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Metrics details. Drug abuse and violence both are dangerous phenomena in all countries. The relation between drug abuse and violence is obscure, and what comes first is the question. This study clarifies the changes in drug abuse patterns in Upper Egypt and the association between drug abuse and different types of violence. Three hundred patients seeking medical advice in Mental Health Hospital participated in this study. After obtaining their informed written consent, they underwent urine analysis to determine the abused drug and filled up a questionnaire to determine the type of violence. Patterns of drug abuse have been changed in Upper Egypt since the appearance of tramadol. The age of onset of abuse was The type of violence changes from one drug abuse to another; auto-aggression was found in cannabis, while aggression towards objects and others was found in tramadol, inhalants, and other opioids. Drug abuse is a direct cause that increases the violence in the community. Types and degree of violence differ according to the drug abuse type. Drug abuse is a dangerous phenomenon in all countries. According to the World Drug Report , In Egypt, and since s, there was a sudden increase in numbers of abusers Hamdi et al. In Egypt, the first report for prevalence of drug abuse was published in Arabic and proved that 6. According to the National Institute of Health NIH , drug abuse comprises three stages: 1 Drug use refers to taking the drug to distinguish it. Lastly, 3 dependence, refers to substance dependence as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical manual of Mental Disorders DSM or addiction Qureshi et al. Addiction refers to chronic relapsing brain disease that is characterized by drug seeking and re-use even with harmful effects NIDA Some researches show that there are some connections between violence, suicidal risk, and substance abuse Tiet et al. Violence is a complex phenomenon, and WHO has defined it as the intentional use of threatened physical force against oneself, other person, or against a group or community that results in death, injury, maldevelopment, psychological harm, or deprivation WHO In , about 1. In Egypt, according to the data obtained from the Ministry of Interior, reported homicide cases were with a rate of 4. According to the media and research studies, violence became a serious problem in most countries Meyer et al. Risk factors for violence are complex, and many factors may contribute and interact. Researchers conclude a complex relation between violence and drug abuse where many variables can contribute and are difficult to be measured Boles and Miotto The aim of this study is to assess the relationship between use of certain type of drug abuse and the type of violence related to it, as well as the degree of violence, and to clarify the patterns of drug abuse in Upper Egypt. The study was conducted in addiction clinic, Assiut Mental Health Hospital, during the year of , after the permission of the ethical and research committee of the General Secretarial of Mental Health and Addiction was obtained. Three hundred addicts participated in this study after obtaining their informed consent, with full explanation of the study and its steps. Complete confidentiality was followed where all data and information either obtained from patients or obtained during interviews were kept as secrets. Sociodemographic data and history of addiction were taken using the form prepared for the study. Data related to the substance use, amount, method of use, and manner of use were taken from the patients according to the questionnaire and the form in Additional files 1 and 3. Data for the violence and aggression behaviors for the patients before and during addiction were taken according to the MOAS form. Urine analysis for all patients was done using Multi-Drug Step Screen Test Panel for urine with cutoff value shown in Table 1 to confirm their history about the drug abuse. Immunoassays are tests based upon the ability of the antibody to bind with the drug of abuse Feldkamp A qualitative, rapid test includes large-scale screening. The main disadvantage is that false positive results may occur Wu and Moller et al. When a difference was detected between the history and the test, a confirmatory test using high-performance liquid chromatography HPLC was used. The kits can assess amphetamine, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cocaine, heroin, marijuana, methadone, methamphetamine, methylenedioxymet-amphetamine, morphine, opiates, phencyclidine, tricyclic Antidepressant, and tramadol. Table 2 shows sociodemographic characteristics of the studied patients and its relation with violence induced in the period of addiction. Regarding sex differences, a high significance was detected between both male and female genders where addiction was most prominent in Upper Egypt male patients than female patients. Educational level showed no significant difference among those who received university degree or those who were illiterate. Concerning marital status, occupation, and shisha smoking, no significant difference was observed. Most of the patients used multiple drugs, followed by addiction to tramadol, a synthetic opioid that appeared in Egypt primarily as a drug for pain relief and later on as an addictive drug. According to the scale, the patterns of drugs used among patients were very high; the scale mean was 