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Avextra is set to launch a Phase 2 trial in Italy to test a cannabis-based oral medication for the management of symptoms in people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ALS and other neurodegenerative diseases. The approval and funding of the trial by Italian regulators means that agencies across Europe are supporting studies to obtain clinical evidence for cannabis-based medicines, according to the company. The cannabis plant contains more than active compounds, of which tetrahydrocannabinol THC and cannabidiol CBD are the most well-known. In addition to the known psychoactive and calming effects of CBD and THC, these cannabinoids are also known to have anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects that may help alleviate certain symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases. In ALS, preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated medical cannabis can help to manage pain, sleep issues, appetite loss, stiff muscles, and depression. However, the effects tend to vary depending on the exact composition of cannabis products, namely the amount of THC and CBD contained in them. Avextra aims to develop safe and effective cannabis-based medicines for patients in whom conventional therapies have failed to provide adequate symptom relief. Share this article: Share article via email Copy article link. Recommended Reading. Print This Page. As a research scientist for 19 years, Andrea participated in academic projects in multiple research fields, including stroke, gene regulation, cancer, and rare diseases. She has authored multiple research papers in peer-reviewed journals. Tags ALS symptoms , cannabis , Italy. Recommended reading. February 6, Columns by Dagmar Munn. Envelope icon Subscribe to our newsletter Get regular updates to your inbox. Your Email. We use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. Privacy Policy Accept.

Avextra to launch Phase 2 trial of cannabis-based medicine in Italy

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The cultivation of cannabis in Italy has a long history dating back to Roman times , when it was primarily used to produce hemp ropes, although pollen records from core samples show that Cannabaceae plants were present in the Italian peninsula since at least the Late Pleistocene , while the earliest evidence of their use dates back to the Bronze Age. For a long time after the fall of Rome in the 5th century A. The mass cultivation of industrial cannabis for the production of hemp fiber in Italy really took off during the period of the Maritime Republics and the Age of Sail , due to its strategic importance for the naval industry. In particular, two main economic models were implemented between the 15th and 19th centuries for the cultivation of hemp, and their primary differences essentially derived from the diverse relationships between landowners and hemp producers. From the 18th century onwards, hemp production in Italy established itself as one of the most important industries at an international level , with the most productive areas being located in Emilia-Romagna , Campania , and Piedmont. The family of Cannabaceae includes the two genera of cannabis and humulus , with the former believed to be native exclusively to Asia, while the latter also to Europe. According to Greek historian and geographer Herodotus , the Scythians brought hemp from Central Asia to Europe during their migrations around B. In any case, the oldest evidence of the presence of cannabis and humulus in central Italy dates back to the Late Glacial , long before the development of agriculture in western Eurasia , \[ 4 \] as inferred from sediment cores extracted from the Albano and Nemi lakes. In regard to the sediment cores from central Italy, humulus pollen values increase during the mid Holocene , \[ 3 \] while hemp pollen grains become more frequent at the transition between the Neolithic and the Copper Age , with concentrations increasing and becoming more common only from the Bronze Age onwards. In terms of the earliest evidence of the processing of hemp for the production of strings and fabrics in Italy, three micro-fragments of what appear to be hemp fibers were detected through a scanning electron microscope in the dental calculi of three female individuals from the Early Bronze Age. In , a now-famous hypogaeum was excavated by Italian archaeologist Pellegrino Claudio Sestieri in the Ancient Greek colony of Poseidonia , Magna Graecia , in the area of modern-day Capaccio Paestum. In , a scientific research paper was published regarding the detection of a significant quantity of cannabis pollen inside some of the hydriai, as well as of oil traces that were compatible with hemp oil. Instead, the presence of cannabis could be attributed to environmental contamination, whether during the processing of the content if the oil traces are indeed from hemp , the deposition of the vases and the sealing of the room, or possibly more recently during the excavation , storage, and handling of the archaeological find. In , the remains of two Punic ships from the 3rd century B. As the stems were always found in association with food , in the presumed area of the ship's kitchen, it was postulated that cannabis could have been consumed by the Punic oarsmen possibly for its supposed mind-focusing abilities. Frost recognized that whether the Carthaginians would make an infusion potent enough to give fighting men ' Dutch courage ' is less certain. Tun' mare transilias? Tibi torta cannabe fulto coena sit in transtro? Apostrophe from the Satura V by Persius, directed at Lucius Annaeus Cornutus , attesting the use of hemp ropes in Roman ships , meaning Would you bound over the sea? Would you have your dinner on a thwart , seated on a coil of hemp? One of the earliest authors from the Roman Republic