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Manica Balant and Airy Gras have contributed equally to this work and share first authorship. Cannabis is one of the most versatile genera in terms of plant uses and has been exploited by humans for millennia due to its medicinal properties, strong fibres, nutritious seeds and psychoactive resin. Nowadays, Cannabi s is the centre of many scientific studies, which mainly focus on its chemical composition and medicinal properties. Unfortunately, while new applications of this plant are continuously being developed, some of its traditional uses are becoming rare and even disappearing altogether. Information on traditional uses of Cannabis is vast, but it is scattered across many publication sources in different formats, so synthesis and standardization of these data are increasingly important. It contains over entries from publications related to medicinal, alimentary, fibre and other uses from different geographical areas and cultures around the world. We believe this database will serve as a starting point for new research and development strategies based on the traditional knowledge. Medicinal plants have almost limitless applications and have traditionally been used to treat several illnesses 1. One of the most commonly used plants is Cannabi s, being known to humans for thousands of years and showing myriad traditional uses globally. The oldest known record of its medicinal use dates back to B. Many other ancient texts from India, Persia, Egypt, Greece and Rome also contain valuable information about a plethora of other Cannabis medicinal uses 2. In the beginning of the 20th century, Cannabis became widely regarded as an illegal drug with negative effects, resulting in a general reduction in its use as a medicine 3. As a consequence—despite the long-standing recognition of its positive effects—the scientific interest in this plant steeply declined for several decades, and most of the information on Cannabis use was limited to the domain of local popular knowledge. The latest boost to scientific and technological interest in Cannabis has been the recent decriminalization or legalization of its medicinal and recreational use in many countries, which has boomed into a billion-dollar industry in just a few years 9. Databases are one of the tools that enable gathering information in an organized repository, which facilitates further research. Several Cannabis databases have been created in recent years to collect and organize information related to its genomic resources 10—12 , clinical applications 13 or commercial strains However, despite copious information available for this plant, no database on the traditional uses of Cannabis has been established so far. The studies on new and traditional uses of Cannabis are numerous and are increasing daily; research papers on this topic are being published in many journals from various scientific fields and circulations i. Therefore, much important information about its uses can stay unnoticed by the majority of people interested in the topic. Another problem that makes the comparison of results difficult is the terminology used. While methods for ethnobotanical studies are well developed, it is up to the authors to decide whether to state the effect of the plant, the target ailment or merely the body system being treated. The lack of data integration and standardization makes it difficult to use this information in research, so synthesis and standardization of all these data are becoming more and more important. Inventorying traditional knowledge on biodiversity is a way of ensuring its conservation—especially urgent in many zones, where it is being eroded—and its possible further uses for human well-being 15— Public databases are a powerful instrument of such traditional knowledge preservation and represent an excellent tool to accomplish one of the ethical exigencies of ethnobotanical prospection: to return the knowledge to the society, where it came from Nevertheless, some concerns have been formulated regarding the role of the current forms of conservation of traditional knowledge, one of them being the scarce implication of its holders in the processes and their difficulties to access the information 17 , In this respect, it is important that databases provide open access to, among other users, local communities We have undertaken a comprehensive data collection that enabled us to construct the first global database on Cannabis medicinal, alimentary, fibre, psychoactive and other ethnobotanical uses. Therefore, we believe that the user-friendly web interface constructed for the database will enable easy access to this reserve of information to any type of public and return the knowledge back to society. We hope this resource will facilitate research and development strategies for drug, food or other Cannabis products based on traditional knowledge and enable legislators to take decisions on relevant legal dispositions. The database will also serve to bring to light lesser-known traditional Cannabis uses medicinal and others that have been thus far overlooked and may be disappearing, enhancing new ethnobotanical studies and perhaps promoting beneficial applications of some of these rare uses. In addition, this organized repository of Cannabis data may help detect less obvious connections between specific plant parts and illnesses, which could open novel treatment lines based on Cannabis products. Our search returned over results Figure 1. During the screening process, we eliminated references that i were not published in English language, ii were not published by the end of October and iii did not obtain the information included through ethnobotanical interviews. To avoid duplication, information obtained from review papers and books was only used when original research papers could not be found. In further steps, papers containing inconsistencies e. Additional references cited in relevant ethnobotanical papers were added using the snowball method After filtering and excluding the papers that did not fit our criteria, we obtained a final reference list