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By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. To learn more, view our Privacy Policy. To browse Academia. In Cameroon samples of three antimalarial drugs from different sources in 16 villages and cities throughout the country were collected. Drug quality was assessed by a simple color reaction test and semi-quantitative thin-layer chromatography. In the Congo Fake antiretrovirals were found in Lubumbashi in December Preliminary investigations showed that fake labels were put on bottles containing non-ARV pharmaceutical products. Some tablets have been identified to contain fluvoxamine anti The presence of counterfeits and sub-standards in African medicines market is a dramatic problem that causes many deaths each year. The increase of the phenomenon of pharmaceutical counterfeiting is due to the rise of the illegal market and to the impossibility to purchase branded high cost medicines. In this paper the results of a quality control on antimalarial tablet samples purchased in the informal market in Congo, Burundi and Angola are reported. The quality control consisted in the assay of active substance by means of validated liquid chromatographic methods, uniformity of mass determination, disintegration and dissolution tests. Moreover, a general evaluation on label and packaging characteristics was performed. The results obtained on thirty antimalarial tablet samples containing chloroquine, quinine, mefloquine, sulphadoxine and pyrimethamine showed the presence of different kinds of problems: a general problem concerning the packaging loose tablets, packaging without Pr Malaria is a parasitic disease caused by the bite of female Anopheles mosquito and particularly affects the tropical areas of the world. According to national statistics it is the leading cause of consultations and hospitalizations. Nowadays, despite the surveillance systems for efficient malaria control and access to generic drugs, Benin is witnessing an increased development of illicit drug markets with a large part of the population going towards such markets. However, this is not without adverse impact on the health of individuals, as well as, the economic status of the country. Therefore, the situation needs to be seriously considered by policy makers at various levels, health professionals but also the entire international community in order to thwart this scourge. Baba-Moussa et al. Therefore, 40 antimalarial batches were randomly collected in the illicit drug market and submitted to analytical tests such as: macroscopic examination a visual and critical examination ; mass uniformity test; disintegration test; identification test and active ingredients' content measurement. At the end of the study, the percentages of non-compliance is Overall , The findings of this study prove that street vended drugs offer no guarantee of good quality and pose a threat to the health of populations. Also, the rate of non-compliance denotes a flaw in the security of the drug distribution system. Background: Malaria is a tropical parasitic disease caused by Plasmodium species, mainly falciparum, transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito, strongly affecting sub-Saharan Africa and Indian areas. Generic antimalarial drugs sold in these regions require tighter quality control as counterfeiting has grown more and more out of control. Quality scores were expressed as a percentage of compliance with each or the whole set of 13 tests. The samples were collected from community pharmacies and ambulatory street vendors. For comparison, available literature data related to the subject was retri Retail pharmaceutical products are commonly used to treat fever and malaria in sub-Saharan African countries. Small scale studies have suggested that poor quality antimalarials are widespread throughout the region, but nationwide data are not available that could lead to generalizable conclusions about the extent to which poor quality drugs are available in African communities. This study aimed to assess the quality of antimalarials available from retail outlets across mainland Tanzania. We systematically purchased samples of oral antimalarial tablets from retail outlets across 21 districts in mainland Tanzania in A systematic subsample of products was assessed for quality by laboratory based analysis to determine the First, it looks at the role of the Japanese media during the scandal development. Largely owing to this, Kitagawa was able to sidestep allegations of abuse for decades. Importantly, this power-network becomes decisive in soft-pedaling the scandal, or fueling the hype. One section is dedicated to the issue of sexual abuse in Japan and the West. This thesis encompasses South Asia as an area of interest mainly focusing on the Indo-Pak conflict and its impact on the regional as well as global arena. Furthermore, a non-experimental research design is used while using neo-realism and power transition theory as a theoretical framework. The thesis focuses mainly on China's policies and the United States' abrupt inward turn which are both the consequence of factors represented in the variables. The critical independent variable is patriotism, which, in combination with China's and the United