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subway, London, England, United Kingdom
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London Underground , also called the Tube , underground railway system that services the London metropolitan area .
The London Underground was proposed by Charles Pearson, a city solicitor, as part of a city improvement plan shortly after the opening of the Thames Tunnel in 1843. After 10 years of discussion, Parliament authorized the construction of 3.75 miles (6 km) of underground railway between Farringdon Street and Bishop’s Road, Paddington . Work on the Metropolitan Railway began in 1860 by cut-and-cover methods—that is, by making trenches along the streets, giving them brick sides, providing girders or a brick arch for the roof, and then restoring the roadway on top. On Jan. 10, 1863, the line was opened, using steam locomotives that burned coke and, later, coal. Despite sulfurous fumes, the line was a success from its opening, carrying 9.5 million passengers in the first year of its existence.
In 1866 the City of London and Southwark Subway Company (later the City and South London Railway) began work on the “tube” line, using a tunneling shield developed by J.H. Greathead. The tunnels were driven at a depth sufficient to avoid interference with building foundations or public utility works, and there was no disruption of street traffic. The original plan called for cable operation, but electric traction was substituted before the line was opened. Operation began on this first electric underground railway in 1890 with a uniform fare of twopence for any journey on the 3-mile (5-km) line. In 1900 Charles Tyson Yerkes , an American railway magnate, arrived in London, and he was subsequently responsible for the construction of more tube railways and for the electrification of the cut-and-cover lines. The London Underground name first appeared in 1908. Stations functioned as air-raid shelters during World Wars I and II, with the tunnels of the unused Aldwych spur line housing artifacts from the British Museum .
The London Underground was nationalized in 1948 under the auspices of the London Transport Executive. Over the next half century, new lines were constructed, steam locomotives were completely replaced by electric ones, and new safety measures were introduced (including an automated announcement warning passengers to “mind the gap” between the train and the platform). In 2003 management of the Underground passed to Transport for London, a public entity that provides the Underground with human resources, such as conductors and station personnel. As part of a partnership scheme with the private sector, outside companies maintain the physical infrastructure of the Underground, including the stations, tracks, and railcars.
By the beginning of the 21st century, the London Underground served more than one billion passengers per year, with approximately 250 miles (400 km) of track connecting some 270 stations. As part of its ongoing upgrading of its rolling stock, the Underground introduced its first air-conditioned cars in 2010.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Public rapid transit system in London, UK
Not to be confused with London Overground .
This article is about the rapid transit system in London. For the album by Herbie Mann, see London Underground (album) .
The nickname "Tube" comes from the circular tube-like tunnels through which the small profile trains travel.
1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8 + 1 ⁄ 2 in ) standard gauge (1863–pres.)
7 ft ( 2,134 mm ) Brunel gauge (1863–1869)
Harrow & Wealdstone
Queen's Park
Stonebridge Park
Stonebridge Park
London Road
Queen's Park
West Ruislip
Ealing Broadway
Northolt
White City
North Acton
Hainault
Woodford
Epping
Loughton
Leytonstone
Newbury Park
Hammersmith (via Moorgate and Ladbroke Grove)
Edgware Road (via Embankment and Notting Hill Gate)
Ealing Broadway
Kensington (Olympia)
Richmond
Wimbledon
High Street Kensington
Edgware Road
Tower Hill
Barking
Upminster
Upminster
Ealing Common
Lille Bridge
Stanmore
Wembley Park
Willesden Green
Amersham
Chesham
Uxbridge
Watford
Rickmansworth
Harrow-on-the-Hill
Wembley Park
Baker Street
Aldgate
Edgware
High Barnet
Mill Hill East
Finchley Central
Golders Green
Kennington
Battersea Power Station
Morden
Edgware
High Barnet
Golders Green
East Finchley
Morden
Acton Town
Heathrow Terminals 2 & 3
Heathrow Terminal 4
Heathrow Terminal 5
Northfields
Rayners Lane
Uxbridge
^ Known as the Central London before 1937. [50]
^ The Metropolitan and District railways joint inner circle service started in the shape of a horseshoe, a complete loop was formed in 1884 [113] and the current spiral in 2009. The line has been referred to as the Circle line at least since 1936 and first appeared separately on the tube map in 1948. [114]
^ Originally a joint Great Western and Metropolitan railways service, the line first appeared separately on the tube map in 1990. [96]
^ The name dates from 1937. [50]
^ Until 1994 the Waterloo & City line was operated by British Rail and its predecessors.
London Underground patronage by line in 2016–17
Map of proposed termini of the Euston to Canary Wharf line. The proposed alignment is not yet known.
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "About TfL – What we do – London Underground – Facts & figures" . Transport for London . Retrieved 17 June 2014 .
^ Jump up to: a b Transport for London (23 August 2021). "Public Transport Journeys by Type of Transport" . London Datastore . Retrieved 14 September 2021 .
