and , respectively UNODC, c. In May , the Latvian police seized a large quantity of fentanyl approximately 5 kilograms together with fentanyl precursors, which suggests that fentanyl production might have taken place in the country Valsts policija, Overall, with a few possible exceptions in the Baltic countries and in countries bordering the EU, there is no strong evidence of significant fentanyl production currently occurring elsewhere in the EU. Nonetheless, this situation may change rapidly should market conditions become favourable in the future see Box Factors that could increase the threat of synthetic opioid production in Europe. While no fentanyl production sites have been identified in the Netherlands, seizures of fentanyl have been reported there Openbaar Ministerie, , a. Furthermore, in , the National Police of the Netherlands reported the seizure of chemicals used in the production of fentanyl, along with the final product, indicating that fentanyl production may take place in the country see Box Signals of possible fentanyl production in the Netherlands. Cutting and packaging facilities for synthetic opioids are more commonly detected in the EU than laboratories producing these substances. However, reporting rarely differentiates between the two. In , Latvia reported detecting and dismantling one small-scale site for the manufacture or packaging of the benzimidazole isotonitazene UNODC, c. The illicit production of methadone is also known to take place in the northeast of Europe. For example, a small-scale illicit laboratory producing methadone using precursors diverted from the legal market was dismantled in Latvia in Ukraine reported dismantling three medium-scale methadone production laboratories in and two medium- and one small-scale laboratories in UNODC, c. This estimate considers only the main season, as the second harvest is marginal in comparison, based on the evidence available UNODC, b. Consult the list of references used in this module. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. Latest data Prevalence of drug use Drug-induced deaths Infectious diseases Problem drug use Treatment demand Seizures of drugs Price, purity and potency. Drug use and prison Drug law offences Health and social responses Drug checking Hospital emergencies data Syringe residues data Wastewater analysis Data catalogue. Selected topics Alternatives to coercive sanctions Cannabis Cannabis policy Cocaine Darknet markets Drug checking Drug consumption facilities Drug markets Drug-related deaths Drug-related infectious diseases. Recently published Findings from a scoping literature…. Penalties at a glance. Frequently asked questions FAQ : drug…. FAQ: therapeutic use of psychedelic…. Viral hepatitis elimination barometer…. EU Drug Market: New psychoactive…. EU Drug Market: Drivers and facilitators. Statistical Bulletin home. Quick links Search news Subscribe newsletter for recent news Subscribe to news releases. This make take up to a minute. Once the PDF is ready it will appear in this tab. Sorry, the download of the PDF failed. Table of contents Search within the book. Introduction Introduction Key findings and threat assessment Key findings and threat assessment Global context Global context Production Production Trafficking and supply Trafficking and supply Criminal networks Criminal networks Prices, purities and offences Prices, purities and offences Retail markets Retail markets Actions to address current threats and increase preparedness Actions to address current threats and increase preparedness. Search within the book Operator Any match. Exact term match only. Main subject. Target audience. Publication type. EU Drug Market: Heroin and other opioids — main page. On this page.
How drugs are brought into India: In weddings cards, by drones and hidden in sea cargo
Buy Cocaine Bandar Abbas
These datasets underpin the analysis presented in the agency's work. Most data may be viewed interactively on screen and downloaded in Excel format. All countries. Topics A-Z. The content in this section is aimed at anyone involved in planning, implementing or making decisions about health and social responses. Best practice. We have developed a systemic approach that brings together the human networks, processes and scientific tools necessary for collecting, analysing and reporting on the many aspects of the European drugs phenomenon. Explore our wide range of publications, videos and infographics on the drugs problem and how Europe is responding to it. All publications. More events. More news. We are your source of drug-related expertise in Europe. We prepare and share independent, scientifically validated knowledge, alerts and recommendations. About the EUDA. Imported heroin has historically been available in Europe in two forms, the most common being brown heroin its chemical base form , originating mainly in Afghanistan and other countries in south-west Asia. Less common is white heroin a salt form , which historically came from south-east Asia but is now also produced in Afghanistan and probably in neighbouring Iran and Pakistan. This region, sometimes referred to as the Golden Crescent, dominates production for the European market. Although signs of a decrease in heroin use have been observed recently in some European countries with longer-established heroin use problems, there is also evidence of an increased diversity of opioids appearing on the market. There has also been a marked increase in opium production in Afghanistan, and there