45 in mixed drug use. It shows highly significant difference in all types of aggression verbal aggression, physical aggression towards objects, towards self, and towards others , after addiction if compared by the period before addiction. In Table 5 , the relation between different types of addictive drugs among patients and the type of violence according to the MOAS is demonstrated. It appeared that cannabis abuse was more related to physical self-aggression; abuse of alcohol was more related to verbal and physical aggression towards others; tramadol was related more to verbal aggression, physical aggression towards objects, and aggression towards others; heroin was related to physical aggression towards others; cocaine either powder or crack was related to aggression towards self and others; inhalants were more related with the verbal aggression and aggression towards objects and towards others; and finally, in case of mixed drugs, all types of aggression can occur. Table 6 shows the relation between drugs and the type of committed crime during the period of addiction. It appears crimes committed differ according to type of abused drug. Cannabis was mostly related to self-damage such as suicide, and tramadol was mostly related to making quarrels with friends and family as well as stealing from others to gain the drug. Cocaine and heroin were mostly related to sexual crime and selling drugs to gain money. The aim of this study is to assess the relationship between type of drug abuse and type of violence, to measure the degree of violence related to each type of drug abuse, and to clarify the patterns of drug abuse in Upper Egypt. The sociodemographic data of abuse in Upper Egypt and its relation with violence shows male abuse was highly significant when compared with the female abuse. There is a highly significant relation between being a previous victim and long period of addiction with occurrence of violence. There is no significant difference between the abuse among those of high education and those illiterate. There was no significant difference among those married, single, or divorced; among those living in rural or urban; and among those with occupation and those without occupation. One of the main findings in this research is the change of the trends of abuse in Egypt from cannabis and its leaves bango to use the tramadol. Trends of drug abuse in Upper Egypt were cannabis mainly and its leaves Yassa et al. This is confirmed by Bassiony et al. Wide availability of tramadol, its cheap price, and media appearance as a painkiller helped to introduce it widely among Egyptians Fawzi ; Alsirafy et al. World Health Organization detects that the number of tramadol abusers is growing especially in some Middle East countries Zabihi et al. Some studies have confirmed the opioid activity of oral tramadol but conclude that tramadol has a modest abuse liability and also mild withdrawal symptoms which resemble those occurring after cessation of serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors Woody et al. A study done in China confirmed the result of this study as they concluded that tramadol has a clear risk of producing high abuse potential under the long-term infrequent abuse and high doses Zhang and Liu According to the national report in Egypt, cannabis is the mostly misused substance; in this survey, they do not ask about tramadol directly as it is considered by most of adult as an analgesic and to treat the premature ejaculation Hamdi et al. According to the Egyptian law, tramadol is prevented to be sold in the pharmacy by using the common prescription, only by special prescription, as it is an abused drug since , decision no. This study found a correlation between the violence and drug abuse. Violence is a result, and not a causative agent for addiction. The difference among the drug abuse is the type of violence. All types of violence can be found in mixed drugs addiction, self and verbal aggression is common with cannabis abuse, and aggression towards others is common in tramadol, opioids, heroin, and inhalants addiction. Auto-aggression is common in cannabis and barbiturates. Verbal aggression is common in cannabis, tramadol, and inhalants. Aggression towards objects is found in tramadol and inhalants addiction. The aggression towards others and towards objects clarifies the homicidal crimes that are committed against unknown persons. Harris and Barraclough , Borowsky et al. This idea is supported by the finding of Yassa et al. According to Ghoneim et al. Chronic exposure to thinners or inhalants produces oxidative stress in the brain and increases the free radicals process and the glutathione peroxidase activities, which affect the brain cells Burmistrov et al. Chermack et al. In contrast to this study, Gorman and White in their study prove that there are subcultural norms, which increase what is called the street behaviors. These norms lead to the criminal behaviors and addiction. However, in this study, the statistics of crime increase with the same individual after addiction if compared with the period before addiction. Nurco confirmed that in their study, they noted that the individual crime rates increase six times after addiction. This study found that there was a significant relation between the history of patients during childhood, either due to abuse or as a stress disorders. This agrees with Swogger et al. In conclusion, drug abuse is an important risk factor for all