^ Jump up to: a b c "Annual Report and Statement of Accounts" (PDF) . Transport for London. 28 July 2021 . Retrieved 14 September 2021 .
^ "National Rail Enquiries – London Underground" . www.nationalrail.co.uk .
^ Transport for London (29 July 2019). "Facts & figures" .
^ "An overview of the British rail industry" (PDF) . Office of Rail and Road. 19 December 2014 . Retrieved 5 January 2017 .
^ Lee, Charles E (1973). The Metropolitan LIne . London: London Transport. p. 7. ISBN 0-85329 033 4 .
^ Wolmar (2004) , p. 135.
^ "Daily Ridership" . Transport for London.
^ Jump up to: a b Croome & Jackson (1993) , Preface.
^ Jump up to: a b c Attwooll, Jolyon (5 August 2015). "London Underground: 150 fascinating Tube facts" . The Daily Telegraph . London. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.
^ May, Jack (31 March 2017). "Why are there so few tube lines in South London?" . City Monitor . Retrieved 10 October 2019 .
^ "Annual Report and Statement of Accounts 2011/12" (PDF) . Transport for London. pp. 98, 100 . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . Fares revenue on LU was £2,410m... Operating expenditure on the Underground increased to £2,630m
^ "Annual Report and Statement of Accounts 2011/12" (PDF) . TfL. p. 11 . Retrieved 25 October 2015 .
^ Jump up to: a b "Contactless payment on London Underground" (Press release). Transport for London. 9 September 2014 . Retrieved 20 November 2017 .
^ Jump up to: a b c "Licencing London's contactless ticketing system" (Press release). Transport for London. 13 July 2016. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017 . Retrieved 20 November 2017 .
^ "Design in Relation to the Problem: The London Underground" . Commercial Art & Industry : 38–59. 1932 . Retrieved 21 November 2017 .
^ Sagittarius (1928). "Celebrities of Advertising II: Frank Pick" . Commercial Art & Industry : 168–9. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017 . Retrieved 21 November 2017 .
^ Barman, Christian (1948). "Frank Pick and his Influence on Design in England" . Graphis : 70–73 . Retrieved 21 November 2017 .
^ Peacock (1970) , pp. 37–38.
^ Day & Reed (2010) , p. 8.
^ Jackson (1986) , p. 19.
^ Bextor, Robin (2013). A History of the London Underground . Demand Media Limited. p. 34. ISBN 978-1909217379 .
^ Day & Reed (2010) , pp. 8, 14.
^ Simpson (2003) , p. 16.
^ Day & Reed (2010) , pp. 18–24.
^ Day & Reed (2010) , pp. 27–28.
^ Day & Reed (2010) , pp. 10–11.
^ Jump up to: a b Day & Reed (2010) , p. 26.
^ Day & Reed (2010) , p. 33.
^ Day & Reed (2010) , p. 32.
^ Day & Reed (2010) , pp. 40–45.
^ Day & Reed (2010) , pp. 50–51.
^ Day & Reed (2010) , pp. 52–56.
^ Day & Reed (2010) , pp. 50, 53.
^ Day & Reed (2010) , pp. 60–61.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Ackroyd, P. (2012). London Under. London: Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0-099-28737-7
^ Mason, M. (2013). Walk the Lines: The London Underground, Overground. London: Arrow Books. p.126. ISBN 978-0-099-55793-7
^ Jump up to: a b Emmerson, Andrew (2010). The London Underground . London: Shire Publications Ltd. ISBN 978-0-74780-790-2 .
^ Day & Reed (2010) , pp. 62–63.
^ Day & Reed (2010) , pp. 69–72, 78.
^ Jump up to: a b Green (1987) , p. 30.
^ Green (1987) , pp. 24–28.
^ Wolmar 2004 , p. 204.
^ Wolmar 2004 , p. 205.
^ Horne (2003) , p. 51.
^ Green (1987) , p. 35.
^ Green (1987) , p. 33.
^ Day & Reed (2010) , p. 94.
^ Jump up to: a b c Day & Reed (2010) , p. 122.
^ Day & Reed (2010) , pp. 84–88.
^ Jackson (1986) , pp. 134, 137.
^ Day & Reed (2010) , p. 98–103, 111.
^ Day & Reed (2010) , p. 110.
^ Jump up to: a b "Waterloo & City Line" . Clive's Underground Line Guides . Clive Feather. 14 December 2007 . Retrieved 11 June 2015 .
^ Green (1987) , p. 46.
^ Day & Reed (2010) , p. 118.
^ Day & Reed (2010) , p. 116.
^ Day & Reed (2010) , pp. 131, 133–134.
^ Horne (2006) , p. 73.
^ Day & Reed (2010) , pp. 144–145.
^ Day & Reed (2010) , pp. 135–136.