is evidence to suggest diversification of heroin and morphine production and innovation in trafficking methods and routes. In the light of these changes, which are impacting on European opioid markets, this analysis reviews the latest evidence on the multiple ways heroin is now trafficked to Europe. Many European countries have a long history of problem opioid use. Alongside this there appears to have been a decline in heroin use in Europe in recent years, accompanied by a considerable decline in both the number of heroin seizures and the quantity seized from onwards. Trends for heroin prices and heroin supply offences in Europe have also been decreasing, although in the most recent data heroin purity shows an overall increase and some countries report the growing availability of the drug. There is also evidence of a wider range of opioids being used and seized. In a number of countries opioids other than heroin, such as methadone, buprenorphine or fentanyl, are reported by significant numbers of treatment clients EMCDDA, a. Most of the heroin trafficked to Europe originates in Afghanistan, where significant cultivation of opium poppies takes place. The rise in opium poppy cultivation can be traced back to the s, when conflict engulfed the country. Despite fluctuations from year to year, cultivation has increased to record levels; in cultivation in Afghanistan was estimated at about ha, by far the largest in the world. In order to produce heroin from opium poppies, the latex from the seed capsules of the poppy is harvested and dried, resulting in opium. This is then dispersed in an aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide slaked lime , and ammonium chloride is added to adjust the alkalinity so that the morphine base is precipitated. The separated morphine base is then boiled with acetic anhydride and sodium carbonate, causing the diamorphine base brown heroin to separate. Brown heroin can be the end-product or it can be further refined into the hydrochloride salt white heroin. In the past, it appears that most of the opium produced in Afghanistan was transformed into heroin and sent to Europe. However, production of morphine for export now appears to be increasing in the Golden Crescent see ' 4. Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran '. Historically, most of the heroin trafficked to Europe from Afghanistan came overland via what has become known as the Balkan route. Now, although the Balkan route probably remains the main heroin trafficking route into the EU, there is evidence of an increase in the diversity of routes and modes of transport being used. A route linking Afghanistan to Iran then passing through Turkey represents the shortest distance and most direct land route to European consumer markets. This route has been used to traffic heroin into the EU since the s or earlier, and is well established. Turkey is crucial to the Balkan route, owing to its extensive trade and travel links with Asia, the Middle East and Europe. According to Europol, Istanbul is a key location used by organised crime groups OCGs to arrange heroin transports with Turkish facilitators and store heroin for transport to the EU. From Turkey there are multiple possibilities to ship heroin either overland or by sea. Three branches of the Balkan route depart from Turkey and lead into western Europe:. Some heroin is also trafficked from Turkey to Europe by air. An analysis of cases involving Europe where heroin was trafficked by air showed Turkey as the most cited country of origin, followed by Pakistan and Kenya UNODC, a. Since Turkey has become the country reporting the largest annual seizures of heroin to the EMCDDA, with a peak of 16 tonnes in In Turkey intercepted more than three times as much heroin as the entire EU, whereas in the quantity seized was only one-third of the amount confiscated in the EU. The size of individual heroin shipments sent along the Balkan route seems to have increased in recent years; large individual seizures have increased from a few dozen kilograms to over kilograms nowadays. Since record-breaking heroin seizures have also occurred in other countries located on the Balkan route, including Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany and the Netherlands. There are also a number of routes by which the heroin may reach Turkey. In recent years a branch of the Balkan route seems to have developed that passes through Iraq before entering Turkey, either directly or through Syria. However, it is probable that some of the heroin that enters Iraq is either destined for the domestic consumer market or is in transit to destinations in the Middle East and the Arabian Peninsula. It should be noted that Iraq is also used as a transit or destination country for shipments of acetic anhydride, a key chemical for the manufacturing of heroin see below. Another branch of the Balkan route goes through Iran, and possibly Central Asian countries such as Turkmenistan, by land or over the Caspian Sea, to the countries of the Caucasus Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia and then into Turkey by land or through the Black Sea. From Turkey the heroin may be transported west into the EU along one of the traditional branches of the Balkan route, or it may be shipped north on one of the ferries plying the Black Sea between Turkey and Ukraine or Moldova see the comments on the Caucasus route, below. The traditional method of transport on the Balkan route was to conceal heroin shipments in lorries, buses