States' power trajectories, defines how their relationship will unfold in the next years. Hence, there is an ample reason to expect a soft landing as the world evolves from unipolarity to multipolarity. It has been about a few years since the United States and China saw their relationship deteriorate due to an increase in hostilities and a decrease in collaboration. Increased disagreement and strain in US-China security relations may be unavoidable. The United States and China are in the midst of a power transition that has significant ramifications for the balance of power in South and East Asia and for their respective national security objectives. As the power transfer progresses, it is likely that a great power struggle will increase emerging as a new cold war. Monumenta Germanorum Archaeologica Hungariae Vol. Discussiones Mathematicae. Differential Inclusions, Control and Optimization, International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Log in with Facebook Log in with Google. Remember me on this computer. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Need an account? Click here to sign up. Baba-moussa , Flore Gangbo , T Dougnonus. Antimalarial drug quality: methods to detect suspect drugs Dana Hostetler , Harparkash Kaur. A nationwide survey of the quality of antimalarials in retail outlets in Tanzania Catherine Goodman. Pauweds y J. Bergier - La rebelion de los brujos. The Johnny's sex abuse scandal Igor Prusa. The opinions expressed herein are those of the author s and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U. Agency for International Development. For more information, contact: U. Basco, L. Molecular epidemiology of malaria in Cameroon: quality of antimalarial drugs used for self-medication. Some tablets have been identified to contain fluvoxamine antidepressant or cyclobenzaprine muscle relaxant. Counterfeiters have targeted health prescribers and patients to buy these cheap ARVs. Ravinetto R. Antidepressants are sold as antiretrovirals in DR Congo. The Lancet ; Ethiopia Antiretrovirals Smugglers are illegally importing drugs and passing them off as antiretroviral drugs. Ethiopian health officials have warned the public not to buy these drugs. He discovered the root crop cassava masquerading as ampicillin. Cassava when pulverized turns into a white powder, similar in appearance to the antibiotic. Such actions appear to be paying off. Ghana antimalarials: a study in selected African countries. Counterfeit medicines becoming harder to spot. Issue: ; London UK. PJB Publications Ltd. The quality of antimalarials: a study in selected African countries. Ivory Coast Ginovir 3D capsule antiretroviral combination product consisting of zidovudine mg, lamivudine mg, and indinavir 40 mg The WHO received information about the availability of a counterfeit version of this antiretroviral triple combination product. Results showed the samples did not contain lamivudine or indinavir; they contained zidovudine mg, stavudine 40 mg, and an unidentified substance. The manufacturer on the label was Selchi Pharmaceuticals, Namibia. AIDS drugs being sold illegally on market stalls in Kenya. Lancet ; Maponga, C and Ondari, C. Pharmacists are spearheading a campaign against unlicensed drugs. IRIN focus on efforts to curb the vending of medicines. IRIN news. Fighting fake pharmaceuticals: small steps. Nigeria attacks fakes. Authentication News, This was made possible through an enlightenment campaign. The agency established independent contacts in both countries to regulate the exports. Measures included awarding a certificate for export to Nigeria from India, random checks on shipments, sending samples to laboratories throughout India for sampling, preshipment information requirement. Nigeria fights corruption. Issue no. London, UK. This led to the public burning of fake and substandard regulated products Akunyili D. Denver CO: Reconnaissance Intl; Nigeria says counterfeit medicines are falling. Sliva Jan. Counterfeit drugs deemed threat in Europe. Nigeria criticizes China over counterfeit threat. Daily International Pharma Alert. Feb 14, ; vol 3, no Available from www. Forum established to tackle drug counterfeiting. March 22, ; vol 3, no Physical analysis of these 21 samples of ampicillin and 6 of 12 samples of oyxtetracycline showed unusual appearance. Drugs in the parallel market for the treatment of urethral discharge in Dakar: epidemiologic investigation and physicochemical tests. Intl J Infect Dis ; 6 2 : Submitted to the U. All rights reserved Teulieres L. Senegal case study. Senegal tackling counterfeits. Upunda G. Tanzania case study. A simplified assessment for quality of sulfadoxinepyrimethamine products from rural Tanzania. Chloroquine Result of an open randomized study showed that chloroquine was less bioavailable in a sugar-coated compared to a plain formulation. The mean area under the curve AUC was All rights reserved Minilab detects substandard drugs. Issue: ; West Sussex, UK. The maximum blood concentration Cpmax for plain chloroquine was Investigators attribute the problem to poor quality control procedures of some drug manufacturers. Trop Doctor ; To assess the quality of AQ and SP, samples of these drugs were obtained from eight wholesale pharmacies authorized to