Brazilian Army
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Brazilian Army
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Brazilian army officers during the Platine War (1851-1852).
Uniform officer and soldier professional the Brazilian Empire's Army in Paraguayan War (1865).
Uniform officer and soldier volunteers in Paraguayan War (1865).
Cavalry regiment of the Brazilian army in 1888.
40th Infantry Battalion in War of Canudos , 1897.
General Bellarmine and Brazilian Army troops in 1910.
Lt. Ricardo Kirk first Brazilian military aviator and patron of the Brazilian Army Aviation , killed in action in the Contestado War .
Brazilian Army light infantry, 1930.
Brazilian Expeditionary Force arrived in the Italian city of Massarosa, World War II .
A restored Sherman M4 used by Brazilian Expeditionary Force at Italian Campaign WWII, during a parade.
Brazilian infantry regiment in Monte Castello .
A Helibras HM-1 Pantera from the Brazilian Army Aviation Command .
Brazilian soldiers embarking for East Timor
Brazilian Army soldiers in the rescue of survivors after the 2010 Haiti earthquake.
Brazilian Army utilitary vehicle JPX Montez.
An Engesa Cascavel IV modernized by the Brazilian Army.
A Leopard 1A1 battle tank of the Brazilian Army.
ASTROS II launchers during the 2009 Independence Day Parade.
Brazilian Army peacekeeping soldier in Port-au-Prince, Haiti.
A Brazilian Army Leopard 1A5 battle tank.
Brazilian Army soldiers during the 2003 Independence Day Parade in Brasília.
Brazilian soldiers in Rio de Janeiro.
Brazilian soldier portable 9K38 Igla missile.
Army soldier on guard in Brasília .
Brazilian Army Mechanized Cavalry Squadron.
Brazilian troops leaving for Haiti.
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The Brazilian Army is the land arm of the Brazilian Armed Forces . The Brazilian Army has fought in several international conflicts, mostly in South America during the 19th century. In the 20th century, fought on the Allied side at World War I and World War II . Alligned with Western Bloc, it also had active participation on Cold War in Latin America and Southern of Africa, as well as have taken part in UN peacekeeping missions worldwide since late 1950s.
Domestically, besides facing several rebellions throughout these two centuries, supported by key local elites and by big international capital, after has ended the monarchic period in the country, imposed to the rest of society its political views and economic development projects, during the periods ( 1889-94 , 1930-50 * and 1964-85 ) that it ruled the country.
* First Vargas period and Dutra years
Although the Brazilian Army was created during the process of the independence of Brazil from Portugal, in 1822, with the units of the Portuguese Army in Brazil that have remained loyal to Prince Dom Pedro , its origins can date back to Land Forces used by Portuguese in the colonial wars against French and Dutch , fought in 16th and 17th centuries. During the Independence process, the Army was initially composed of Brazilians, Portuguese and foreign mercenaries. Most of its commanders, were mercenaries and Portuguese officers loyal to Dom Pedro.
Along 1822 and 1823, the Brazilian Army was able to defeat the Portuguese resistance, especially in the North of country and in Cisplatina , having also avoid a fragmentation of the then new Brazilian Empire after its independence war.
The Battle of Campo Grande during the Paraguayan War , August 16, 1869. Canvas of 1877
After won the Independence War, the Army supported by the National Guard (a paramilitary militia created in 1831 by the big owners of slave and land, known as "Colonels"), destroyed any separatist tendencies of the early years, enforcing central authority of the empire, during the Regency period in the country, repressing across Brazil a host of popular movements for political autonomy and/or against slavery and the colonels' power.
On May 1, 1865, Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina signed the Triple Alliance to defend themselves against aggression from Paraguay, which was ruled by the dictator Francisco López. López troops, after invading Brazilian territory through the state of Mato Grosso and the north of Argentina, were heading for the South of Brazil and North of Uruguay. Many slaves had been incorporated into the Brazilian forces to face the increasingly serious situation. As a result of their solid performance during the conflict, the Armed Forces developed a strong sense against slavery. After 5 years of a terrible warfare (the largest in South American history), the Alliance led by Brazil defeated Lopez.
Between 1893 and 1927, the first Republican Period, the Army had to deal with various movements: some were derived from Navy and Army corps who were unsatisfied with the regime and clamoring for democratic changes, while others had popular origins without conventional political intentions guided by messianic leaders, like in Canudos and Contestado Wars.
