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Media Exposure and Marijuana and Alcohol Use Among Adolescents

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Injury Epidemiology volume 7 , Article number: 2 Cite this article. Metrics details. Use of alcohol and other drugs is a major risk factor for assaultive injuries and violent deaths. The purpose of this study was to examine the time trends in the prevalence of alcohol and marijuana detected in homicide victims. We used the Cochran-Armitage test for trend to assess the statistical significance of changes in the prevalence of alcohol and marijuana detected in these homicide victims during the study period. Overall, During the study period, the prevalence of marijuana increased from Marked increases in the prevalence of marijuana were observed in both sexes and across age and racial groups. Marijuana is increasingly detected in homicide victims irrespective of demographic characteristics. Further research is needed to assess the causal role of marijuana use and concurrent use of marijuana and alcohol in homicide victimization. Homicide is a major cause of injury mortality, particularly for black adolescents and young adults Logan et al. Goodman et al. The mechanisms linking alcohol use to increased homicide risk have been studied extensively. For instance, the pharmacological disinhibition model posits that alcohol intoxication impacts the area of the brain responsible for impulse control, judgment and interpretation of social cues, resulting in impulsive or aggressive behaviors Exum Similarly, it is evident that marijuana use impairs cognitive functions, inhibits impulse control, and increases aggressive behaviors Yanowitch and Coccaro ; Temple et al. Moreover, withdrawal from chronic marijuana use may instigate irritability and heighten the risk of conflict and aggression Smith et al. Despite the growing body of evidence linking alcohol and marijuana to homicide victimization, there is a dearth of information about the contemporary trends in the prevalence of alcohol and marijuana among homicide victims in the United States Kuhns and Maguire ; Delaveris et al. Given the increased permissibility and availability of marijuana, it is necessary to closely monitor its potential adverse health consequences, particularly its involvement in injuries. This study assessed time trends in the prevalence of alcohol and marijuana detected in homicide victims in 9 US states from through Violent deaths refer to fatalities resulting from the intentional use of physical force, power, or other means against others or oneself. The prevalence of alcohol and marijuana detected in homicide victims was calculated by the calendar year and victim characteristics. The Cochran-Armitage test for trend was used to assess the statistical significance of trends in binomial proportions of substance positivity analyzed in this study. Data analysis was performed using SAS, version 9. Homicide victims tested for alcohol and drugs were more likely than those not tested to be white The two groups did not differ significantly in age and sex distributions and incident circumstances such as a fight between two people, drug dealing or death due to the firearm that subsequently led to death. Of the 12, homicide victims with toxicological testing results, Among those testing positive for alcohol, the mean BAC was 0. The prevalence of alcohol and marijuana varied significantly with demographic characteristics Table 1. Male victims were more likely than female victims to test positive for alcohol, marijuana, and both substances. Black victims had a considerably higher prevalence of marijuana During the study period, the prevalence of marijuana detected in homicide victims almost doubled, increasing from Due to the divergent trends, the prevalence of marijuana surpassed the prevalence of alcohol in Fig. The prevalence of marijuana increased in both sexes but the increase was more pronounced in female victims from 5. The prevalence of marijuana detected in homicide victims increased across age and racial groups Figs. Our results indicate that the prevalence of marijuana among homicide victims almost doubled during the through study period while the prevalence of alcohol declined slightly. As a result, marijuana has become the most commonly detected substance in homicide victims. Although demographic distributions of alcohol detected in homicide victims are consistent with drinking behavior in the general population, the epidemiologic patterns of marijuana detected in homicide victims differ markedly from the results of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health Azofeifa et al. Specifically, the prevalence of marijuana detected in homicide victims is about three times the prevalence of self-reported past-year marijuana use in the general population and has increased more rapidly than in the general population. Moreover, the age and race gradients in the prevalence of marijuana detected in homicide victims, particularly the excess prevalence detected in adolescent victims and black victims, are much more pronounced than in the general population. These findings are of potential public health significance because previous research has established alcohol use and marijuana use as risk factors for violent death Wolfgang ; Goldstein ; Sampson and Lauristen ; Howell ; Galea et al. If confirmed, results of our study indicate that marijuana is playing an increasingly important role in homicide victimization. The marked increase in the prevalence of marijuana reported in the present study is germane to the growing decriminalization of marijuana NCSL Although medical marijuana laws do not seem to have a measurable impact on adolescent marijuana use, legalizing recreational marijuana is associated with the increased use of marijuana among youth Rusby et al. Given that more states are considering to legalize recreational marijuana, it is necessary to develop surveillance systems for monitoring the exposure and health consequences related to marijuana. This study has several notable limitations. First, toxicological testing and reporting varied by states. The cross-state variations become particularly problematic for those states with independent county coroner systems rather than a centralized medical examiner system. Given that the 9 states studied account for only about Third, the NVDRS does not record the deltatetrahydrocannabinol level and information about the timing and dosage of marijuana use. Hence, positive results of toxicological testing indicate marijuana use but do not necessarily imply marijuana-induced impairment. Fourth, the overall increase in marijuana positivity might be partially attributed to improved toxicological testing procedures and increased marijuana use in the general population as marijuana becomes more permissible and more accessible. Fifth, data on the type of