import medicines in Dar Es Salaam. Fifteen AQ and 18 SP samples were collected and tested for identity, content of active ingredients and dissolution assay as described by USP. J Clin Pharm Ther ; 28 2 : Antiretrovirals Fake antiretrovirals were found in the market. Kibumba G. Nyakairu Frank, and Nakabugo Zurah. Fake drugs smuggled from DR Congo. The Monitor Kampala , October 1, Available from: www. Zidovudine tablets An HIV-infected man was reported to purchase zidovudine that turned out to contain no active ingredient upon analysis. Selfmedication with zidovudine that was not. Counterfeits continue to emerge in Asia. Chemical assay showed 7 brands contained less active ingredient than USP specification. Hossain A, Rafiquzzaman, Haque M. The Drug Administration DA put all drug imports under precustoms inspection at all entry points seaports and airports to crack down on substandard drugs and fake packaging. Special police force will support inspectors in this action. In early , the Public Health and Drugs Testing Laboratory in its annual testing of local samples found either counterfeit or substandard. The country is reported to have about 30, illegal drugstores in addition to a similar number of licensed drugstores. War against fake drugs waged. Pre-customs inspection at all entry points, special police force in action. The Daily Star Web Edition, vol. Seven out of 10 were found substandard; pH of 6 brands were out of BP range and less viscosity was found on 2 brands. Quality assessment of some paediatric cotrimoxazole suspensions marketed in Bangladesh. Artesunate tablet Tablets were obtained from shops, pharmacies, NGOs, and hospitals in from 5 Asian countries. Fake artesunate in southeast Asia. Rozendaal J. Fake antimalarial drugs in Cambodia. Blum N, Smine A. A Ministry of Health drug market study reported an overall failure rate of Phirun U, Sokhan C. Cambodia case study. Seyha R. Government anticounterfeits intervention: the social marketing of EDAT. Greenwood Village: Reconnaissance Intl; Artesunate Sophisticated second and third generations of counterfeit artesunate labeled as produced by Guilin Pharma have been found in this country. The fake products have new, convincing, and very well crafted but fake holograms attached to the blisterpacks. Newton P. Counterfeit artesunate antimalarial tablets. Crampton T. Fake malaria pills haunt Asians. International Herald Tribune, August 25, Available at : www. Antimalarial drug quality in Mekong countries Results obtained from this project have been reported to authorities and communicated to relevant parties. The DRAs of the various countries have taken appropriate action to address the problem. The Food and Drug Department FDD of Cambodia produced information, education and communication materials TV spots, calendar, T-shirt, and posters to raise awareness among health care professionals and the general public on the danger of using fake drugs including artesunate, quinine, and tetracycline in collaboration with other law enforcement agencies, e. The FDD also organized a workshop and invited manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers, and health care professionals to discuss the issues of counterfeit drugs in Cambodia. Antimalarial drug quality monitoring project in the Mekong region Poor quality of antimalarial drugs in Cambodia addressed. USP Press. WHO launches campaign against counterfeit medicines. Bulletin of the World Health Organization ; 81 12 : pp. Lon CT, Tsuyuoka R, et al. Counterfeit and substandard antimalarial drugs in Cambodia. Trans R. Imuran tablets The counterfeit tablets contained the correct amount of the Power G. Counterfeit pharmaceuticals GSK. Upon testing, these tablets failed the quality specification for disintegration time. After 4 hours in water, the tablets remained intact, whereas the genuine tablets dissolve within 45 minutes. Greenwood Village: Reconnaissance Intl; Zinacef tablets The genuine tablets contain the oral dosage form cefuroxime axetil. Analysis of the counterfeits revealed the injectable dose form, cefuroxime sodium, which when taken orally results in minimal absorption by the digestive system and therefore has no therapeutic benefit. Power G. Albumin In September , a patient died after albumin was administered intravenously by the physician. Police found the albumin bottle counterfeit. It was falsely labeled to look like a local Chinese pharmaceutical brand and contained an unknown liquid that proved fatal in the human bloodstream. Fackler M. Shenzhen Evening News reported , deaths in China with the use of bogus or poor quality drugs in Goodman P. Not what the doctor ordered: China is awash in fake drugs. International Herald Tribune. The PBI Asian Medical eNewsletter reported on March 4, that the Shanghai Drug Administration Bureau plans to strengthen its anti-counterfeiting efforts through increased monitoring of the drug market and by following the whole process from manufacturing to selling and tracking adverse reactions. In , the Bureau inspected 14, drugs and found to be below quality standards. Some contained talcum powder or flour while others contained toxic materials. The Fighting fake pharmaceuticals: small steps. Shanghai enforcement. Antimalarials The head of the litigation department