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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

^ "Captured Hearts" . www.nationalgeographic.org . Retrieved 25 July 2019 .

^ " ' Bridenapping': a growing hidden crime" . The Independent . 9 October 2011 . Retrieved 25 July 2019 .

^ "Police swoop on fake 'bride kidnapping ' " . 2 September 2016 . Retrieved 25 July 2019 .

^ "One in five girls and women kidnapped for marriage in Kyrgyzstan:..." Reuters . 1 August 2017 . Retrieved 25 July 2019 .

^ Smith, Craig S. (30 April 2005). "Abduction, Often Violent, a Kyrgyz Wedding Rite" . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 .

^ Gilad, Moshe (5 July 2012). "A Slightly Rarefied Circassian Day Trip" . Haaretz . “We have an ancient and strong tradition, and we preserve it carefully. Kidnapping the bride before marriage is part of this tradition, and today it is a symbolic ceremony that allows women to marry whom they wish even if the family is against the match.”—Zuhair Thawcho, director of the Circassian Heritage Center in Kfar Kama, Israel

^ See, e.g., William Shepard Walsh, Curiosities of Popular Customs and of Rites, Ceremonies, Observances, and Miscellaneous Antiquities , (J.B. Lippincott Co., 1897), p. 654; John Lubbock, The Origin of Civilisation and the Primitive Condition of Man: Mental and Social Condition of Savages , (Appleton, 1882), p. 122. Curtis Pesmen & Setiawan Djody, Your First Year of Marriage (Simon and Schuster, 1995) p. 37. Compare with Edward Westermarck, The History of Human Marriage (Allerton Book Co., 1922), p. 277 (refuting the link between honeymoon and marriage by capture).

^ See Brian Stross, "Tzeltal Marriage by Capture", Anthropological Quarterly , Vol. 47, No. 3, Kidnapping and Elopement as Alternative Systems of Marriage (Special Issue) (Jul. 1974), pp. 328–346 (describing Tzeltal culture as patriarchal with a few opportunities for "pre-marital cross-sex interaction")[hereinafter Stross, Tzeltal Marriage by Capture ]; Sabina Kiryashova, "Azeri Bride Kidnappers Risk Heavy Sentences" , Institute of War and Peace Reporting, 17 November 2005 (discussing the shame brought on Azeri kidnap victims who spend a night outside of the house); Gulo Kokhodze & Tamuna Uchidze, "Bride Theft Rampant in Southern Georgia" , (discussing the Georgian case, where "great social stigma attaches to the suspicion of lost virginity."). Compare with Ayres, Barbara (1974). "Bride Theft and Raiding for Wives in Cross-Cultural Perspective". Anthropological Quarterly . 47 (3): 238–252. doi : 10.2307/3316978 . JSTOR 3316978 . There is no relationship between bride theft and status distinctions, bride price, or attitudes toward premarital virginity. The absence of strong associations in these areas suggests the need for a new hypothesis.

^ See Stross, Tzeltal Marriage by Capture (Tzeltal culture); Scott, George (1986). The Migrants Without Mountains: The Sociocultural Adjustment Among the Lao Hmong Refugees in San Diego (PhD). University of California, San Diego. pp. 82–85. OCLC 34162755 . (Hmong culture); Alex Rodriguez, Kidnapping a Bride Practice Embraced in Kyrgyzstan , Augusta Chronicle, 24 July 2005 (Kyrgyz culture);

^ See Stross, Tzeltal Marriage by Capture , pp. 342–343; Smith, Craig S. (30 April 2005). "Abduction, Often Violent, a Kyrgyz Wedding Rite" . The New York Times .