marijuana use medical or recreational were not available. Thus, the marked increase in marijuana in homicide victims reported in this study cannot be attributed to any particular source of marijuana procurement. Finally, we restricted our analysis to the two most commonly used substances — alcohol and marijuana. Other drugs, such as cocaine, amphetamines, and opiates, may also contribute to homicide victimization although they are less frequently detected in homicide victims than alcohol and marijuana. Despite these limitations, this study provides valuable evidence about the upward trends in recent years in the prevalence of marijuana use and concurrent use of alcohol and marijuana detected in homicide victims. A more comprehensive analysis based on the entire NVDRS data system is warranted to corroborate the findings of this study and shed light on other drugs, such as opiates, methamphetamines, and cocaine. There has been a substantial increase in the prevalence of marijuana use detected in homicide victims across demographic groups in the United States between and Since , marijuana has surpassed alcohol to become the most frequently detected substance in homicide victims. During the study period, the prevalence of concurrent use of alcohol and marijuana detected in homicide victims has also increased significantly. Our findings indicate that marijuana use is increasingly detected in homicide victims and that the role of marijuana plays in homicide victimization needs to be rigorously examined. Auckloo M, Davies BB. Post-mortem toxicology in violent fatalities in Cape Town, South Africa: a preliminary investigation. J Forensic Legal Med. Article Google Scholar. Google Scholar. Accessed 26 July Darke S. The toxicology of homicide offenders and victims: a review. Drug Alcohol Rev. Darke S, Duflou J. Toxicology and circumstances of death of homicide victims in New South Wales, Australia J Forensic Sci. Drugs and violent death: comparative toxicology of homicide and non-substance toxicity suicide victims. Non-natural manners of death among users of illicit drugs: substance findings. Forensic Sci Int. Exum ML. Alcohol and aggression: an integration of findings from experimental studies. J Crim Just. Drugs and firearm deaths in New York City, J Urban Health. Goldstein PJ. Homicide related to drug traffic. Bull N Y Acad Med. Alcohol use and interpersonal violence: alcohol detected in homicide victims. Am J Public Health. Prevalence and factors associated with criminal behavior among illicit drug users: a cross-sectional study. Subst Use Misuse. Association of drug and alcohol use with adolescent firearm homicide at individual, family, and neighborhood levels. Hound Labs. How long can marijuana be detected in drug tests? Accessed 18 June Howell JC. Youth gang drug trafficking and homicide: policy and program implications. Juvenile Justice. Perceived prevalence of peer marijuana use: changes among college students before and after Oregon recreational marijuana legalization. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. Drug and alcohol use by homicide victims in Trinidad and Tobago, Forensic Sci Med Pathol. A meta-analysis of alcohol toxicology study findings among homicide victims. A meta-analysis of marijuana, cocaine and opiate toxicology study findings among homicide victims. Homicides - United States, MMWR Suppl. PubMed Google Scholar. State medical marijuana laws. Updated July 2, Accessed 1 Aug Inj Epidemiol. Legalization of recreational marijuana and community sales policy in Oregon: impact on adolescent willingness and intent to use, parent use, and adolescent use. Psychol Addict Behav. Sampson R, Lauristen JL. Violent victimization and offending: individual, situational, and community-level risk factors. In: National Research Council, editor. Understanding and preventing violence, volume 3. Marijuana withdrawal and aggression among a representative sample of U. Drug Alcohol Depend. Substance use as a longitudinal predictor of the perpetration of teen dating violence. J Youth Adolesc. Wolfgang M. Victim precipitated criminal homicide. J Crim Law Criminol. Yanowitch R, Coccaro EF. The neurochemistry of human aggression. Adv Genet. Download references. The contents of this article are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not represent the official views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or the US Department of Health and Human Services. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. ON literature review; analysis, and interpretation of results; drafting of manuscript; critical revision. GL study concept and design; data and funding acquisition; oversight and supervision; interpretation of results; drafting of manuscript; critical revision. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript. Correspondence to Guohua Li. Guohua Li serves as editor-in-chief of the journal, Injury Epidemiology, and was not involved in the review or handling of this manuscript. The authors have no other competing interests to disclose. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Reprints and permissions. Nazarov, O. Trends in alcohol and marijuana detected in homicide victims in 9 US states: — Download citation. Received : 26 August Accepted : 11 December Published : 06 January Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Skip to main content. Search all BMC articles Search. Download PDF. Download ePub. Abstract Background Use of alcohol and other drugs is a major risk factor for assaultive injuries and violent deaths. Results Overall, Conclusions Marijuana is increasingly detected in homicide victims irrespective of demographic characteristics. Background Homicide is a major cause of injury mortality, particularly for black adolescents and young adults Logan et al. Statistical analysis The prevalence of alcohol and marijuana detected in homicide victims was calculated by the calendar year and victim characteristics. Results Homicide victims tested for alcohol and drugs were more likely than those not tested to be white Full size image. Discussion Our results indicate that the prevalence of marijuana among homicide victims almost doubled during the through study period while the prevalence of alcohol declined slightly. Limitations This study has several notable limitations. Conclusions There has been a substantial increase in the prevalence of marijuana use detected in homicide victims across demographic groups in the United States between and Google Scholar Darke S. Article Google Scholar Hound Labs. Google Scholar Howell JC. Article Google Scholar Wolfgang M. Acknowledgements Not applicable. View author publications. Consent for publication Not Applicable. Competing interests Dr. About this article. Cite this article Nazarov, O. Copy to clipboard. Contact us General enquiries: journalsubmissions springernature.

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