to mention industrial hemp was satirist Gaius Lucilius , in the 2nd century B. The hemp fiber was mainly used by the Romans to produce ropes , sheets , wickers , and nets ; \[ 21 \] in particular Pliny mentions three Alabandica varieties to be the best ones to be used for hunting nets , the variety cultivated in Mylasa to be the second best, and the hemp grown in the Sabine territory to be particularly tall. Vesuvius in 79 A. In terms of the extension of hemp cultivation in Italia , precise information is not available besides a few unverified archaeological data and the hemp variety mentioned by Pliny, which was grown in the area of Reate , in Sabinum. According to Pliny, Roman farmers would sow hemp seeds during spring and harvest the ripe hemp seeds after the autumn equinox , after which they were dried in the sun, or the wind, or by the smoke of a fire, while the hemp plants were plucked after the vintage , to be then peeled and cleaned. In , excavations on the eastern bank of the ancient Natiso cum Turro river of Aquileia , in the area of Venetia et Histria that is now Friuli-Venezia Giulia , revealed the first system of basins from the Roman world that is known to have been used for the maceration of hemp, as inferred from archaeobotanical and archaeo-palynological studies of the site. In Italia, different parts of the hemp plants were used for various culinary purposes , in particular Pliny mentions hemp seeds being stored in pots for later use and lasting for as much as one year, while the stalks and branches were used as vegetables. In regard to medical properties, hemp roots boiled in water were thought to ease cramped joints , gout , and similar violent pains, while they could also be applied raw to burns , but they would be changed before getting dry. In , a scientific study was published which aimed at reconstructing the lifestyle of a Roman Imperial community, that lived between the 1st and 3rd centuries A. Canapa, lino, e lenta, prima semenza. Umbrian proverb from Valnerina on the importance of hemp, meaning Hemp, flax, and lentil , first among seeds. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in A. The mass cultivation of industrial cannabis in Medieval Italy started during the High Middle Ages , with the demographic and agricultural recoveries , the emergence of the textile industry , the rise of Medieval communes and the Maritime Republics , and the increase of their trade in the Mediterranean Sea. Between and , Bolognese jurist and landowner Pietro de' Crescenzi compiled an agricultural treatise entitled De agricultura vulgare , alternatively known as the Ruralia commoda , which includes a section on the cultivation of industrial cannabis at the time. Furthermore, hemp seeds have been used for food for several centuries , especially by the poorer social classes, since they were inexpensive, rich in nutrients , and available even during droughts. So he selected from among his drugs a powder of marvellous virtue, which he had gotten in the Levant from a great prince, who averred that 'twas wont to be used by the Old Man of the Mountain, when he would send any one to or bring him from his paradise, and that, without doing the recipient any harm, 'twould induce in him, according to the quantity of the dose, a sleep of such duration and quality that, while the efficacy of the powder lasted, none would deem him to be alive. Excerpt translated from the Decamerone by Boccaccio, which references the use of hashish among the Assassins. One of the earliest mentions of the use of hashish in the Italian literature can be found in Il Milione , an account of Venetian merchant and explorer Marco Polo 's travels through Asia between and , that was written down by Pisan romance writer Rusticiano , with whom Marco Polo shared his prison cell in the Republic of Genoa , after his capture during the War of Curzola of — Se la luna xe in colore, el canego more. Venetian proverb from the popular tradition , meaning If the Moon is in color , the hemp dies. The cultivation of industrial cannabis in Veneto dates back to at least the 13th century, as attested in an official document from the civil authorities of Montagnana , which in prohibited the drying of the processed hemp in public places , to protect passers-by from its foul odor. In the Republic of Venice , industrial cannabis was a state monopoly whose price was fixed for public uses, while both its hoarding and exportation were prohibited, and its maceration and storage were strictly regulated. After the establishment of hemp fields in the area around Padua during the second half of the 15th century, Venice became independent from other countries for its strategic supplies. The manufacture of cordage in our house of the Tana \[ Declaration attributed to the Venetian Senate, on the strategic importance of hemp ropes for the naval strength of the Republic. In the context of the heavy losses suffered by the Venetian Navy at the Battle of Curzola on 9 September , \[ 47 \] the Major Council approved the construction of the Tana hemp house on 7 July , as part of the first enlargement of the Arsenal, to localize the storage of hemp and the production of ropes. The hemp was primarily used to manufacture cordage and sails for the Venetian fleet at low costs, but it was also used for caulking ship hulls. In addition to the state-controlled production aimed at the needs of the Navy, private enterprises were also established for the manufacture of hemp yarns , ropes, and textiles, which became the subject of significant trade over time. At the hemp house , the hemp fiber would arrive in large square bales , already macerated and dry, and it would be forcefully slammed against a wooden pole, equipped with metal rods, to complete the breakage of the stalk. Several other tools were used to keep the rope always tightly stretched, while also sustaining its