of Rouse and Co, a legal firm in China, reported progress in curbing illegal pharmaceutical manufacturers through criminal action against large scale networks; 11 people have recently been arrested and are facing prosecution. Scrip World Pharmaceutical News June 11, Issue ; London, UK. PJB Publications Ltd: p. The Shanghai Municipal FDA signed a memorandum of understanding with Pfizer which will train staff in detection and dealing with counterfeit pharmaceutical activities. The training is part of the preparation for planned SMFDA raids to shut down fake pharmaceutical production operations. Early , the sentinel sites staff of Yunnan Province completed round 1 testing of antimalarials artesunate, quinine, chloroquine, SP using basic tests visual inspection, dissolution, and TLC. A total of 39 samples were tested. Basic test results indicated that 35 of the 39 samples were authentic, while two samples failed and two were considered doubtful. Testing results indicate that two artesunate lots and contained no active ingredient. Due to lax regulations in mainland China, ingredients for these drugs were imported to Taiwan for manufacture, packaging and sale. Counterfeit medicine ring busted. The China Post. WHO global taskforce to tackle counterfeit drugs. Nine killed by fake Chinese Drug. May 22, May 18, Xiaoyi S, Fake Viagra maker given year prison term. China Daily; May 10, Substandard tuberculosis drugs on the global market and their simple detection. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis ; 5 5 : Diethylene glycol poisoning in Gurgaon, India, WHO ; 79 2 : India case study. The committee recommended stiffer penalties such as death for selling or producing fake medicines. Mudur G. India to introduce death penalty for peddling fake drugs. Br Med J ; The drug control department of the Delhi government carried out inspections of chemists and manufacturing units in January. As a result, licenses of chemists and three manufacturing units were suspended for violations of the Drugs and Cosmetics law sale of schedule 'H' drugs without prescription. According to Delhi health minister Yoganand Shastri, the testing laboratory of the government took samples of drugs and cosmetics, of which eight were found to be substandard. Prosecutions followed for the chemists and manufacturers found in violation. The government has decided to coordinate better with the Delhi police in curbing the manufacturing and sale of spurious drugs as well as the sale of drugs without prescription. New Delhi: The weather change may have sent people rushing to their chemists, but they were not the only ones visiting. Among them were amoxicillin mg capsule that contained only BPOM finds 55 items of counterfeit medicines in circulation. Issue June 23, Artesunate Sophisticated second and third generations of counterfeit artesunate labeled as produced by Guilin Pharma have been found in this country. Antimalarials Data obtained from the USP DQI antimalarial drug quality monitoring project started in in the Mekong region showed the presence of fake and substandard antimalarial drugs. The Food and Drug Department of Laos has issued recall notice for four lots of artesunate tablets to all 17 provincial Health and Drug Authority after receiving a verification test report of these fake artesunate from Food and Drug Quality Control Centre. The provincial authorities, in turn, have conducted investigative inspections of the distribution chain and confiscated all fake artesunate tablets found in pharmacies and drug retailers. Legal action is under way against all those who sell these fake drugs. Pharmacopeia Drug Quality and Information Program. Fake antimalarials in SE Asia. Samples were randomly obtained from the districts, pharmacies, shops that were selected by persons not involved in the collection of samples in the field. The results for the other 15 drugs samples are not yet available. Artemether There are reports of fake intramuscular artemether labeled as produced by Kunming Pharmaceuticals. Three drugs were expired and the expiration date was not available for six others. One product did not contain the active drug declared chlortetracycline; Lombisin, unicorn, China and did not show any in vitro activity against bacteria. The dosage was not available for 5 drugs. Prazuck Thierry, Falconi Isabelle, et al. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, ; vol. After analysis, it was found that the main active ingredient in the substance he was given was paracetamol acetaminophen. PLoS Med 3 6 : e The manufacturer listed was Adip Labs of Kalol in India; investigation revealed that no such company exists. Test revealed the capsules contained a white odorless powder that was not the active ingredient. In a batch of spot tests conducted last year, 96 out of the samples of medicines expired Thiabric, Antozol, Omiproazol and Norifloxacin were found to be substandard. Rai D. Which is real, and which is fake? Ever wondered why the medicine you take for that cough never seems to work? Nepali Times March , Multinationals urge Pakistan to raise drug prices. Jan 27, ; vol 3, no Waqar A. Daily Times; April 6, Issue ; West Sussex, UK. The most commonly found counterfeit drugs are listed in the previous column. November 7, Maintenance