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Our colleague, the archaeologist Santiago Rivas, recently made a remarkable discovery. On a small plateau above the outskirts of Iquitos, a town in the northern Peruvian Amazon, he found a layer in the soil which contained small pieces of ceramic pottery, that were around 1,years-old. Digging deeper, he found another layer of soil, this time containing pottery that was about 2, years old. This is the archaeological site at Quistococha which has been occupied for at least the past 3, years. The pottery fragments are beautifully decorated, sometimes with subtle geometric scratch marks or boldly painted with bright red patterns. Not all of the fragments are small: erosion revealed the rim of a large cooking pot that would have been 40cm across when it was intact. As a place for people to live, Quistococha would have had many advantages. It is located on a terrace above a fertile floodplain of the Amazon which is ideal for growing maize, while the surrounding palm swamp provides fruits and fibres. Just below the terrace, fresh water flows out of a spring. Researchers know that indigenous communities have had profound and complex relationships with Amazonian forest landscapes for thousands of years. However, it is still far from clear just how much deforestation took place before European colonisation in the 16th century. Quistococha is an ideal place to search for answers — and we recently published a research article based on our work there. The site has an unusually good record of past environmental change thanks to a nearby floodplain lake and swamp. These preserve the remains of plants that grew there, and the charcoal from fires lit by people — both in the prehistoric period as well as during the expansion of Iquitos over the past two centuries. This combination allowed us to explore the relationship between ancient people and the extent of the surrounding forest. Charcoal in the sediment core from the nearby lake — an indicator of fire use — was abundant from about 2, years ago until the s: people were, therefore, continuously present at that time. Prior to that, for thousands of years, indigenous communities apparently had little impact on forest cover. Such new knowledge about ancient Amazonians is highly relevant for conservation today. For indigenous groups it provides historical context to their fight for land rights and recognition. Studies like ours also show that traditional uses of the landscape should be valued highly, and that Amazonian communities can support themselves without extensive deforestation. This philosophy is the basis for the work of our partners, the Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonia Peruana IIAP , which promotes sustainable management of these floodplain forests. Last but not least, these discoveries are an opportunity to engage with the expanding urban populations of Amazonia: an important voice in the decision-making process. Iquitos is the largest city in the world not connected to a national road network. Recently, the Peruvian Congress has declared an ambitious range of road building projects in Amazonia as national priorities. The planned connection between Iquitos and the rest of Peru promises lower prices for food and other imports. But activists who warn of the adverse consequences of poorly planned development are struggling to be heard. And as these are issues of low importance to the urban majority, the only way to challenge it would be by engaging city dwellers in debates about the implications of future transport networks and of other options for land use. Locals and tourists alike throng to Quistococha on hot weekends to swim in the lake and relax in waterside cafes. Above and in sight of all of them, but now silent, there is a site that records thousands of years of humans living in a continuously forested landscape. The landscape and the stories it tells are an opportunity to reflect on how we might choose to continue the relationship between people and forests in the future. Edition: Available editions Europe. Become an author Sign up as a reader Sign in. Events More events.

Wildlife for sale: An illegal activity out of control in Peru?