weight along the ropewalk; to avoid hand contact with the rope during twisting; and to keep it constantly lubricated , thus preventing any damage from friction -related heat. After the fall of the Republic of Venice in , with the arrival of Napoleon , the Tana hemp house ended its centuries-old activity, to be then turned into a warehouse , while it has more recently been used as an exhibition center during the Venice Biennale since Cordage Courtyard on the island of Giudecca , where hawsers were still being twisted in open-air ropewalks, and activities continued there up until The cultivation of hemp in southern Italy dates back to the Roman Empire, although the earliest records of its presence in the region attest that King Hiero II of Syracuse bought hemp from Gaul in the 3rd century B. To regulate and increase both manufacturing and commerce, Emperor Frederick II promulgated several measures, including the establishment of annual fairs in the towns of Sulmona , Capua , Lucera , Bari , Taranto , Cosenza , Lanciano , and L'Aquila , on the occasions of their respective patron saints and lasting several days. La canapa per l'Annunziata, o seminata o nata. Proverb on the sowing period for hemp, meaning The hemp for the Annunciation , either sown or born , with the Feast of the Annunciation being celebrated on 25 March. In , Frederick II promulgated the Constitutiones Augustales , which included provisions to protect populated places in the Kingdom from the decomposition fumes emanating from the maceration basins. After significant public protests , King Charles II of Anjou decreed the closure and reclamation of several maceration sites around Naples in and , \[ 8 \] even though the Royal coffers significantly benefited from renting state-owned wetlands and canals for the retting of both flax and hemp. Hemp street , was constructed to facilitate the transport of hemp between the fields North of Naples and the maceration sites at the lake, while also avoiding population centers. Nevertheless, from the 17th century onwards, the hemp cultivation area in Campania steadily increased to include the southern part of the modern-day Province of Caserta , and most of the former Province of Naples , including the sides of Mt. The oldest corderia that is still operating in Italy was established in in Castellammare di Stabia , in the Kingdom of Naples , to manufacture high-quality cordage from hemp as part of the local shipyard , which was founded in by royal decree of King Ferdinand IV of Naples. Another noteworthy site for the production of ropes in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was located near the Ear of Dionysius in Syracuse, Sicily, where the wide humid spaces within the Grotta dei Cordari i. Cave of the Ropemakers have been used as ropewalks for centuries. And I will extol hemp and the true culture of such a noble shoot , that in the Fields of Italy and, more than anywhere else, in the lands of Felsina and in the nearby most flourishing enclosure of Cento, it rises and grows green and forms shady forests. Excerpt translated from Il Canapajo by Baruffaldi, which attests the importance of hemp cultivation in the region. Although only limited information is available on the cultivation of industrial cannabis in the Italian peninsula before A. In any case, the cultivation of hemp in what are now Umbria and the Marches was already widespread by the mid 13th century, as attested in the cartulary of the Abbey of Sassovivo , and in ancient statutes of the town of Foligno , as well as other towns in the March of Ancona. Torta tibi funes dat cannabis : utile semen oviparis : gravidis sed nocet ille cibus. Latin couplet on the usefulness of hemp, meaning Twisted cannabis gives you ropes : seed useful for the oviparous : but that food is harmful to pregnant women. Hemp plants were used in their entirety, namely the roots were used as firewood , the woody stalk fragments were dipped in sulfur to produce matches , the seeds were used as food for livestock, and the fiber was used to make fishing nets, ropes to be used in various agricultural activities, and textiles such as packaging for fine linens, flour sacks , family clothing, and trousseaus for daughters' weddings. Another significant application of industrial cannabis was in papermaking , which originated in Han China and subsequently spread throughout the Muslim world , namely reaching Morocco and Spain during the 12th century, before arriving in Italy in the 13th century. Historically, hemp cords were used by the Apostolic Chancery to fasten the bulla to the Pope 's correspondence when such letters, known as litterae cum filo canapis , contained either orders or a papal delegation in a dispute. Peter's Square in , for a total of 4, canne Latin inscription meaning Bread is life, hemp is protection, wine is joy , painted across three decorated vaults of the porticoes of Bologna , under the Scappi tower , where market stalls selling such products would once be set up. Another important center for cannabis production was located near Viterbo , in Lazio, in the town of Canepina , which derives its name from the once locally widespread cultivation of the plant. In Umbria, industrial cannabis was cultivated both in the river valleys , such as along the Nera river banks , and in the Apennine mountains , such as in Gavelli , Monteleone di Spoleto , and Castelluccio di Norcia , \[ 75 \] with the plant being able to survive elevations of 1, m 4, ft a. Conversely, in the Marches, hemp fields were less common in the countryside, with the exception of the elevated valleys of the Potenza and Chienti rivers, although they steadily increased during the 18th century around Ascoli Piceno and the Tronto river valley, to accommodate the contemporary population and economic growths. In the territory of Bologna, which firmly returned under Papal rule in the early 