drugs for cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases; OTC products such as analgesics paracetamol ; antibiotics; cough syrups, tablets, and capsules A local newspaper reported that a Senate inquiry was told that more than 7 billion pesos worth of fake medicines is being sold in the country, most of them coming from India, China, Taiwan, and Pakistan. It was also reported that the director of the BFAD admitted to the committee that her office failed to conduct random sampling of drugs in the past due to limited resources budget and adequate staff. Martin S. P7-B fake drugs for sale. From maintenance to paracetamol. The Manila Times. October 07, Gevera Mai. Fake drugs alarm DOH. Philippine Information Agency press release, October 13, Vendor of fake whitening cream nabbed. Furosemide Lasix , levonorgestrel Postinor , norethisterone Primolut , finasteride Proscar , sildenafil Viagra Counterfeit versions of the products mentioned in the previous column were found in drugstores in , according to a senior pharmaceutical inspector of FDA at the pre-International Conference of Drug Regulatory Authorities; the agency has undertaken measures to combat counterfeit medicines: monitoring and surveillance activities; sampling of products; strong measures for law enforcement; increased cooperation with nongovernment bodies, the police, and customs; and provides training for law enforcement officers. Asian countries on the road to tackle counterfeits. Issue ; west Sussex, UK. PJB Publications Ltd: The Food and Drug Administration of Thailand is undertaking investigation on substandard quinine, artesunate, and chloroquine with local manufacturers and distributors to find the root cause of the problem. Tablets were obtained from shops, pharmacies, NGOs, and hospitals in from 5 Asian countries. Fortum injection Hospital staff discovered adulterated product with the carton and labels showing staining, which indicated that they may have been salvaged from the waste stream. Upon removal of the plastic flip-off, puncture marks in the rubber plugs and yellow staining were noted, which meant they had been used previously and degrade residues were not cleaned off. Analysis showed the content to be streptomycin, which is a cheap and ineffective substitute for ceftazidime, the active ingredient of Fortum. The Drug Administration of Vietnam has issued an investigation notice to all 64 provincial health and drug authorities to inspect targeted pharmacies for the specific lot number of fake artesunate tablets as reported by the monitoring project. The Provincial authorities have ordered a recall of this product from the market. Chau L. Vietnam on the lookout for fake drug. Thanh Nien News; May 12, Son N. Fake erectile dysfunction medicines on sale in Vietnam; April 24, The quality of antimalarials available in Yemen. Malaria Journal ; vol. These were withdrawn from pharmacies and 12 pharmacies were closed. The high price of officially Counterfeit drugs spreading in Kyrgyzstan. Scrip World Pharmaceutical News. April 9, Issue Also available at: www. The government plans to open special quality control laboratories at customs terminals in order to reduce the circulation of counterfeit drugs in the country. Moldova concerned about counterfeits or dateexpired products. Scrip World Pharmaceutical news March 12, Also available at www. Insulin A Danish manufacturer reported that more than 1, patients were hospitalized in Volgograd as a result of complications linked to counterfeit insulin. Association of International Pharmaceutical Manufacturers. AIPM position paper. Counterfeit drugs in Russia AIPM, Moscow. In , physicians reported Sumamed capsules as ineffective. Analysis in Zagreb showed fake drug contained no active substances. Antibiotic Claforan In August , the manufacturer identified fake Claforan in pharmacies. Lab analysis conducted by the company and the Ministry of Health revealed that the fake product contained active substances and higher than permissible levels of the toxic substance, methanol. Russian survey reveals rampant fakes and consumer psyche. Authentication News, April ; vol 9 no. The Coalition for Intellectual Property Rights. For immediate release April 25, Petersburg May , Mr. Toporkov presented statistics for the first four months of 23 cases of counterfeit medicines contained within 43 different lots. The drugs listed in the previous column were counterfeited during the first 3 months of , according to data provided by the Department of the Control of Drug Quality. Thomson T. Strengthening pharmaceutical controls in Eastern Europe. Russian authorities have seized over tonnes of illicitly manufactured pharmaceuticals in the previous three years, according to the Federal Control Service. Officials have been trying to tighten border controls, but these efforts have been undermined by the recent abolition of the Department of Pharmaceutical Inspection. Russia in new crackdown on counterfeits. Dec 27, ; vol 2, no. Amendments to the criminal code have been drafted, including fines and prison sentences. Russia to introduce criminal penalties for counterfeit drugs. A recent UN survey states that Russia is the fifth-largest producer of fake medicines in the world. CIS states in joint anti-counterfeiting action