and cars. While these methods are still in use, a recent trend seems to be the use of shipping containers to hide heroin consignments. Heroin traffic by maritime containers to Europe is linked primarily with Pakistan and the Southern route see below , but the increased use of containers, especially through Turkish ports, could help to explain the increase in very large heroin seizures in Turkey and elsewhere on the Balkan route. Europol intelligence suggests that OCGs located at strategic points between Europe and Afghanistan are well rehearsed in facilitating large consignments of acetic anhydride. Mostly, this precursor is diverted out of the EU, despite stringent control mechanisms; OCGs use their own front companies or infiltrate existing businesses to order acetic anhydride from companies registered in the EU. In recent years large heroin consignments shipped from ports in Iran and Pakistan on the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf, especially from a region of Baluchistan known as the Makran Coast, have attracted international attention. Some of this heroin is destined for Europe. Initially, heroin consignments depart Iranian and Pakistani container terminals and fishing ports on the Makran Coast either concealed in commercial containers placed on cargo ships or on local vessels known as dhows. Seizure data indicate that the weight of the individual heroin shipments trafficked can range from 20 to kilograms, with consignments of about a tonne occasionally found. The heroin seems to be of relatively high purity, according to data released by the Combined Maritime Forces CMF , a US-led multinational naval task force based in Bahrain. Searches carried out by the CMF between and March found 15 heroin consignments totalling 4. Other drugs such as cannabis resin and some synthetic drugs, particularly methamphetamine, are also trafficked along this route, but for the most part these are probably not destined for Europe UNODC, b , d ; CMF, The heroin shipped in this way is destined for countries in the Arabian Peninsula and east Africa. Some may travel further north into the Red Sea as far as Egypt. The heroin trade also seems to have destabilising effects in east Africa, with drug profits reportedly funding armed groups in the area. However, significant and reportedly growing amounts are trafficked onward to destinations including Europe. Heroin shipments may be broken down in smaller batches and sent by air to Europe directly or via southern and west Africa. Alternatively, some consignments are trafficked to South Africa, especially by sea but also by land rail , before on-shipment to Europe. Criminal organisations from several European countries, including the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and Ireland, have used South Africa as a departure and trans-shipment point for drug consignments for some time. Recently, Turkish traffickers have relocated to South Africa or travel to the region to broker the supply of heroin to the EU from Pakistan via southern Africa. Other criminal organisations active on the Southern route include west African, especially Nigerian, and east African OCGs, and criminal organisations from Pakistan. Some heroin is trafficked in containers from the Makran Coast directly to Europe, or via the Arabian Peninsula and east, southern or west Africa, especially Nigeria. Seizure data suggest that ports in Belgium, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom are the main targets, although the drug may also be for distribution to neighbouring countries. Large amounts of heroin have been seized from maritime containers and occasionally air freight in these countries in recent years UNODC, d. However, large maritime heroin shipments may also be destined for southern Europe; for example, a record-breaking consignment of 2 tonnes of heroin was seized near Athens in June Hellenic Coast Guard, The Southern route may also involve smaller amounts of heroin shipped by air couriers and freight, and postal parcels, from Pakistan directly to Europe, especially the United Kingdom. These may also travel via airports in west and east Africa. Heroin is trafficked by air and postal parcels between Pakistan and Nigeria, some of which is then shipped to Europe. Italy seems to be a significant destination for heroin shipped by air from east Africa, while France and Belgium have incoming air traffic mainly from other parts of Africa. Most consignments cross from Afghanistan into Tajikistan and are then trafficked northwards through Kyrgyzstan or Uzbekistan to Kazakhstan before entering Russia. The fact that these four Central Asian countries and Russia rank among the top 20 countries seizing the largest quantities of heroin at world level confirms that significant quantities of the opiate are shipped along the Northern route UNODC, a. For instance, some heroin seized in Ukraine and Belarus in the last few years was reported as originating from Central Asia and intended for western European markets. An example of this is the emergence of a possible new Caucasus route. This route came to light due to three notable seizures in , including kilograms of heroin seized from a lorry in Armenia, the seizure of 2 litres of an unusual liquid mixture containing among other things kilograms of heroin in Georgia and apparently destined for Moldova, and 70 kilograms of heroin seized in Azerbaijan. These cases suggest that the Caucasus are now being used to smuggle large amounts of opiates from Iran to Turkey