with publications. Most of these were research papers references, including 6 conference proceedings , but 38 review papers, 2 doctoral theses and 2 master theses were also included. We registered a total of data entries on traditional uses of Cannabis. One data entry is represented by one use quoted in a publication. For each reference, the following information was recorded Figure 1 : i type and year of publication, ii country, iii region, iv taxon, v vernacular names and vi part of the plant inflorescence, leaf, whole plant, seed, aerial part, stem, bark, root, twig and branch, and other part or plant product resin, fibre and other product used. We also recorded vii use categories medicinal, alimentary, fibre, psychoactive or other , whether Cannabi s had viii animal or human use, if the plant was considered ix toxic or noxious toxicity or included x modes of preparation and administration, whenever they were provided by the authors. When other ingredients plant, animal or other substance were added to the alimentary and medicinal preparations, they were categorized as a xi mixture. For medicinal uses, xii the way of administration external and internal was also recorded when possible. Any additional information available xiii was also recorded. When vernacular names related to the use of the plant were provided disease names, names of the recipes or products, etc. The database is structured in five use categories: medicinal which includes also veterinary , alimentary, fibre, psychoactive and other use. We also added a category for toxicity reports and one for vernacular names Figure 1. Each database entry was attributed to one or more appropriate categories. Medicinal use was divided into human and animal medicinal use. Depending on the reference, the uses were originally formulated in many different ways—sometimes via a name of the relevant disease or condition treated with Cannabis e. To make searching faster, human medicinal uses were classified into 16 human body system categories, according to Cook 23 with minor modifications. Categories used in the database are circulatory system and blood disorders, digestive system and nutritional disorders, endocrine system and metabolic disorders, genitourinary system disorders, immune system disorders and neoplasia, infections and infestations, musculoskeletal system disorders and traumas, nervous system and mental disorders, pain and inflammations, poisoning, pregnancy, birth and puerperal disorders, respiratory system disorders, sensory system disorders, skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders, tonic and restorative, and unclassified. Sometimes one use could belong to two system categories e. Veterinary uses were not further divided into system categories. Alimentary use was divided into human and animal use, and again into food and drink categories. Traditional drinks containing Cannabis , which had medicinal, psychoactive or religious uses, were automatically added into the alimentary use category even if this use was not additionally specified. This category contains information on Cannabis use for the production of fabric, rope, sack and other products and was not divided further. It only contains information on human uses. The category only contains information on human uses. The remaining, less-numerous uses were placed in category other uses, which was further separated into four lower categories: cosmetic, magicoreligious, firewood and miscellaneous use. Even though in most regions plants from the genus Cannabis are considered valuable medicinal plants, in certain regions of the world they are considered toxic, with their consumption or prolonged consumption and abuse causing several side effects e. All these reports were assigned to this category. Wild, cultivated or commercialized, Cannabis is widely distributed around the world, and many of its parts are used for a variety of purposes. For these reasons, it has not only been popularly named in many languages, but often with several terms in each one, depending on the part, product or use cf. For the majority of references, the authors provided vernacular names for Cannabis and these are included here. The database contains data entries on medicinal, alimentary, fibre, psychoactive and other ethnobotanical uses of Cannabis from different geographical areas and cultures worldwide. It contains information on the intended purpose of plant use, the taxonomic and vernacular name, the country and region of use, bibliographic reference type, plant part used, intended use destination human or animal use , details on preparation and administration and any other additional information we considered important. Each entry is connected to the original source, which can be accessed easily from the website. Information was gathered from references from 41 countries worldwide Figure 2A. The majority of them Reports from India Most of the reported uses were medicinal The most frequently used plant parts are leaf We identified Cannabis treatments for human and 53 animal ailments. Reports on its toxicity only represent 3. The background map was produced using the Excel Office. B Distribution of Cannabis uses presented in the database. Search through the database is facilitated by a user-friendly graphical interface. The clean design used is visible from any type of device e. The web version of the database offers two search options Figure 4. The first one is a general search, based on key words, while the second is an advanced search where additional filter options are available plant parts and products, country, region, year of publication, etc. Movement of the cursor over the short version of the citation reveals the full reference information. Search results are obtained in a table below the menus. User interface of the Search the database function. The data can be filtered out using general search search by key words or by advanced search, where user is selecting the filters for the search. The CANNUSE database offers an organized and structured dataset that can be used as a basis for research and development strategies in many