German General Otto Fretter-Pico , Commander of the 148th Infantry Division, and General Mario Carloni Surrendering to the Brazilian Expeditionary Force in 1945 during the Battle of Collecchio .
Four Brazilian soldiers in an M8 Greyhound in Montese, Italy, April 1945.
During World War I the Brazilian government sent three small military groups to Europe soon after declaring war upon Central Powers in October 1917. The first two units were from the Army; one consisted of medical staff and the other of a sergeants-officers corps, and both were attached to the French Army in the Western Front in 1918.
From October 1930 to 1945, the Army supported the Getúlio Vargas regime against opposition, defeating the Constitutionalist Revolt in 1932 and two separate coup d'état attempts: by Communists in November, 1935 and by Fascists in May, 1938. The Army also helped to formalize the dictatorship in 1937.
In August 1942, after German and Italian submarines sunk many Brazilian merchant ships, popular mobilization forced the Brazilian government to declare war on Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany . In July 1944, after almost two years of public pressure, one expeditionary force , called Força Expedicionária Brasileira (FEB), was sent to Europe to join the Allied forces in the Italian campaign . The FEB was composed of more than 25,000 men and was commanded by Major-General (later Marshal ) João Baptista Mascarenhas de Morais .
On night of March 31, 1964, the Brazilian Army, then led by General Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco , seized power through an coup d'état , which began an Military Dictatorship that lasted 21 years. This was the first of a series of coups d'état in South America that replaced democratically elected governments with military regimes. These dictatorships dominated South America until the 1980s. In this period the Brazilian Army employed harsh means to suppress militant dissident groups: changing the law, restricting political rights, after harassing and pursuing dissidents; and militarily, with support of police forces and militias, proceeding with methods of counter-guerrilla and counter-insurgency warfare to defeat the guerrilla movements that tried to combat the regime by force. The urban guerrillas were active in Brazil between 1968 and 1971 while in the rural areas the 2 main movements subdued by the Army were respectively, one in the region where are today the Caparaó National Park (1967) and the other one in the region of Araguaya River (1972–74).
Internationally, in 1965 the Brazilian Army joined forces with US Marines intervening in the Dominican Republic, in Operation Powerpack . Already during the 1970s strengthened interchange and cooperative ties with armies from other South American countries giving and receiving advisement about counter-guerrilla and counter-insurgency methods, as for example in the Operation Condor , a procedural coordination to find, capture and eliminate political dissidents in mainland.
In the mid '70s, despite the dissent annulled (by elimination, detention or exile), the leftist guerrillas defeated and the legal opposition tamed, repression was not reduced. This added to the vices and the wear and tear of years of dictatorial power, plus the effects of the then oil/energy crisis and the Latin American debt one , during the late '70s and early '80s, led to increasing social pressures for democracy, which slowly but steadily forced the army to return to its professional activities.
Haitian civilians receive assistance in a camp set up by the Brazilian Army in Port-au-Prince, 2010.
Since the late 1950s it has taken part in some United Nations peacekeeping missions as for example: in Suez 1956-67, East Timor 1999-2004, Angola 1995-1997 and Haiti since 2004, being the latest, the most recent outside intervention in that nation, as well as the longest length operation in the history of Brazilian military outside the country.
On February 26, 1991, a group 40 guerrillas of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, who termed themselves "Command Simon Bolivar", entered Brazilian territory, near the border between Brazil and Colombia, on the banks of the State of Rio Traíra Amazon and raided the Detachment Traíra Brazilian Army, which was in semi-permanent installations and had a much lower effective guerrilla column that attacked him. Immediately the Brazilian Army sent its main elite troops, elements of special forces and command and Special Forces Battalion and also jungle warriors of the hitherto 1st Battalion Special Frontier, to attack the guerrilla base that was in Colombian territory, near the border. Also supported, military 1st Jungle Infantry Battalion, the main unit of the Amazon Military Command. The Army Aviation Command was present providing the means of transport used by the combatants employed in mission. [3]
In the great earthquake that occurred in Haiti on January 12, 2010, eighteen Brazilian soldiers died. The Brazilian Army has now about 1.250 troops in Haiti and will envoy more 900 until March 2010, to help the reconstruction of that country.
The Brazilian Army is trying to renew its equipment and making a redistribution of its barracks in all the Brazilian Regions, prioritizing the Amazon. After the promulgation of Brazilian National Defense Strategy, in December 2008, the Brazilian Government appears to be interested in the Armed Forces modernization.