16th century, the cultivation of cannabis increased significantly between the 14th and 17th centuries, with the development of new production techniques that remained in use until the 19th century. During the Middle Ages, the use of hemp fiber in the Padan plain followed a self-sufficiency model, in which the limited production simply aimed at meeting the needs of local families; and the maceration of hemp stalks consisted in their repeated exposure to night-dew on grassy meadows, which was favored by the rainier conditions that characterized the 13th and 14th centuries. In the areas around Foligno and Ascoli Piceno, city laws sometimes dating back to 14th century statutes and subsequently updated up until the 18th century, banned maceration sites both inside and outside city walls for public health reasons based on the miasma theory , similarly to the regulations implemented in southern Italy. In the bassa Padana i. Between the 16th and 18th centuries, several recipe books were published that included the contemporary culinary uses of cannabis; for instance, the Epulario by Giovanni de Roselli describes a recipe to make twelve soups of hemp seeds with meat. In regard to the recreational use of cannabis, it has been suggested that Pope Innocent VIII outright banned the drug with his anti- witchcraft bull Summis desiderantes affectibus , to prevent the celebration of black masses. In Europa altra carta non s'adopra che quella de' Genovesi. Citation attributed to late 16th century merchants, meaning In Europe no other paper is used than that of the Genoese. The production of paper in the Republic of Genoa began around the 15th century along the Leira river valley, which was favored by the presence of several torrents that could provide power to the numerous paper mills. For several centuries, the sheets of paper were individually produced from rags made from textile fibers such as hemp, flax, and cotton; \[ 98 \] which were sourced from either Piedmont, Lombardy, or other locations overseas. Corporation of Merchants of Ropes and Rags , which used hemp fibers to produce several types of ropes and textiles for different uses, split from the aforementioned guild over significant internal disputes between the merzari and the cordari. A renowned historical center for the production of hemp ropes in the Duchy of Milan was in the village of Castelponzone, which is now a frazione of the comune of Scandolara Ravara. The production of hemp ropes remained high throughout the 19th century, albeit with alternating phases, while the introduction of semi-automated systems around and the use of electricity made the work easier, when compared to the traditional process. In , researchers from the University of Milan and the Policlinico of Milan published a scientific research paper on the analytical evidence of the use of cannabis plants in Milan , for either medical or recreational purposes, during the 17th century. The biological samples were recovered from the crypt of the Ospedale Maggiore di Milano , in a section of the church of the hospital that was used to bury the deceased patients from to ; \[ \] therefore, the studied individuals lived in the context of a severe social decline brought about by the Great Plague of Milan , which almost halved the city population between and The absence of references to cannabis in the pharmacopoeia present in the archives suggests that the plant was not being administered as medical treatment by the hospital at the time, while other possible explanations for the presence of the two cannabinoids include recreational use, self-medication , administration by doctors in other medical facilities, as well as occupational and involuntary exposure. Tercet from the Triumph of Love by Petrarch, on how easily a lonely soul can be conquered, meaning I know how little hemp can bind : A gentle soul, when she's alone, : And no one is there to defend her. In Italian poetry , references to hemp ropes can be found in several original works, including the series of poems I Trionfi , written between and by Aretine scholar and poet Francesco Petrarca ; and the romance epic Orlando Furioso , written in by Reggian poet Ludovico Ariosto ; as well as translated works, such as the Ancient greek Oppian poem On fishing and hunting , as translated and illustrated by Florentine naturalist and classicist Anton Maria Salvini in the 17th century. Old Tuscan proverb on how money facilitates things i. In Siena , the centuries-old Palio horse race uses a 14 m Hemp strings are also traditionally used to sew together the approximately 22 cm 8. Elsewhere in Italy, in the Marches, the ten contrade of Fermo participate in the traditional Tiro al Canapo competition, as part of a medieval fair that culminates in the Cavalcata dell' Assunta horse race, which takes place every year on 15 August since it was reinstated in Excerpt written by Piedmontese -Italian statesman Massimo d'Azeglio meaning If the hemp thread is rotten, you will never have a good rope , as part of a larger statement on the need to improve the individual to build a better nation. The introduction of hemp plants in Piedmont is generally attributed to the arrival of Roman legions in what was then Cisalpine Gaul , in the 3rd century B. In any case, the cultivation of hemp spread to the entire Padan plain during the Middle Ages, in particular during the 11th century, while a major boost to the production of hemp in Carmagnola was given by the foundation of the Abbey of Santa Maria di Casanova , between and , after a land donation made by the Marquis of Saluzzo to the Cistercians. As early as the 17th century, the Piedmontese government was interested in developing the manufacture of fine linen and hemp textiles from a mercantilist perspective, especially considering the periodic crises in the manufacture of silk and wool. In the first half of the 19th