different scientific and technological fields. For example, at the present time, the majority of medical studies are focused on the application of Cannabis inflorescences for new treatments, but traditionally, many other parts of the plant were used for the treatment of different conditions and ailments. The CANNUSE database enables us to filter down to specific plant parts and identify the corresponding ailments for which they have been traditionally used. Furthermore, new applications could be developed in food and nutraceutical, cosmetic or recreational use industries. Analysis of Cannabis medicinal and other uses in different regions of the world could indicate local variability in Cannabis landraces, which would make them more suitable for further development into specific medicines. Furthermore, ethnobotanical records in the CANNUSE database could be considered as relevant additional information besides genetic diversity and archeological findings that could help determine the origin of species and its dispersion history The CANNUSE database contributes to the conservation and dissemination of many traditional uses in many parts of the world of an emblematic plant in ethnobotany and economic botany. Much of the ethnobotanical reports databases and academic papers are published in English, which enables a bigger distribution of the knowledge but diminishes their usability for original traditional knowledge holders In addition, we have already started to look for publications in other languages for further updates of the database. In this step, we are planning to include local scientists, which would enable us the contact with traditional knowledge holders missing so far. However, several potential areas for upgrade have already been identified. The data included in this version were obtained only from references written in English, while publications in other languages were up to this point excluded. Ethnobotanical research is often published in lesser-known, local journals, which are not written in English, so many additional uses remain to be included in future updates planned. The database will be updated annually with new literature and subsequently information on Cannabis uses from historic sources, books, review papers and other secondary sources, and sources in languages other than English. Additional information gathered with our own ethnobotanical interviews will also be included. Researchers are encouraged to submit any additional data they wish to share through the contact form on the website, to facilitate the improvement of the growing dataset. Regular extensions of the database will ensure that updated information on traditional Cannabis uses is thoroughly available for basic and applied research purposes. We ask users to cite this paper when data are used in publications or other activities e. We would like to acknowledge the indigenous peoples and local communities that have safeguarded the knowledge about Cannabis use during millennia despite the pressures from markets, states and religions. Petrovska , B. Google Scholar. Abel , E. Springer US , New York. Google Preview. Pisanti , S. Abuhasira , R. Vandepitte , K. Crops Prod. Babiker , E. LWT — Food Sci. EuroBiotech J , 4 , — Callaway , J. Euphytica , , 65 — Kang , S. Cai , S. Plant Biotechnol J. Clinical Studies and Case Reports. Alexander , M. Gaikwad , J. Science Publishers , Enfield, pp. Benyei , P. Ambio , 49 , — McCarter , J. Goodman , L. Naraine , S. Crop Evol. Law , J. Oxford University Press , Oxford. Cook , F. Royal Botanic Gardens , Kew. Stevenson , A. Dymock , W. Chopra , I. Russo , E. In Mechoulam R ed. Cannabinoids as Therapeutics. Harshberger , J. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Sign In or Create an Account. Sign in through your institution. Advanced Search. Search Menu. Article Navigation. Close mobile search navigation Article Navigation. Volume Article Contents Abstract. Quick overview of the data records. User guide and potential data applications. Future development. Journal Article. Manica Balant , Manica Balant. Oxford Academic. Airy Gras. Teresa Garnatje. Daniel Vitales. Revision received:. Editorial decision:. Select Format Select format. Permissions Icon Permissions. Abstract Cannabis is one of the most versatile genera in terms of plant uses and has been exploited by humans for millennia due to its medicinal properties, strong fibres, nutritious seeds and psychoactive resin. Figure 1. Open in new tab Download slide. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Google Scholar Crossref. Search ADS. Medical use of cannabis and cannabinoids containing products — regulations in Europe and North America. Hemp Cannabis sativa L. Effect of roasting on antioxidative properties, polyphenol profile and fatty acids composition of hemp Cannabis sativa L. Safety assessment of the innovative functional food ingredient from Cannabis sativa L. From forbidden fruit to the goose that lays golden eggs: marijuana tourism in Colorado. The role of registers and databases in the protection of traditional knowledge: a comparative analysis. Storing and sharing: a review of indigenous and local knowledge conservation initiatives. Published by Oxford University Press. Download all slides. Views 6, More metrics information. Total Views 6, Email alerts Article activity alert. Advance article alerts. New issue alert. In progress issue alert. Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic. Citing articles via Web of Science 4. SesamumGDB: a comprehensive platform for Sesamum genetics and genomics analysis. SMCVdb: a database of experimental cellular toxicity information for drug candidate molecules. RettDb: the Rett syndrome omics database to navigate the Rett syndrome genomic landscape. AbAMPdb: a database of Acinetobacter baumannii specific antimicrobial peptides. More from Oxford Academic. Biological Sciences. Science and Mathematics. Authoring Open access Purchasing Institutional account management Rights and permissions. Get help with access Accessibility Contact us Advertising Media enquiries.

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