types of violence. The risk of inflicted wounds either homicide or suicide was increased in the community due to the increase in the abused drugs. Types and degree of violence differ according to the type of drug abuse. Good treatment and rehabilitation of the addicts and abusers is a step towards reducing the rate of crimes in our area and also decreasing the number of psychiatric patients. Protection of the public from those addicts can be done only by treating and re-integrating them into the community, not by avoiding them. Forensic psychiatry can develop this balance between those patients and community protection. J Opioid Manag 11 6 — Article Google Scholar. Barrett EL, Mills KL, Teesson M Hurt people who hurt people: violence amongst individuals with comorbid substance use disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. Addict Behav — Article PubMed Google Scholar. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 41 3 — Boles S, Miotto K Substance abuse and violence: a review of the literature. Aggress Violent Behav — Pediatrics 3 — Bull Exp Biol Med — Drug Alcohol Depend 3 — Rev Latino Am Enfermagem 23 6 — Epstein DH, Preston KL, Jasinski DR Abuse liability, behavioral pharmacology, and physical-dependence potential of opioids in humans and laboratory animals: lessons from tramadol. Biol Psychol 73 1 — Fawzi MM Some medicolegal aspects concerning tramadol abuse: the new Middle East youth plague An Egyptian overview. Egypt J Forensic Sci — Federal Register FR Mandatory guidelines for federal workplace drug testing programs, vol 82, p Google Scholar. Feldkamp CS Immunological reactions. Mosby, St. Louis, pp — Ghoneim F, Khalaf H, Elsamanoudy A, Helaly A Effect of chronic usage of tramadol on motor cerebral cortex and testicular tissues of adult male albino rats and the effect of its withdrawal: histological, immunohistochemical and biochemical study. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 7 11 — Implications of differential association theories for crime prevention policy. In: Barlow H ed Criminology and public policy: putting theory to work. Westview Press, Boulder. Subst Abus — J Addiction Prevention. A meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 3 — Ilgen M The link between substance abuse, violence and suicide. Psychiatr Times 28 1 :1—7. Nature and prevalence. J Nerv Ment Dis — Eur Psychiatry — J Appl Toxicol 30 3 — Indian J Occup Environ Med 15 3 — Moberg, Hahn Adolescent drug involvement scale. J Adolesc Chem Depend — Mayo Clin Proc 83 1 — National Institute of Drug Abuse : The science of drug abuse and addiction. Nazarzadeh M, Bidel Z, Carson KV The association between tramadol hydrochloride misuse and other substances use in an adolescent population: phase I of a prospective survey. Addict Behav 39 1 — Nurco DN A long-term program of research on drug use and crime. Subst Use Misuse — Paim Kessler FH, Barbosa Terra M, Faller S et al Crack users show high rates of antisocial personality disorder, engagement in illegal activities and other psychosocial problems. Am J Addict — East Mediterr Health J 6 4 — Subst Abus 34 3 — J Med Toxicol 7 3 — Alcohol Clin Exp Res — Drug Alcohol Depend 72 2 — World Health Organization : World report on violence and health. World Health Organization a : Expert committee on drug dependence, thirty sixth meeting, Geneva June World Health Organization b : Global status report on violence prevention Wu AHB Urine adulteration before testing for drugs of abuse. American Association for Clinical Chemistry, Inc. Hum Exp Toxicol 29 1. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 28 3 — Yassa HA Bango abuse in upper Egypt. Subst Abuse — Zhang H, Liu Z The investigation of tramadol dependence with no history of substance abuse: a cross-sectional survey of spontaneously reported cases in Guangzhou City, China. Biomed Res Int Download references. Special thanks to Assiut Hospital of Psychiatry, all staff members. They help as much as they can to facilitate our interviews with patients. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. HAY contributed in the idea of the research, made the questionnaires and ensured their validity, meet the patients, wrote the research with the statistics. STB validated the questionnaire, meet the patients, and revised the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript. Correspondence to Heba A. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. DOCX 26 kb. DOCX 21 kb. Reprints and permissions. Yassa, H. Patterns of drug abuse in Upper Egypt: cause or result of violence?. Egypt J Forensic Sci 9 , 14 Download citation. Received : 19 October Accepted : 06 March Published : 30 March Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all SpringerOpen articles Search. Patterns of drug abuse in Upper Egypt: cause or result of violence? Download PDF. Heba A. Abstract Background Drug abuse and violence both are dangerous phenomena in all countries. Method Three hundred patients seeking medical advice in Mental Health Hospital participated in this study. Results Patterns of drug abuse have been changed in Upper Egypt since the appearance of tramadol. Conclusion Drug abuse is a direct cause that increases the violence in the community. Background Drug abuse is a dangerous phenomenon in all countries. Materials and method Participants The study was conducted in addiction clinic, Assiut Mental Health Hospital, during the year of , after the permission of the ethical and research