^ Human Rights Watch, Reconciled to Violence: State Failure to Stop Domestic Abuse and Abduction of Women in Kazakhstan , Vol. 8, No. 9, September 2006, p. 117 ("Families in Kyrgyzstan generally exploit the labor of new brides as a way of adding to the resources and productivity of the household with little cost to the family.Families in Kyrgyzstan generally exploit the labor of new brides as a way of adding to the resources and productivity of the household with little cost to the family."); Sabina Kiryashova, "Azeri Bride Kidnappers Risk Heavy Sentences" , Institute of War and Peace Reporting, 17 November 2005, ("Even more sinister are reports of kidnapped brides being taken abroad or used as slaves at home. "There have been cases when girls were abducted and used as housekeepers", said Saida Gojamanli from the Human Rights and Legislation Protection Bureau.")

^ Save the Children, Learning from Children, Families and Communities to Increase Girls' Participation in Primary School Archived 17 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine

^ Abrams, Joseph (21 April 2010). "House Members Press White House to Confront Egypt on Forced Marriages" . foxnews.com . Archived from the original on 23 November 2010 . Retrieved 8 November 2010 .

^ "Christian minority under pressure in Egypt" . BBC News . 17 December 2010. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017 . Retrieved 1 January 2011 .

^ "Egypt: ex-kidnapper admits 'they get paid for every Coptic Christian girl they bring in ' " . World Watch Monitor . 14 September 2017.

^ "Egypt's disappearing Coptic women and girls" . World Watch Monitor . 1 May 2018.

^ Gilbert, Lela. "Egypt's Silent Epidemic of Kidnapped Christian Girls - by Lela Gilbert" . www.hudson.org . Retrieved 22 May 2020 .

^ "UNICEF supports fight to end marriage by abduction in Ethiopia" . reliefweb.int. 9 November 2004 . Retrieved 29 August 2013 .

^ "ETHIOPIA: Surviving forced marriage" . IRIN. 23 February 2007.

^ BBC, "Ethiopia: Revenge of the Abducted Bride" , 18 June 1999.

^ "Kidnapped. Raped. Married. The extraordinary rebellion of Ethiopia's" . The Independent . 17 March 2010 . Retrieved 22 May 2020 .

^ Jump up to: a b BBC, "Ethiopia: Revenge of the Abducted Bride"

^ UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, ETHIOPIA: Surviving forced marriage

^ UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, ETHIOPIA: Surviving forced marriage ; State Department Human Rights Report – Ethiopia

^ "Child marriage in Ethiopia" (PDF) . UNICEF.org. March 2016 . Retrieved 6 November 2017 .

^ Jump up to: a b UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, ETHIOPIA: Surviving forced marriage

^ United States State Department, Kenya: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2007 , 11 March 2008

^ Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, "Kenya: Information on Kisii marriage customs and whether women are, at times, abducted and coerced into marriage" ,

^ Emley, E. D. (1927). "The Turkana of Kolosia District". Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland . 57 : 157–201. doi : 10.2307/2843681 . JSTOR 2843681 .

^ Julius Adekunle, Culture and Customs of Rwanda , Published by Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007, p. 106

^ Tom Streissguth, Rwanda in Pictures , p. 39; Jean Ruremesha,
RIGHTS-RWANDA: Marriage by Abduction Worries Women's Groups Archived 25 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine , Inter Press Service, 7 October 2003.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Ruremesha,
RIGHTS-RWANDA: Marriage by Abduction Worries Women's Groups .

^ Streissguth, p. 39.

^ Jump up to: a b Dixon, Robyn (12 July 2012). "Bride Abductions 'a distortion' of South Africa's Culture" . Los Angeles Times .