century, the domestic system managed to remain competitive thanks to the introduction of an improved domestic spinning machine in , while the other fibers i. In the 15th century, the main use of the produced fiber was in warfare , and it was mainly acquired by the Marquisate of Saluzzo, the Duchy of Savoy , the Republic of Genoa , as well as the French army. After the Italian Unification of , in particular with the annexation of Veneto and Friuli , then parts of the Kingdom of Lombardy—Venetia , by the Kingdom of Italy after the Third Italian War of Independence of , the demand for ropes produced in Carmagnola decreased, while profits made from exports were limited by tariffs. When hemp is spun, England is done. Old English proverb on England's historical heavy reliance on hemp for its naval strength. The reputation of Italian hemp well preceded the unification of the country in ; namely, its higher quality, durability, and strength had already been noted during its first introduction into the United Kingdom in the s, where it was initially used for the production of fishing nets, despite its higher price. As an example of the quality of the hemp produced in Italy, a smack -owner from Barking , Essex , who combined Russian and Italian twines for his fishing net, reported that the Russian hemp portion had to be renewed with the same material several times before the Italian hemp portion was worn out. According to contemporary estimates, the sails and cordage of a first-rate man-of-war required , lb 82, kg of raw hemp for their manufacturing, while the land required to produce just 1 long ton 2, lb; 1, kg of hemp averaged at 5 acres 0. The strategic importance of ensuring the steady supply of raw hemp became even more evident during the Crimean War of —, which prompted a discussion on possible alternative suppliers of fibers among the British colonies and dominions , such as the Cape Colony and British India. La canapa sta meglio addosso che intorno al collo. Cautionary proverb regarding capital offences , meaning Hemp looks better on you than around your neck. On 30 January , a Committee chaired by Lord Aberdare was appointed to investigate the causes of a series of botched executions and to make recommendations for improving the existing execution practices. In regard to the types of rope used, it was customary for executioners to provide those of their own choosing and there were no rules for testing them. In any case, following a botched execution in Yorkshire in in which the rope broke, the Secretary of State Richard Assheton Cross ordered an inquiry and directed that a pattern rope should be made of a rope such as might be safely used for executions. Elsewhere in the world, one of the main suppliers for gallows ropes across the United States during the second half of the 19th century was the Edwin H. Fitler cordage manufacturing business in the Bridesburg neighborhood of Philadelphia , PA ; and employee Godfrey Boger in particular was specialized in their production for the company from onwards. Ye hae a streak o' carl hemp in you. Old common Scottish saying denoting firmness of mind, with carl-hemp being the largest stalk of female hemp plants. Hemp fiber produced in Italy has also been used for several geographical surveys and scientific explorations , such as the sounding of the deep sea bed off the coast of Ireland by HMS Porcupine in ; \[ \] and the Challenger expedition of —, in which HMS Challenger carried mi km of Italian hemp rope that was used for measuring the depths of the ocean through plummets , as well as lowering dredges to sample the sea floor. In the case of HMS Challenger , the stowed Italian hemp ropes were each made at a length of about fathoms At the same time, the SMS Gazelle was sent by the Imperial German Navy in on a two-year voyage, charged with carrying to the Kerguelen Islands one of the several German scientific expeditions that were sent to different sites around the world, to observe the transit of Venus on 9 December ; as well as with promoting oceanography and conducting physical and oceanographic research in the maritime sciences. In addition to depth sounding , another notable use of Italian hemp ropes on the high seas was in whale hunting , whereby for instance a 5 in Disse la canapa al lino: tu ti rompi e io m'affino. Proverb on the durability of hemp, meaning Said the hemp to the flax: you break and I sharpen up. During the golden age of alpinism , the strength of Italian hemp was also noticed in the context of the development of protection systems for rock climbing and mountaineering. In , a special committee of the Alpine Club approved the use of ropes made from Manila hemp , Italian hemp, and flax for mountaineering purposes. In terms of their weight, the three approved types of rope were considered to be the heaviest ropes that could still be conveniently carried about in the Alps , with the Italian hemp rope weighting 4. A notable example of the use of Italian hemp ropes in mountaineering is the first technical climb of the Devils Tower in Wyoming in , led by the German American pioneer of free climbing Fritz Wiessner , during which each climber carried a 35 m ft long safety rope made of the best quality Italian hemp. In the early years of modern aeronautics , Italian hemp was one of the materials used to produce some of the rigging ropes used in free balloons , kite balloons , and airships , together with Manila hemp. In addition, mooring lines made of the best grade Manila or Italian hemp were used for anchoring balloons to the ground in windy weather. The Eagle. Bergamo Provincial Gazette — January 22, — p. It is enough to breathe the smoke of the cannabis indica cigarettes to stop the most violent attacks of asthma , nervous cough , cold , extinction of voice , facial neuralgia , insomnia , and to combat laryngitis and all the ailments of the respiratory