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Peru is one of the most biodiverse nations on earth, home to one-tenth of the Amazon rainforest and other ecosystems. Peru has around 64 endangered animal species — some of them you can find smoked, barbecued or being butchered at Belen market, the riverine port of Iquitos, the largest city in the world which cannot be reached by road. Indigenous communities are allowed to hunt and eat wild game but selling the meat is prohibited. Yet old habits die hard in the labyrinthine streets of Belen market, where produce from the rainforest is docked via a network of Amazon tributaries. Slabs of meat from the endangered South American tapir Tapirus terrestris are stacked on folding tables while the cloven hooves of peccaries, or sajino Pecari tajacu , or the paws of the agouti or picuro Cuniculus paca , a large rodent, give away their origin. The protected motelo or yellow-footed tortoise Chelonoidis denticulata is openly butchered for the pot apparently while still alive. Meanwhile, the authorities are fearful of intervening in what they see as local tradition, according to Clelia Rengifo, the head of wildlife trafficking control for the regional government of Loreto. It is dangerous! The animals are not just being eaten; they are also being sold as exotic pets. The sale of living wild fauna is also illegal in Peru; yet small parrots, locally known as pihuichos Brotogeris versicolurus , chirp from plastic washing up bowls in Belen. Other containers hold yellow-spotted river turtles or taricayas Podocnemis unifilis — IUCN red-listed as vulnerable — and infant black caimans alligators , which can grow to more than five meters in length as adults. But if you ask, you can also find monkeys. A woman stallholder hides a tiny pygmy marmoset Cebuella pygmaea and a saddle-backed tamarin Saguinus fuscicolls , both babies, in her hair. But buying them would only contribute to a trade which sees them slaughtered in the wild, says Noga Shanee, a conservationist and primate expert who co-founded NeoTropical Primate Conservation , based in Peru. A short boat ride down the river Itaya lies a typical wooden home built of stilts on the bank. They would arrive in Iquitos by private aircraft often using an off-duty Peruvian police officer as a security guard, he said. He also collects animals to order, claiming to have sent caimans to an informal zoo near the Peruvian capital, Lima. At the time of publication, Serrubio had been arrested and released on probation while prosecutors investigated whether he would formally be charged with illicit wildlife trafficking. The Wildlife Conservation Society WCS has identified animal species being trafficked in Peru over the last decade on well-run routes from more than 40 markets in 10 cities including the capital Lima. Supplied by Iquitos and other Amazon cities, parrots or monkeys are often seized at border crossings. But an estimated nine out ten trafficked animals die en route, said Yovana Murillo of the Wildlife Conservation Society Peru WCS which has compiled the most reliable data on the trafficking of wildlife and animal parts in the country. In the same period, more than 11, animal parts including feathers, eggs, shells, bones and pelts have also been seized and metric tons of bushmeat confiscated, principally lowland paca Cuniculus paca and two species of wild pig, the collared peccary Pecari tajacu and the white-lipped peccary Tayassu pecari. These figures may only represent a fraction of the true statistics for wildlife trafficking in Peru, which, by its very nature, is very difficult to quantify. Education is seen as key to combatting the illicit trade in exotic pets by informing the public that, for example, baby monkeys sold to tourists are orphaned by hunters who deliberately kill their mothers. If they are lucky, baby monkeys rescued from traffickers in Loreto can be taken to the Pilpintuwasi Butterfly Farm and Animal Orphanage. Run by Austrian Gudrun Sperrer, 55, it is the first place to successfully breed endangered bald uakaris Cacajao calvus in captivity. Traffickers are deliberately encouraging hunters in the village near her refuge to target monkeys with babies, she said. Tourists who buy baby animals thinking they can rescue them only worsen the situation, she says. Instead, they should report it to the authorities but be vigilant about corruption, Sperrer said. Through guided tours and working with local schools she aims to raise awareness about the true impact of the trade in exotic pets and live animals for zoos. However, in San Martin, an Amazon region west of Loreto, a dedicated team fight wildlife trafficking and are getting results. Young volunteers operate as spotters in a local market in Tarapoto identifying who is selling bushmeat, often under the table, then informing the authorities who swoop in. The meat is later donated to a local orphanage. It is a sum that few can afford to pay. But a crowd of people gathers as police officers confiscate the bushmeat, angry at what they see as insignificant compared to the deforestation caused by illegal logging which, they claim, the authorities turn a blind eye to. But, little by little, by following the letter of the law the message seems to be sinking in. Trafficking wild animals is illegal in Peru and selling their parts is too. Raiding a workshop full of stuffed animals in Lamas, a nearby tourist town, might seem excessive but it is the vigilance which characterizes this team. In one morning the environmental police seized three boa constrictors and a three-toed sloth. Before you would get off with a warning but not anymore. Nonetheless, there are signs that attitudes are changing among younger generations. Most of the animals are orphans which still need to be fed milk to survive. Again the mother animals have usually been killed and eaten. Many children support our rescues because they see that their parents have a baby manatee in a pool or pond, says Loja. Read also: Wildlife for sale: affected species and trade routes in Peru. Ashoka Mukpo 22 Aug Consumed traces the life cycle of a variety of common consumer products from their origins, across supply chains, and waste streams. Wildlife for sale: An illegal activity out of control in Peru? Dan Collyns 14 Dec Amazon. Comments Share article Share this article If you liked this story, share it with other people. Page link. Peru has about 64 species of animals in danger of extinction. Some of them can be found smoked, grilled or being slaughtered in the market of Belen, the river port of Iquitos. Animals are not only eaten but are also sold as exotic pets. Between and , more than 11, animal body parts including feathers, eggs, shells, bones and skins were seized and metric tons of wild meat were confiscated. See All Key Ideas. Romi Castagnino Associate Video Producer. See Topics. To wipe or to wash? Rolling towards circularity? Ashoka Mukpo 22 Aug Consumed traces the life cycle of a variety of common consumer products from their origins, across supply chains, and waste streams. Consumed series. Free and open access to credible information. Latest articles All articles. In Costa Rica, sustainable tourism is no longer enough for conservation. Michele Bertelli 21 Oct Deforestation plunges but environmental threats remain as Colombia hosts COP Lucas Berti 21 Oct New study upends common belief that birds escape winter to save energy. Abhishyant Kidangoor 21 Oct Juan Mayorga 21 Oct Aimee Gabay 21 Oct Cambodian logging syndicate tied to major U. Gerald Flynn 21 Oct All articles.

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