^ Jewish Exodus From Yemen Israel National News August 14, 2009

^ Human Rights Watch, Reconciled to Violence

^ Werner, Cynthia, " Women, marriage, and the nation-state: the rise of nonconsensual bride kidnapping in post-Soviet Kazakhstan Archived 6 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine ", in The Transformation of Central Asia . Pauline Jones Luong, ed. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press , 2004, pp. 59–89

^ United Nations Population Fund, "Bride Kidnapping Fact Sheet"

^ "Uzbekistan: No love lost in Karakalpak bride thefts" Archived 14 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine ,

^ See Kleinbach, Russ; Salimjanova, Lilly (2007). " Kyz ala kachuu and adat : Non-consensual bride kidnapping and tradition in Kyrgyzstan". Central Asian Survey . 26 (2): 217–233. doi : 10.1080/02634930701517466 . S2CID 144912640 ; Handrahan, Lori (2004). "Hunting for Women". International Feminist Journal of Politics . 6 (2): 207–233. doi : 10.1080/1461674042000211308 . S2CID 145703935 .

^ See Handrahan, p. 208 (Kyrgyzstan); Kleinbach & Salimjanova, p. 218 (Kyrgyzstan); Werner, pp. 82–84.

^ Bride kidnapping is criminalized in Article 155 of the Criminal code. See Kleinbach, Russ; Salimjanova, Lilly (2007). " Kyz ala kachuu and adat : Non-consensual bride kidnapping and tradition in Kyrgyzstan". Central Asian Survey . 26 (2): 217–233. doi : 10.1080/02634930701517466 . S2CID 144912640 .

^ "Kyrgyzstan Women Fight to End Bride Kidnapping | Voice of America - English" . www.voanews.com . Retrieved 22 May 2020 .

^ [1]

^ United States State Department, Kyrgyz Republic: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2007 , 11 March 2008

^ "Footage of 'bride kidnappings' makes for truly disturbing viewing" . NewsComAu . 17 November 2017 . Retrieved 25 July 2019 .

^ "UN statement on bride kidnapping, child, and early marriage" . UNDP in the Kyrgyz Republic . Retrieved 22 May 2020 .

^ "Information and data from Kyrgyzstan – International Crime Victims Survey (ICVS)" . Retrieved 25 July 2019 .

^ Kleinbach, Russ; Salimjanova, Lilly (2007). " Kyz ala kachuu and adat : Non-consensual bride kidnapping and tradition in Kyrgyzstan". Central Asian Survey . 26 (2): 217–233. doi : 10.1080/02634930701517466 . S2CID 144912640 .

^ Noriko Hayashi/Panos (12 November 2013). "Grab and Run: Kyrgyzstan's Bride Kidnappings" . Newsweek .

^ Farangis Najibullah, Bride Kidnapping: A Tradition or a Crime? , Radio Free Europe (21 May 2011)

^ See Beyer, Judith (2006). "Kyrgyz Aksakal Courts: Pluralistic Accounts of History". Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law . 38 (53–54): 141–176. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.526.170 . doi : 10.1080/07329113.2006.10756601 . S2CID 56345112 ; Handrahan, pp. 212–213.

^ Human Rights Watch, Reconciled to Violence , p. 106

^ Werner, Cynthia (2004). "The Rise of Nonconsensual Bride Kidnapping in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan". In Luong, Pauline Jones (ed.). The Transformation of Central Asia: States and Societies from Soviet Rule to Independence . Cornell University Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-8014-4151-6 .

^ Werner, pp. 71–72.

^ Werner, pp. 72–73.

^ Werner, pp. 73–74.

^ Werner, pp. 74–75.

^ Werner, pp. 75–76.

^ Werner, p. 76.

^ Van Dijk, J.J.M., Van Kesteren, J.N., Trochev, A. & Slade, G. (2018 final draft) Criminal Victimization in Kazakhstan in an international perspective; new findings from the International Crime Victims Survey. NI-CO, Astana, Belfast. https://sites.google.com/view/icvs-crime/homepage/recentadditions/kazakhstan [ permanent dead link ]

^ Alena Aminova, "Uzbekistan: No Love Lost in Karakalpak Bride Thefts" Archived 7 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine , Institute of War and Peace Reporting, 14 June 2004