committee of the General Secretarial of Mental Health and Addiction was obtained. Method Sociodemographic data and history of addiction were taken using the form prepared for the study. Table 2 Sociodemographic characteristics of the studied addict patients and the relation to violence within the period of addiction Full size table. Table 6 Relation between type of drug abuse and type of committed crimes Full size table. Discussion The aim of this study is to assess the relationship between type of drug abuse and type of violence, to measure the degree of violence related to each type of drug abuse, and to clarify the patterns of drug abuse in Upper Egypt. Conclusion In conclusion, drug abuse is an important risk factor for all types of violence. Recommendations Good treatment and rehabilitation of the addicts and abusers is a step towards reducing the rate of crimes in our area and also decreasing the number of psychiatric patients. Louis, pp — Google Scholar Ghoneim F, Khalaf H, Elsamanoudy A, Helaly A Effect of chronic usage of tramadol on motor cerebral cortex and testicular tissues of adult male albino rats and the effect of its withdrawal: histological, immunohistochemical and biochemical study. Acknowledgements Special thanks to Assiut Hospital of Psychiatry, all staff members. Funding The research had no fund from any agency. Availability of data and materials Please contact author for data requests. Badea Authors Heba A. Yassa View author publications. View author publications. Consent from patients also taken before the beginning of the research. Consent for publication The research paper did not contain any videos or personal data. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Additional files. Additional file 3: Annex 3 : Questionnaire for drug abuse and crime relation. DOCX 24 kb. About this article. Cite this article Yassa, H. Copy to clipboard.

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The ministry executed , judicial verdicts. Those include 1, crimes; , felonies; , fines; and 69, violations elimination. The ministry broke cases of embezzlement, scam, and illegal foreign currency trade worth LE2. Those include tax evasions; 35 VAT evasions; tariff evasions; 10 squatter evictions from state-owned lands; real estate tax evasions; execution of verdicts; investigations; 16 cases pertinent to illegal trade of foreign currency, illegitimate transactions, fraud, and smuggling; and, 10 cases of embezzlement, money laundering, and illicit gains. The ministry broke 1, various criminal cases pertinent to theft, possession of unlicensed arms, possession of white arms, vandalism of public property, and possession of drugs. The first is located between Damietta and Port Said governorates, and the latter lies between Sharqia and Ismailiyah governorates. The missions resulted in the arrest of suspects and the confiscation of 24 arms, 78 bullets, and four white weapons. Criminal elements in Qalyoubeya, Suez, and Asyut were chased ensuing the death and arrest of 12 suspects, and the confiscation of seven machine guns, four birdshot guns, bullets, and a quantity of Strox drugs. Some of those criminal elements were charged of murder, and possession of unlicensed arms and drugs. Others have already been sentenced in absentia to death and life in prison. The total number of unlicensed arms confiscated across the country is That is in addition to the fall of seven criminal formations that consisted of 27 suspects who committed 18 theft crimes. The police also arrested 39 minors who have been involved in different crimes, and recovered five stolen cars. The security agencies resolved 59 cases of intended murder, robbery, arson, and imposters arresting 97 suspects. The police broke 1, cases of drug trafficking arresting 1, defendants. The types of drugs confiscated are hash , kilograms ; bango , kilograms ; heroin 25, kilograms ; Strox 22, kilograms ; voodoo grams ; opium grams ; cocaine 31 grams ; and, 52, tablets. The ministry also identified 29 smuggling cases, and 1, cases of artifacts possession and illegal excavation of artifacts. The ministry broke 8, supply cases as were filed for selling subsidized butane gas cylinders in the black market while eight others were filed for the illegal trade of 6, fuel liters. In addition, the ministry broke cases of selling expired food confiscating , tons, and cases of selling subsidized food in the black market confiscating 26, tons. The police detected 75, electricity theft cases, and violations to contract conditions. The fines collected are worth LE The police broke 35 and cases in the realms of intellectual property and fish resources, respectively. In the second type, unlicensed fishing was carried out and unlicensed boats were used. The police identified violations of environment law, and secured touristic boats. The number of traffic violations recorded stands at , including 41, high-speed driving cases, 7, parking violations, and 28 cases of driving under influence. As for violations breaching COVID protective measures, 7, supply cases were broken, 2, shops were shut down for opening at closing hours, coffee shops were closed for not ensuring protective measures are implemented, and 10, public transportation drivers were fined for not putting on face masks. Egyptian police handles thousands of cases in 1 week BY. FILE — Egyptian police. Comments 0. Leave a Comment. Be Social.

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