plan. Jan 20, ; vol 30, no The State Department for Quality Control carried out raids and revealed the following counterfeiting cases: 1. About 15 series of counterfeit Sumamed were found in several pharmacies the genuine product is produced by Pliva of Croatia. The capsules and package did not differ from the genuine product in appearance; however, the capsules did not contain the active ingredient azithromycin, but instead contained streptocide. Cerebrolysin solution produced under a nonexisting series was confiscated from pharmacies in Kiev. All medications as a whole met the requirements set forth in the specifications, but their markings differed from those of the genuine product. The package of counterfeit drugs did not bear the corresponding trademark. The manufacturer Ebeve, Austria said this series was not produced by the company and was not exported to Ukraine. Investigation by the State Department for Quality Control revealed that the certificate accompanying the medication was issued for another medication produced by a pharmaceutical company from India. Counterfeit cerebrolysin was also found in Volhynia wherein the ampoules had labels different from the authentic product. Substances other than therapeutic agents are passed off as pharmaceuticals. Building legislation and regulatory implementation environments: the Ukraine experience. Counterfeit Pentalgin B tablets were found marked as being produced by the pharmaceutical company Biostimulator in Odessa and did not contain codeine and other ingredients. Biostimulator, which produces narcotics and psychotropic preparations, claimed that these tablets have never been produced by the company. Counterfeit Cephasoline with false labels contained streptomicide and penicillin instead of the active ingredient mentioned in the labels. Counterfeit Beres Plus drops were found in the Zaporzhzhia region with a manufacturing date on the package. The manufacturer, Lubnypharm, revealed that these products had not been packaged by the company since Essel Forte capsules manufactured by Nabros Pharma Pvt. The names of both medications were similar. Some of the packages of the Essel Forte had the logo of a Ukrainian pharmaceutical company, Darnitsa, which later issued an official statement that it was not involved with this series of medications. Inspection of counterfeit Trihopol revealed that these medications had false quality certificates. Laboratory analysis showed these medications did not meet technical standards for Trihopol. Lacerca F. A German relief organization detected counterfeit ampicillin through visual inspection. Later assays revealed these products to Kusters G. Partnerships for public awareness and patient protection. Acurcio F, Chaves JG. Brazil case study: State of Minas Gerais. Within 18 months, INVIMA confiscated more than 18 tons of adulterated, relabeled, stolen, contraband, and counterfeit drugs. Vials contained colored water. In Latin America, fake drugs are as lucrative as cocaine. Business Week Online. June Bulk materials used for counterfeiting medicines are: cement, talc, boric acid, and other industrial components. Between and , INVIMA confiscated 15 tons of different brands of tablets and capsules, 10 million ampoules of different brands, and 18, vials of different medicines. Aldana JC. Politica de lucha contra la corrupcion de medicamentos en Colombia. A global security representative of Pfizer reported about a raid on a manufacturing facility for fake Viagra. The finished product lay in piles on the floor. Ex-FBI man warns of counterfeit threat. Invima reported that in , more than tons of fake medicines that were locally produced were seized, including analgesics and a brand of antiretroviral produced by a multinational company in Colombia. In , 38 illegal laboratories producing fake drugs were dismantled and Invima found fake medicines made of flour, sugar, boric acid and cement lime. Invima is on the look out for drugs that are bought in neighboring countries like Peru, Ecuador, and Venezuela that are nearing or past their sell-by-date, and are then repackaged in Colombia with a different expiry date and sold to illegal dealers. Invima works in collaboration with pharmacy owners, police, public prosecutors, and regional health authorities to try to identify the fake drugs on a local level. Colombian regulatory agency seizes 1, of fake medicines. Percentage of samples that failed quality testing: El Salvador case study. Mexican authorities are investigating the sale of counterfeit medicines in a border town that is popular among American tourists looking for cheap medicines. This incident led to an alert issued by the U. FDA on July 30, about the fake Zocor which had no active ingredient and also about substandard Carisoprodol anti-muscle spasm which was found to have a very low level of active ingredient. Stevenson M. Mexico eyes fake drugs on border. Latin America battles counterfeit drug threat. Feb 27, ; vol 3, no. Under the reforms, counterfeiting would become a crime punishable by imprisonment. Multinationals urge firm action on Mexican counterfeiting. Feb 14, ; vol 3, no. World Health Organization Fact Sheet no. Dondorp, A. Fake antimalarials in Southeast Asia are a major impediment to malaria control: multinational