^ See Aminova; Jamila Sujud and Rashid Musayev, "Bride Kidnapping Returns in Central Asia , Central Asia Online, 18 January 2010

^ Jamila Sujud and Rashid Musayev, "Bride Kidnapping Returns in Central Asia" , Central Asia Online , 18 January 2010

^ Alena Aminova, "Only a Few Are Aware That Bride Kidnapping is A Criminal Offense" Archived 6 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine , CaucAsia: Traditions and Gender (international coalition of gender journalists), vol. 5 (2005)

^ NPR Weekend Edition Sunday, "Kidnapping Custom Makes a Comeback in Georgia", 14 May 2006,

^ See Sabina Kiryashova, "Azeri Bride Kidnappers Risk Heavy Sentences" , p; Gulo Kokhodze & Tamuna Uchidze, "Bride Theft Rampant in Southern Georgia"

^ "Dagestan Reports Sudden Surge in Bride-Snatching" Archived 26 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine ; Courtney Brooks, Amina Umarova, "Despite Official Measures, Bride Kidnapping Endemic in Chechnya" , Radio Free Europe, 21 October 2010

^ See Courtney Brooks, Amina Umarova, "Despite Official Measures, Bride Kidnapping Endemic in Chechnya" , Radio Free Europe, 21 October 2010; ( Estonian Review : 2–8 August 2006, "Estonian National Kidnapped In Russia's Dagestan" Archived 10 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine , 7 August 2006, (noting the bride kidnapping of a 19-year-old Estonian woman in Dagestan).

^ Jump up to: a b c d Courtney Brooks, Amina Umarova, "Despite Official Measures, Bride Kidnapping Endemic in Chechnya" , Radio Free Europe, 21 October 2010

^ Ruslan Isayev, "In Chechnya, Attempts to Eradicate Bride Abduction" , Prague Watchdog , 16 November 2007.

^ Jane Armstrong, "Rage or Romance?" , Globe and Mail (Canada), 26 April 2008,

^ U.S. State Department, Russia: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2006 , 6 March 2007

^ "AOL.com Video – You've Got Suzanne Somers" . Uk.truveo.com . Retrieved 29 January 2012 . [ permanent dead link ]

^ Farideh Heyat, Azeri Women in Transition: Women in Soviet and Post-Soviet Azerbaijan (Routledge 2002), p. 63.

^ Azeri Bride Kidnappers Risk Heavy Sentences

^ U.S. State Department, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2006 , Azerbaijan

^ Sabina Kiryashova, "Azeri Bride Kidnappers Risk Heavy Sentences"

^ U.S. Department of State, 2010 Human Rights Report: Georgia ; Gulo Kokhodze & Tamuna Uchidze, Bride Theft Rampant in Southern Georgia , Institute of War and Peace Reporting, 15 June 2006

^ Gulo Kokhodze & Tamuna Uchidze, Bride Theft Rampant in Southern Georgia , Institute of War and Peace Reporting, 15 June 2006; Ireland: Refugee Documentation Centre, "Georgia: Bride-kidnapping in Georgia" , 8 June 2009

^ Gulo Kokhodze & Tamuna Uchidze, Bride Theft Rampant in Southern Georgia

^ Violence Against Women in Georgia , "Archived Document" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 October 2008 . Retrieved 24 September 2008 . ; Ireland: Refugee Documentation Centre, "Georgia: Bride-kidnapping in Georgia" , 8 June 2009)

^ "Institute for War and Peace Reporting" . Institute for War and Peace Reporting . Retrieved 25 July 2019 .

^ U.S. Department of State, 2010 Human Rights Report: Georgia

^ "Human Rights Watch World Report 2002: Europe & Central Asia: Georgia" . www.hrw.org . Retrieved 25 July 2019 .

^ United States State Department, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Georgia ; Amnesty Int’l, "Georgia—Thousands Suffering in Silence: Violence Against Women in the Family", AI Index: EUR 56/009/2006, September 2006, at 11.