airways. Stocks in Milan, A. English translation of the advert shown on the right, which inaccurately promotes cannabis cigarettes as a remedy for several ailments. In the late modern period , the spread of the use of cannabis for recreational purposes in Europe is generally attributed to the return of French soldiers from Napoleon's military campaigns of — in Egypt , where the lack of alcohol prompted them to try hashish as an alternative. O'Shaughnessy's major paper on Indian hemp, \[ \] appears to be the first modern Italian writing on the subject and it also highlights a particular interest on the part of Italian doctors, \[ \] considering that the Bengali journal article was only published on a London medical journal in On 26 January , a Medical Commission delegated with the study of hydrophobia decided that, at the first possible case of canine rabies, the use of hashish would have been experimented as a potential remedy, by administering a dose able to develop energetic phenomena without endangering the life of the patient. The use of hashish as a remedy for rabies had been suggested to the commission by Dr. Giovanni Polli, at the time a fellow at the Istituto Lombardo Accademia di Scienze e Lettere , \[ \] who performed several experiments on the use of hashish, \[ \] \[ \] \[ \] both on himself and on two of his colleagues. Polli, dating back to , further focused on the use of hashish in pharmaceutical formulations , \[ \] while other proposed applications of the drug included the treatment of cholera, lypemania , as well as various nervous diseases. Similarly to Dr. O'Shaughnessy, some of the earliest attempts to treat patients with cannabis indica in Italy were made in by Dr. Raffaele Valieri, \[ \] \[ \] the then chief physician at the Hospital for the Incurables in Naples, which was dedicated to the treatment of patients in conditions of extreme poverty. Valieri spent years experimenting with the medical use of cannabis for treating nervous conditions both on patients and on himself , testing different administration methods , while also taking notes on both positive and adverse effects. As an example, while visiting the hemp-producing center of Casoria during the flowering period, Dr. Valieri personally tested and documented the effects of the released pollen after receiving reports that local farmers could not rest in the vicinity of the blooming hemp plants, or even sleep in farmhouses located in the middle of the fields. Valieri tested several administration methods including mastication , smoking pipes and cigarettes , decoctions and infuses , liquors , distilled water , pills , pearls , essential oils , tinctures and extracts. Based on the observed beneficial properties of medical cannabis, and considering its popularity especially among patients with asthma, Dr. Valieri started lobbying the Health authorities so that they would reduce the cost of cannabis, to make it more affordable for patients. Valieri tested the medical properties of several Italian varieties found in Casoria noting that, while the effects were the same as the ones experienced with cannabis indica, they required a doubling of the previously prescribed dose. Similarly to the reports heard by Dr. Valieri regarding the hemp fields in Casoria, the Medical-Surgical Society of Bologna was notified of a comparable condition, initially designated as summer fever due to its periodical occurrence, that affected especially young people and outdoor workers in the late s. A connection between the observed summer fever and the seasonal hemp pollen was proposed by medical captain Dr. Giuseppe Mendini, who also dismissed the idea that the fever was caused by miasms emanating from organic residue during the day long draining of the local Channel of the Reno for summer maintenance. Mendini was based on his own studies of the affected patients, which suggested a pollen-related allergy ; and on the following circumstantial observations : \[ \]. Among hemp spinning workers, a similar poisoning was observed to affect mainly hemp beaters, and to a lesser extent carders , with two different orders of symptoms. In the early stages of the international cannabis prohibition, the United States did not play a leading role at all, while the role of Italy, South Africa , Egypt , and Turkey is seen as largely overlooked. Even though the Conference was focused on opium , leading to the first International Opium Convention , the so-called issue of Indian hemp was examined, however nothing substantial came out of it. In any case, the section of the Opium Convention dealing with cannabis represented a compromise, in which the signatories were committed to limit exclusively to medical and scientific purposes the manufacture, import, sale, distribution, export and use of extracts and tinctures of Indian hemp. The transformations brought about by the French Revolution and the following conflicts during the late 18th — early 19th century , marked the end of protectionist Italian hemp sectors such as those implemented in the Kingdom of Piedmont and the Republic of Venice, which had created privileged manufactures supported by the State according to a Colbertist model. The first attemps to mechanize the spinning and weaving of hemp took place during the s in Lombardy, followed by the establishment of important hemp processing factories between the s and s in Veneto and Emilia, and around the shipyards of Genoa and Naples. The plentiful home supply of good raw hemp, combined with comparatively cheap labor , generally gave the Italian hemp industry a competitive advantage in the international market of the s, \[ \] especially with the fall in Russian hemp production after the Great War and the rise in the prices for vegetable fibres until During the Ventennio , the Fascist regime gave particular attention to hemp as an autarkic fiber, with a specific policy