via Georgia. This could be yet another branch of the Balkan route that is being used in order to avoid the heavily policed Iranian—Turkish border. However, it is possible that a proportion of the opiates trafficked through the Caucasus are intended to be smuggled on either to the lucrative western European and Scandinavian markets, or to the large Russian market. From the Caucasus there are numerous possible links to these consumer markets by land or across the Black Sea. For example, either could have been the final destination of a consignment of 83 kilograms of heroin concealed in a lorry heading from Georgia to Latvia that was seized in March by Belarus customs at the border with Lithuania. Trafficking routes connect drug production regions and drug consumer markets and may vary over time due to a series of factors. Three factors seem to be of particular importance. First, instability and armed conflict may push traffickers to avoid specific areas or countries and seek alternative routes if the conflict is such that the safety of drug consignments cannot be guaranteed. Importantly, armed conflicts create a need for funds, especially in order to buy weapons, and trafficking drugs may become a source of finance for one or several of the factions. Finally, fighters often use drugs for stimulation or to stay awake for long periods of time, and in order to alleviate pain. One example of this is the ethno-linguistic area of Baluchistan, where instability results from a mix of factors including weak governance, the activities of armed groups including Islamic radicals and others, compounded by drug production and trafficking activities and law enforcement against them. Similarly, in Africa there are many areas of instability or weak governance that organised crime can exploit for drug trafficking Schuberth, Second, changes in law enforcement activities and positioning, or the introduction of new equipment e. Indeed, the identification of drug trafficking routes is heavily dependent on law enforcement actions, especially drug seizure cases in which the origin and the destination of the drugs can be identified. Third, globalisation has facilitated rapid connection and transportation between drug production and drug consumer markets. Recent international developments in transport infrastructure, courier services and containerised shipping have offered a range of new opportunities to traffickers to conceal drug consignments while hampering the efforts of law enforcement to intercept them. Afghanistan is the source of most of the heroin consumed in Europe. Large quantities of heroin are produced from Afghan opium in Afghanistan itself and in neighbouring Iran and Pakistan. This is then trafficked to Europe by a variety of land, sea or air routes. Fishing and container ports along this coast, such as Gwadar in Pakistan or, further west, Bandar Abbas in Iran, are departure points for large maritime heroin shipments destined for Europe, either directly or via the Arabian Peninsula and East, Southern and West Africa. The Arabian Peninsula, especially Oman, Yemen and the United Arab Emirates, is a landing and transhipment point for large maritime heroin consignments from the Makran Coast. The heroin may then be re-exported to Europe by sea or by air, either directly or via Africa. East Africa, especially Somalia, Kenya and Tanzania, is a landing and transhipment point for large heroin consignments originating from the Makran Coast. Smaller heroin consignments may also reach East Africa by air, especially from Pakistan. Some heroin is also trafficked by rail and road to Southern Africa. Southern Africa, especially South Africa and Mozambique, is a landing and transhipment point for large maritime heroin consignments originating in the Makran Coast, and for consignments trafficked by land from East Africa. West Africa, especially Nigeria, is a landing and transhipment point for large maritime heroin consignments originating in the Makran Coast and for smaller ones trafficked by air from Asia, especially Pakistan, or East Africa. Large consignments of opiates are trafficked by land from Iran into countries in the Caucasus such as Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. Heroin may then be exported to Turkey or Russia by sea or by land, or to the Ukraine and Moldova across the Black Sea. Turkey is a key transhipment and storage point for heroin shipments trafficked mostly by land from Iran along the Balkan route and, to a lesser extent, by sea, for instance from the Caucasus. From Turkey, heroin may be trafficked to Europe, by land, sea or air. Istanbul is a key location used by criminal organisations to arrange heroin transports to the EU. Belgium and the Netherlands are key landing points and distribution hubs for heroin consignments travelling by land, sea or air along the Balkan and Southern Routes. Large heroin consignments are broken down in smaller batches and trafficked in multiple ways to other countries of Western Europe and to Scandinavia. Tajikistan is a key transit country on the Northern Route for opiates leaving northern Afghanistan and destined for the Russian Federation. From Tajikistan, large quantities of opiates are smuggled by land into Kazakhstan via either Uzbekistan or Kyrgyzstan and then into Russia. Data include all types of heroin seized except liquid heroin. In the years to some tonnes of illicit morphine were seized in Afghanistan, 22 tonnes in Iran and 12 tonnes in Pakistan. During the same three years, seizures