^ "Tribute to Bank Tube station bomb victims of 1941" . news.bbc.co.uk . BBC London News. 11 January 2011 . Retrieved 15 August 2021 .
^ "Bethnal Green Tube disaster marked 70 years on" . BBC News . 3 March 2013 . Retrieved 11 June 2015 .
^ Day & Reed 2008 , p. 150.
^ Jump up to: a b Cooke 1964 , p. 739.
^ Bonavia 1981 , p. 14.
^ Green (1987) , p. 54.
^ Green (1987) , pp. 56–57.
^ Green (1987) , p. 56.
^ Day & Reed 2008 , p. 163.
^ Day & Reed (2010) , pp. 160–162, 166–168, 171.
^ Day & Reed 2008 , p. 172.
^ "In Living Memory, Series 11: The 1975 Moorgate tube disaster" . BBC Radio 4 . 2 December 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2012 .
^ Green (1987) , pp. 55–56.
^ Day & Reed (2010) , pp. 178–181.
^ Green (1987) , pp. 65–66.
^ Day & Reed (2010) , pp. 186–187.
^ Croome & Jackson (1993) , p. 468.
^ Fennell 1988 , pp. 17–18.
^ "Kings Cross Tragedy Means Safety First For London Underground" . London Transport . 21 October 1997. Archived from the original on 12 February 1998 . Retrieved 14 August 2021 .
^ Day & Reed (2010) , pp. 206–211.
^ "Elizabeth Line "more mannered" than Jubilee predecessor says head of architecture" . Dezeen . 10 May 2022 . Retrieved 8 August 2022 .
^ "Chief Officers" . Transport for London. Archived from the original on 22 January 2014.
^ "About TfL – How we work – How we are governed – Subsidiary companies" . Transport for London . Retrieved 17 June 2014 .
^ "A brief history of the Underground – London Underground milestones" . Transport for London . Retrieved 6 June 2014 .
^ Day & Reed (2010) , pp. 215, 221.
^ "Circle Line extended to the west" . BBC News . 5 March 2009 . Retrieved 24 November 2011 .
^ "More than 50 killed in blasts" . The Guardian . 8 July 2005 . Retrieved 8 August 2022 .
^ Day & Reed (2010) , p. 216.
^ Topham, Gwyn (16 September 2014). "London tube introduces contactless payments" . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 8 August 2022 .
^ "Services - 541858-2020 - TED Tenders Electronic Daily" . ted.europa.eu . Retrieved 8 August 2022 . The Transport for London (TfL) Revenue Collection System collects in excess of GBP 5 billion of revenue per annum (pre Covid-19). Supporting transactions generated from over 16 million journeys per day, 0.5 million retail sales per day and in the last year 12 million Oyster and 35 million contactless payment card used to make journeys.
^ "London 2012: Games bring record London Underground users" . BBC News . 4 August 2012 . Retrieved 8 August 2022 .
^ Matters, Transport for London | Every Journey. "London Underground breaks the record again for busiest day ever on the Tube" . Transport for London . Retrieved 8 August 2022 .
^ "London Underground: 150 years" . ITV News . Retrieved 8 August 2022 .
^ Jump up to: a b Rose (2007) .
^ "East London line officially opens" . BBC News . 27 April 2010 . Retrieved 2 April 2010 .
^ "Elizabeth line: What is Crossrail and when does it open?" . BBC News . 24 May 2022 . Retrieved 8 August 2022 .
^ BBC News https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-51946409
^ "London Underground: Nine Elms and Battersea Power Station set to open" . BBC News . 3 September 2021.
^ "Northern line extension" . Transport for London. Archived from the original on 29 July 2019 . Retrieved 26 January 2016 .
^ "Northern Line extension: Two new Tube stations open" . BBC News . 20 September 2021 . Retrieved 20 September 2021 .
^ Attwooll, Jolyon (25 January 2018). "150 London Underground facts (including the birth of Jerry Springer in East Finchley station)" . The Telegraph . ISSN 0307-1235 . Archived from the original on 11 January 2022 . Retrieved 28 April 2020 .
^ "East London Line opens to public" . BBC . 27 April 2010 . Retrieved 8 June 2016 .
^ Jump up to: a b "Detailed London Transport Map" . cartometro.com . Archived from the original on 28 July 2020 . Retrieved 1 December 2012 .
^ Croome & Jackson (1993) , pp. 26, 33, 38, 81.
^ Croome & Jackson (1993) , pp. 327–328.
^ Martin, Andrew (26 April 2012). Underground, Overground: A Passenger's History of the Tube . London: Profile Books. pp. 137–138. ISBN 978-1-84765-807-4 . Retrieved 7 December 2012 .
^ "Which London Underground line is the fastest?" . 18 September 2017.
^ London Underground. "Standard Tube Map" (PDF) . Transport for London . Retrieved 1 December 2017 .
^ "Rolling Origin & Destination Survey (RODS)" . Arc
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