of using it to replace imported fibers e. Par vedar un bel canvil, semna in avril. Emilian proverb on growing hemp, meaning To see a good hemp field, sow in April. In many parts of the country, the use of machinery was allowed only on condition of full employment of all available labor, including women, while workers had to be hired exclusively through a labor exchange , on which both employers and laborers were represented. In the early s, the Italian hemp sector suffered a significant downturn , which caused the national production to decrease from an estimated , t in to 50, t in , while the cultivation area decreased from , ha 1, km 2 ; sq mi to 57, ha km 2 ; sq mi over the same period. Mais ce ne sont pas de tiges de chanvre ces-ci, ce sont des arbres! Interjection attributed to prof. Janusz Jagmin, Director of the Hemp-growing Facility of Poland , meaning But these are not hemp stalks, they are trees! During the s, the main varieties of cannabis sativa cultivated in Italy were commonly divided into the Pedemontana and Sinensis denominations, while the cannabis indica varieties were not grown in the country. In the s, Italy was believed to be the second-biggest producer of industrial cannabis in the world, after the Soviet Union , although statistics from China , another major producer , are not available. Hemp has been placed on the Nation's agenda by the Duce , because by its autarkic excellence it is destined to emancipate us as much as possible from the burdensome tribute we still provide abroad in the textile fiber sector. It is not only the agricultural - economic side that interests us, but also the social side , whose impact could not be better highlighted than by the following figure: 30, workers employed by the Italian hemp industry. Excerpt translated from a speech by Italian dictator and journalist Benito Mussolini in , on the importance that the hemp sector had for the Fascist regime, in the context of the contemporary negative balance of trade for textiles. By the end of the 19th century, the Italian hemp was considered the best one among those imported into the American market, so much so that the more careful cultivation and processing practices used in Italy, as well as France, were proposed as reference for those American growers wishing to improve their products from the cheaper, less sought-after, dark hemp to the higher-priced light hemp, and thus compete with the imported goods. Although not as important as silk, as far as the textile industry was concerned, hemp was one of the few raw textile materials that Italy exported, considering that the country was at the time the second-biggest producer in Europe, after Russia. This made the water-retted Italian hemp less competitive against the dew -retted American hemp , whose main competitors at the time were the dew-retted Russian and Hungarian hemp. In regard to hemp seeds, they were primarily used in Italy for planting new crops, but they were also exported, especially the Carmagnola variety. In the late s — early s, Italian hemp exports decreased significantly, as did the national consumption, in the context of the contemporary monetary policy of revaluation of the lira. Proverb on dealing early with problems, meaning The hemp that the bird doesn't peck, is used to make its snare. The hemp plants were harvested between the end of July and the beginning of August, either manually or mechanically , after which the stalks were left on the ground to dry, to be then bundled together, stacked into large rafts , weighed down using heavy stones, and immersed into open-air tanks filled with soft water. Bacillus felsineus \[ \] processed the stalks while being kept at the best conditions in terms of temperature and air supply. Besides the need of deep , soft, moist, and deeply worked soil that is rich in organic matter , several other factors were identified that could affect both the quality and the quantity of the produced hemp fiber: \[ \]. In the mountainous regions, the irregular terrains prevented the hemp plants from being cultivated and processed on an industrial scale, mainly due to the fragmentation of the fields both in terms of ownership and proximity, to the higher production costs related to the more rudimental techniques used, and to the generally lower quality of the produced fibers, with respect to the ones from the plains. The average retting tanks consisted of artificial, water-filled, rectangular basins of variable depths, although they were not usually deeper than 2 m 6. In some locations the retting process was done using running water, still the tanks had to be located far away from population centers, due to the strong odors produced by the maceration of the hemp plants. Considering the noticeable impact that maceration sites had on their surroundings, several studies were made regarding the feasibility of replacing the rustic retting process with industrial equivalents, which combined the microbiological processes with artificial chemical ones. The choice of Rome as the seat of this Congress underlines the importance in Europe of Italian hemp, renowned for centuries for its quality, a heritage maintained and developed by the patient effort of generations of growers and industrialists. But the time is no longer when sons could calmly continue the work of their fathers without worrying about the vicissitudes of the international market. Competition from other natural or artificial textile fibers, the development of the mechanical industry, the internal legislation of each country and that of other nations constitute all factors which considerably influence the interests of your Confederation. The decline of hemp production in Italy came with the economic boom of the s and s, during which time synthetic fibers e. Old common Romagnol saying on the need for fertilizers to obtain high-quality hemp, meaning Hemp grows