cross-sectional survey on the prevalence of fake antimalarials. Tropical Medicine and International Health, Dec ; vol. All rights reserved Related papers 'Islam' - what are we talking about? Kai Borrmann. Russian Literature Livre de Lyon. Manual de uso de productos quimicos David Balboa. Statement of Problem Ahmad Zaad. Amandine Marshall. British Airways and American Airways syeda sinjini. The influence of fertilizer level and spore density on arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of transgenic Bt 11 maize Zea mays in experimental microcosms Brian Pace. Cseh - E. Nagy - I. Nepper - E. Monumenta Germanorum Archaeologica Hungariae. Margit Nagy. Input-to-state stability of neutral type systems Gil Milman. Racismo religioso: uma conversa urgente! Insights into the detection of mutations and epigenetic markers using diamondoid-functionalized sensors Rodrigo Garcia Amorim. Seattle: University of Washington Press, A new approach to detecting gravitational waves via the coupling of gravity to the zero-point energy of the phonon modes of a superconductor Dr.

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Eshan Chakraborty, 22, a film studies student based in Kolkata, took his first bottle of beer one day in during Durga Puja to beat the heat. He drank his first whisky in , and later on, he also smoked a joint. As things progressed, Chakraborty began experimenting with a variety of drugs for the sheer joy of it. But eight years later, he regrets it all. There was nothing that dragged me down—no ego, no worries. I had a way of connecting with people. Substance abuse is common among young people all over the world. At parties, and get-togethers, young people use alcohol, cigarettes, and sometimes even marijuana and other hard drugs might even make it to the table. Be it curiosity or peer pressure, young people are enticed into trying addicting substances, and often they have no idea of the dangers the addiction can cause. As I grew older, I began drinking heavily. It was all to get away from what was going on at the time: academics, family problems, and stress. Adhikari adds that technological advancement has significantly impacted human relationships today. Many families have transitioned to nuclear families, and people no longer have time for one another. When both parents work, a child may not receive enough love, care, and attention. This is where internet exposure comes to play. People begin by using substances such as alcohol, marijuana, or cigarettes. These are all gateway drugs. One may believe it improves concentration and helps you focus on your studies. Cannabis is legal in some countries where it is used to treat eating disorder, AIDS, and chronic cancer , among others. However, people abuse drugs because they are unaware of the underlying dangers. The immediate high leads them to believe that these substances are euphoric paradise. Twenty-year-old Sapana Khatri is a media student based in Kathmandu. She has similar experiences with substance abuse. I felt a little anxious, but overall, I liked the feeling, I could really concetrante. She started getting more anxious and realised that this form of escape was not worth it. According to Adhikari, drugs and alchohol can cause dopamine levels in your brain to rise. You experience immediate happiness. However, the changes in your brain caused by the use of these substances gradually develop into a physical and psychological dependence. Substance abuse can occur for a variety of reasons. Aashma Pokharel, a year-old student from Itahari, recalls a specific incident with her distant relative. The relative lived with his grandparents because both of his parents had gone abroad. He often described to me the feeling as if he was on cloud nine. The substance provided him with an escape from his misery. A cigarette break is an effective socialisation technique that has helped my shy friends tremendously. She says that she started smoking because her friends asked her to. Aslami describes the first time she smoked a joint as feeling out of this world. Aslami believes that young people like her might have a lot of stress that people do not anticipate. There are bad relationships and family problems. They helped me get out of my head because my heart and mind were always in conflict. It is influenced by genetics and heredity. One is influenced by their social strata, caste, financial status, and academic background. The way you cope is the psychological facet. Tara Upreti, 21, also has bad days like many of her peers. She is an aspiring make-up artist and studies mass communication. According to her, the trend of escapism through substances is widespread because other coping mechanisms require time and effort. But youths are gravitating towards using weed or alcohol to escape their sadness than engage in these activities. Dhungel was a Culture and Lifestyle reporter at the Post. She also wrote human interest stories focusing on inclusivity, human rights and youth representation. Published at : March 14, Updated at : March 14, The escapism Substance abuse can occur for a variety of reasons. Some of the names have been changed to maintain the anonymity of the sources. Related News. Editor's Picks.

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