of opium totalled tonnes in Afghanistan, 1 tonnes in Iran and 73 tonnes in Pakistan see Figure 2. While fairly large quantities of opium are consumed as opium in Iran and Pakistan, where markets for the drug exist, it is probable that a proportion is used, together with morphine, in the manufacture of opiate products. A number of hypotheses may be put forward. A proportion of the opium and morphine is used to manufacture heroin in Pakistan and Iran, and probably in other countries further afield, including European countries. For instance, two facilities processing morphine into heroin were dismantled in Spain in late and early A proportion is used to licitly or illicitly manufacture medicinal products including injectable morphine and codeine-based cough syrups in Pakistan and Iran. It is likely that large amounts of these products are sold in these countries. For instance, there are large numbers of unregulated pharmacies and stores in Pakistan, where controlled drugs including morphine can be bought without a prescription UNODC, These products may also be exported to neighbouring countries. Homepage Quick links Quick links. GO Results hosted on duckduckgo. Main navigation Data Open related submenu Data. Latest data Prevalence of drug use Drug-induced deaths Infectious diseases Problem drug use Treatment demand Seizures of drugs Price, purity and potency. Drug use and prison Drug law offences Health and social responses Drug checking Hospital emergencies data Syringe residues data Wastewater analysis Data catalogue. Selected topics Alternatives to coercive sanctions Cannabis Cannabis policy Cocaine Darknet markets Drug checking Drug consumption facilities Drug markets Drug-related deaths Drug-related infectious diseases. Recently published Findings from a scoping literature…. Penalties at a glance. Frequently asked questions FAQ : drug…. FAQ: therapeutic use of psychedelic…. Viral hepatitis elimination barometer…. EU Drug Market: New psychoactive…. EU Drug Market: Drivers and facilitators. Statistical Bulletin home. Quick links Search news Subscribe newsletter for recent news Subscribe to news releases. Update date : PDF version. Analysis: opioid trafficking routes from Asia to Europe. The European heroin market Many European countries have a long history of problem opioid use. The evolution of opium production in Afghanistan Most of the heroin trafficked to Europe originates in Afghanistan, where significant cultivation of opium poppies takes place. How heroin gets to Europe: three main routes Historically, most of the heroin trafficked to Europe from Afghanistan came overland via what has become known as the Balkan route. The traditional Balkan route A route linking Afghanistan to Iran then passing through Turkey represents the shortest distance and most direct land route to European consumer markets. Three branches of the Balkan route depart from Turkey and lead into western Europe: The southern branch runs through Greece, Albania and Italy, mostly by sea ferries. The Southern route In recent years large heroin consignments shipped from ports in Iran and Pakistan on the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf, especially from a region of Baluchistan known as the Makran Coast, have attracted international attention. Conclusion: factors influencing trafficking routes Trafficking routes connect drug production regions and drug consumer markets and may vary over time due to a series of factors. Schuberth, M. Loading interactive feature… please wait. Afghanistan Afghanistan is the source of most of the heroin consumed in Europe. East Africa East Africa, especially Somalia, Kenya and Tanzania, is a landing and transhipment point for large heroin consignments originating from the Makran Coast. Southern Africa Southern Africa, especially South Africa and Mozambique, is a landing and transhipment point for large maritime heroin consignments originating in the Makran Coast, and for consignments trafficked by land from East Africa. West Africa West Africa, especially Nigeria, is a landing and transhipment point for large maritime heroin consignments originating in the Makran Coast and for smaller ones trafficked by air from Asia, especially Pakistan, or East Africa. The Caucasus Large consignments of opiates are trafficked by land from Iran into countries in the Caucasus such as Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia. Turkey Turkey is a key transhipment and storage point for heroin shipments trafficked mostly by land from Iran along the Balkan route and, to a lesser extent, by sea, for instance from the Caucasus. North-west hub Belgium and the Netherlands are key landing points and distribution hubs for heroin consignments travelling by land, sea or air along the Balkan and Southern Routes. Tajikistan Tajikistan is a key transit country on the Northern Route for opiates leaving northern Afghanistan and destined for the Russian Federation. Notes: All data refer to Heroin drug profile EU drug markets report: a strategic analysis Monitoring the supply of heroin to Europe
Buy Cocaine Bandar Abbas
How drugs are brought into India: In weddings cards, by drones and hidden in sea cargo
Buy Cocaine Bandar Abbas
Salalah where can I buy cocaine
Buy Cocaine Bandar Abbas
How drugs are brought into India: In weddings cards, by drones and hidden in sea cargo
Buying cocaine online in Valladolid
Buy Cocaine Bandar Abbas
Buy Cocaine Bandar Abbas
Hurghada where can I buy cocaine
Buy Cocaine Bandar Abbas
Buy Cocaine Bandar Abbas