everywhere, but hemp fit for sale \[grows\] neither in heaven, nor in earth, rather in manure. In the s, the cultivation of hemp in Italy was concentrated in the traditional areas of Emilia, Polesine , and Campania. Beside soil enrichment, farmers also used aldrin to kill off all ground-based insects that could harm the crops, especially during their early stages, including elateridae , cockchafer larvae , agrotis larvae, and field crickets. Tutto di canapa mi voglio vestire. In the s, while the Soviet Union remained the biggest producer of hemp in the world, Italy was overtaken by India in the second place, and then by Yugoslavia in the third place. Poland , Hungary , and Romania the production trends remained more or less stationary, in part due to labor costs not yet being a limiting factor, and thus the produced hemp constituted significant competition. In , Italy was the biggest importer with 8, t, which accounted for Despite renewed interest in hemp cultivation from the early s onwards, when it started being promoted throughout the European Union , industrial cannabis remained a niche crop for more than 20 years afterwards, with an estimated cultivation area between 10, ha Furthermore, following the cessation of hemp production in Italy, concerns were raised in the European Parliament in , over the recovery and protection of the remaining endangered Italian varieties, as well as the potentially permanent loss of the biodiversity and economic benefits previously derived from the cultivation of hemp. In regard to Italy, among the problems faced by Italian farmers at the time was the difficulty in finding the appropriate hemp varieties and growing techniques for the local terrains, considering that the almost complete disappearance of the old Italian varieties prompted the farmers to rely on seeds imported from France. In , Italian hemp varieties were tested as potential candidates for the possible reintroduction of hemp in the United States , after all existing American varieties were eradicated as a consequence of the War on Drugs. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read Edit View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Images depicting A a cannabis plant illustration from a 14th-century medical treatise, kept at the Biblioteca Casanatense in Rome; B the remains of an open-air tank previously used for the retting of hemp stalks in Cercenasco , Piedmont; C a museum room dedicated to traditional hemp-processing tools in Lazio; D an 18th-century silk- embroidered hemp curtain from Tuscany; E the Cave of the Ropemakers in Sicily in ; and F a gun Venetian light frigate returning from the Levant. Prehistory \[ edit \]. Earliest evidence \[ edit \]. Magna Graecia \[ edit \]. Ancient Carthage \[ edit \]. Ancient Rome \[ edit \]. Cannabis cultivation and processing \[ edit \]. Cannabis consumption \[ edit \]. Middle Ages \[ edit \]. Tales of the Hashishins \[ edit \]. Republic of Venice \[ edit \]. Hemp and warfare \[ edit \]. Traditional hemp rope production \[ edit \]. Kingdom of the Two Sicilies \[ edit \]. Industrial cannabis production \[ edit \]. The coats of arms of the comuni of A Arzano, depicting a bundle of three green branches i. Hemp rope production \[ edit \]. Papal States \[ edit \]. Industrial use of cannabis \[ edit \]. Industrial cannabis cultivation \[ edit \]. Dew retting and water retting \[ edit \]. Republic of Genoa \[ edit \]. Duchy of Milan \[ edit \]. Grand Duchy of Tuscany \[ edit \]. Hemp in traditional sports \[ edit \]. Kingdom of Piedmont—Sardinia \[ edit \]. Hemp textile production \[ edit \]. International use of Italian hemp \[ edit \]. Italian hemp in the United Kingdom \[ edit \]. Gallows hemp rope \[ edit \]. Italian hemp and oceanography \[ edit \]. Italian hemp and mountaineering \[ edit \]. Italian hemp and aeronautics \[ edit \]. Kingdom of Italy \[ edit \]. Medical use of cannabis \[ edit \]. Experimentations with hashish \[ edit \]. Experimentations with cannabis indica \[ edit \]. Hemp fever \[ edit \]. Early drug prohibition \[ edit \]. Industrial hemp sector \[ edit \]. Labor market \[ edit \]. Italian hemp varieties \[ edit \]. Italian hemp trade \[ edit \]. Hemp fiber production \[ edit \]. Water retting tanks \[ edit \]. Photo gallery \[ edit \]. Hemp sheaves being stacked into rafts for the maceration process in Indre-et-Loire in Macerated hemp sheaves being taken out of the retting tanks near Ferrara in Manual breaking of hemp stalks in Val Camonica in Manual breaking of hemp stalks in Schilpario in Republic of Italy \[ edit \]. Hemp farming techniques \[ edit \]. Hemp production decline \[ edit \]. Drug prohibition \[ edit \]. EU regulations and incentives \[ edit \]. See also \[ edit \]. Footnotes \[ edit \]. Since the actual factory being discussed is not identified, the footage is presented as an example of the local industrial paper production. The reported numbers could very well have remained the same, unless an error was made. 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Bibcode : CSAN Al Jazeera America. External links \[ edit \]. Veneto \[ edit \]. Piedmont \[ edit \]. Campania \[ edit \]. Sicily \[ edit \]. Italian hemp production \[ edit \]. Side business \[ edit \]. Historical reenactment \[ edit \]. Industrial hemp products \[ edit \]. Portals : Cannabis Italy. Cannabis by country. Legal history Legality by jurisdiction. Legal history Timeline Medical Non-medical Legality by jurisdiction. Legality of cannabis Annual cannabis use by country Adult lifetime cannabis use by country Cannabis political parties Timeline of cannabis law. Hidden categories: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list CS1: long volume value Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from November Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images.

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