^ "1,000 minority girls forced in marriage every year: report" . 8 April 2014. Archived from the original on 23 February 2017.

^ "Ngerangkat, Mencuri Istri" . IKADS . 6 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 July 2019 .

^ United Nations Population Fund , "Bride Kidnapping Fact Sheet" ; Nilda Rimonte, "A Question of Culture: Cultural Approval of Violence against Women in the Pacific-Asian Community and the Cultural Defense", Stanford Law Review , Vol. 43, No. 6 (July 1991), pp. 1311–1326 [hereinafter Rimonte , A Question of Culture ].

^ Teng Moua, The Hmong Culture: Kinship, Marriage & Family Systems (2003)

^ Scott, George (1986). The Migrants Without Mountains: The Sociocultural Adjustment Among the Lao Hmong Refugees in San Diego (PhD). University of California, San Diego. pp. 82–85. OCLC 34162755 .

^ There is significant dissent in the Hmong-American community about the acceptability of bride capture. See Sunder, Madhavi (2003). "Piercing the Veil". Yale Law Journal . 112 (6): 1399–1472, at 1470. doi : 10.2307/3657449 . JSTOR 3657449 .

^ Jennifer Ann Yang, "Marriage By Capture in the Hmong Culture: The Legal Issue of Cultural Rights Versus Women's Rights", Law and Society Review at UCSB, Vol. 3, pp. 38–49 (2004); Rimonte , A Question of Culture , p. 1311; Pat Schneider, "Police to Meet with Asians on Cultural Issues", Capital Times (Madison, Wisconsin), 13 April 2000.

^ Rimonte , A Question of Culture , p. 1311.

^ See generally Anne E. McLaren, "Marriage by Abduction in Twentieth Century China", Modern Asian Studies , vol. 4, pp. 953–984.

^ Hill Gates, China's Motor: A Thousand Years of Capitalism , p. 131, cited in Anne E. McLaren, "Marriage by Abduction in Twentieth Century China", Modern Asian Studies , vol. 4, p. 955.

^ McLaren, p. 955.

^ Anne McLaren & Chen Qinjian, "The Oral and Ritual Culture of Chinese Women: Bridal Lamentations of Nanhui", Asian Folklore Studies , Vol. 59, No. 2 (2000), pp. 205–238, at 208.

^ McLaren & Qinjian, p. 208

^ Insight News TV, "China, Mongolia: Kidnapped Wives" Archived 6 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine

^ United States State Department, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2007 (China)

^ 柳田國男、石井正己編『柳田国男の故郷七十年』PHP研究所、2014年9月5日 ISBN 978-4-569-82106-1 、pp. 70-71.

^ 森田益子『自力自闘の解放運動の軌跡』（解放出版社、2012年）36ページ。

^ 『大豊町史 近代現代編』第十三章 p.1110

^ Captured By Indians: Mary Jemison Becomes an Indian History Matters

^ Carolyn Jessop; Laura Palmer (2007). Escape . ISBN 978-0767927567 .

^ See generally Stross, Tzeltal Marriage by Capture , pp. 328–346.

^ Stross, pp. 334–335.

^ Stross, pp. 340–341 (describing the grooms in marriage by capture as "poor . . . ugly . . . interested in girls who did not reciprocate their interest").

^ Stross, p. 340.

^ Course, Magnus (2011). Becoming Mapuche: Person and Ritual in Indigenous Chile . University of Illinois Press. pp. 76, 173. ISBN 9780252036477 .

^ See Henry McDonald, "Gardai hunt gang accused of seizing Roma child bride" , 3 September 2007, The Guardian , UK

^ MacDonald, "Gardai hunt gang accused of seizing Roma child bride"; OSCE, "Building the Capacity of Roma Communities to Prevent Trafficking in Human Beings" , 2007, p. 17 ; Alexey Pamporov, "Roma/Gy
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