In 2010, during the Rio de Janeiro Security Crisis , the Brazilian Army sent 800 paratroopers to combat drug trafficking in Rio de Janeiro. Following the invasion, approximately 2,000 Army soldiers were sent to occupy the Complexo do Alemão .
The Brazilian Army had a recorded personnel strength of 235,000 active personnel in 2012. [2] In addition there were approximately 1,600,000 reserve soldiers. [4] In principle, the Brazilian Constitution designates the 400,000-strong Brazilian State Police as a reserve force of the Army, although in practice they remain separate entities.
According to Article 143 of the 1988 Brazilian Constitution, military service is mandatory for men, but conscientious objection is allowed. Women and clergymen are exempt from compulsory military service. At the year that they complete age eighteen, men are required to register for the draft and are expected to serve when they reach age nineteen. About 75 percent of those registering receive deferments. Generally, those from the upper class and upper middle class find ways to defer, and as a result the ranks are made up primarily of lower-class and lower-middle-class recruits. A growing number of recruits are volunteers, accounting for about one-third of the total. Those who serve generally spend one year of regular enlistment at an army garrison near their home. Some are allowed nine-month service terms but are expected to complete high school at the same time. These are called "Tiros de Guerra" or "shooting schools", which are for high school boys in medium-sized interior towns, run by Army senior NCO, Sergeant Majors or First Sergeants, rarely a Second Lieutenant. In Brazilian Armed Forces, Sergeant Majors may be promoted to the Officers Rank, as Second Lieutenant, First Lieutenant and Captain, becoming part of the Auxiliary Officers Corps). The army is the only service with a large number of conscripts; the navy and air force have very few.
The conscript system is primarily a means of providing basic military training to a sizable group of young men who then return to civilian life and are retained on the reserve rolls until age forty-five. The army recognizes that it provides a public service by teaching large numbers of conscripts basic skills that can be valuable to the overall economy when the young men return to civilian life.
Field Period Basic training course for sergeants.
Because the only entry into the regular officer corps is the AMAN, its records provide an accurate picture of the officer corps. In the decades following World War II, cadets from middle-class families increased, while those from upper-class and unskilled lower-class families declined. The total number of applicants also declined as a result of economic development diversification, which gave high school graduates more attractive options than entering the military. Increasingly, AMAN cadets came from among the graduates of the army-supported Military Schools, which sons of military personnel attended tuition free. Many of these students were sons of NCOs whose own origins were not middle class, so a form of intra-institutional, upward mobility existed.
The trend in the 1960s to recruit from civilian sources has abated. The mental, health, and physical aptitude tests excluded large numbers of civilian school graduates: in 1977 of 1,145 civilians attempting the tests, only thirty-four, or 3 percent, were admitted. In 1985 only 174, or 11 percent, of the AMAN's 1,555 cadets were graduates of civilian schools; the rest were from the army's Military School system, the Cadet Preparatory School (Escola Preparatória de Cadetes—EPC), or air force or navy secondary schools. In the early 1990s, AMAN cadets were drawn exclusively from those who had completed the EPC. By the mid-1990s, the AMAN's cadet population was about 3,000.
In the twentieth century, the officer corps has been composed predominantly of men from the Southeast and South of Brazil, where military units and greater educational opportunities have been concentrated. In 1901-02 the Northeast contributed 38 percent of students at the army's preparatory school in Realengo, whereas in 1982 it provided only 13 percent to the preparatory school in Campinas. In the same years, the Southeast supplied 40.4 percent and 77 percent, while the South gave 8.6 percent and 6.3 percent. Although São Paulo, according to Alfred Stepan and other observers, has not been noted for sending its young men into the officer corps, its contribution increased from 4.3 percent of students in 1901-02 to 33.5 percent in 1982. Regional origins of cadets at the AMAN were fairly consistent in the 1964-85 period. By far the largest contingent came from the state and city of Rio de Janeiro.
Although social theorists might be pleased with indications that the army is serving as a vehicle for social mobility, army leaders are concerned. Officers have remarked on the trend toward lower-class recruitment in the Training Center for Reserve Officers (Centro de Preparação de Oficiais da Reserva—CPOR) and the problems associated with such officers. In a 1986 interview, the former minister of army, General Leônidas Pires Gonçalves, observed that he did not want officers who would give only five or ten years to the army; he wanted individuals with a military vocation, who would stay for a full thirty-plus-year career. Many officers have expressed concern that those seeking to use the army to improve their status are not sufficiently dedicated to the institution. Indeed, some officers seek the earliest possible retirement in order to get a second job (second salary) to mak
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