Brazilian Army

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Official of the Imperial Army in 1866.
Brazilian soldier of the 1st Fatherland Volunteer Battalion.
A Brazilian U.N. peacekeeper walks with Haitian children during a patrol in Cité Soleil .
Brazilian Army peacekeeping soldier in Port-au-Prince , Haiti.
The 26th Fatherland Volunteer Corps in anti-guerrilla operations in Paraguayan territory, 1866.
Brazilian infantry moving on battlefield in Paraguay, 1869
Brazilian Army soldiers during the Battle of Guanabara Bay, 1894.
Brazilian Army battery during the Battle of Guanabara Bay, 1894.
The 40th Infantry Battalion and the attrition warfare during the hard to campaign in Canudos, 1897.
The 24th Infantry Battalion in the combat zone in Canudos, 1897.
Brazilian troops garrisoning locksmith during attack of Messianic rebels in Três Barras , Santa Catarina in Contestado War, 1915
Brazilian Army soldiers at the front line in the Contestado War , 1914
A Brazilian Army Renault FT tanks advance the battle of Itaguaré during the Constitutionalist Revolution , 1932.
Soldiers of the Brazilian Army on the front lines during the Constitutionalist Revolution, 1932.
Brazilian Expeditionary Force liberating the Italian city of Massarosa, end of September, 1944.
Brazilian soldiers in the difficult Battle of Montese, Italy, 1945.
German Colonel von Kleiber in preliminary discussions with Brazilian Major Franco Ferreira, in Fornovo di Taro, about the surrender of the German 148. Infanterie-Division (plus remnants of the 90. Grenadier-Division ), ending the Battle of Collecchio , on 29 April 1945.
Brazilian Army troops patrolling nexto to Torre di Nerone during the in Battle of Monte Castello , Italy, 1944-45.
Brazilian helicopter during Operation Marajoara against communist-maoist guerrillas.
Brazilian Army soldiers in counterinsurgency operations in the Araguaia region.
Indigenous soldiers of a Special Border Platoon
Panther armed assault helicopter in Brazilian Army.
Brazilian army aviation Black Hawk in Amazon region.
Brazilian Army Soldier, jungle warfare.
Jungle infantry in defensive formation.
Parade of Special Forces Command in Brasilia.
Large infantry Brazilian Army 3rd Brigade in Brasilia , 2014.
Troops of the Brazilian Army prepared for biological warfare
Army vessels operating in the Amazon rivers.
Army Police soldiers at the Complexo da Maré pacification.
Camouflage uniform standard Brazilian army.

^ https://www.gov.br/pt-br

^ Jump up to: a b c International Institute for Strategic Studies (3 Feb 2014). The Military Balance 2014 . London : Routledge . pp. 371–375. ISBN 9781857437225 .

^ Donato, 1996. Sumário (Summary sections)

^ Teixeira, 2013. Pages 83 to 110, Section "Brazil's 'Regional Imperialism' in the Cold War"

^ Dávila, 2010. Chapters 5, 7 & 8.

^ Guerra, 2012. VI, seções "A Operação Condor no Brasil" e "A explosão da Rádio Nacional de Angola" (VI, sections "Operation Condor in Brazil" and "The explosion of the Angola's National Radio")

^ Kenkel, 2013. Page 76

^ Smallman, 2002. Introduction.

^ Skidmore, 1967. P.3 "The revolutions of the elite" .

^ Jump up to: a b c Castro, 2002. Pages 71 to 76.

^ Jump up to: a b c Christiane Mello, 2009.

^ Hendrik, 2001. Introduction & Chapter 5.

^ Donato, 1996. Pages 105–106.

^ Faoro, 1957. Chapters VIII & IX

^ Lei nº 602, de 19/09/1850 - Dá nova organisação á Guarda Nacional do Imperio. [...] Art. 6º A Guarda Nacional será subordinada ao Ministro da Justiça, e aos Presidentes de Provincia.

^ Kraay, 2004. Intro

^ Donato, 1996. Pages 129–132.

^ Salles (2003), p.38

^ Smallman, 2002. Chapter 1 "Officers versus Politicians, 1889–1930".

^ Jump up to: a b Ibidem, Smallman 2002.

^ Donato, 1996. P.153

^ McCann, 2004. P.181, 2nd §.

^ Smallman, 2002. Chapters 2 & 3.

^ McCann, 2004. Chapters 7 to 11.

^ Skidmore, 1967. Chapters I & II.

^ Lochery, 2014. Parts 3 to 5.

^ Skidmore, 1967. Chapters II to V.

^ Skidmore, 1967. Chapters VI to VIII.

^ Skidmore, 1988. Chapters II to V.

^ Gaspari, 2002. "The Armed Illusions" Vol. II.

^ Ibidem Teixeira, 2013.

^ Ibidem Guerra, 2012.

^ Ibidem Dávila, 2010.

^ Skidmore, 1988. Chapter VI.

^ Skidmore, 1988. Chapter VII.

^ Gaspari, 2016. Chapter I

^ "Brazil military continues raids on slums before World Cup - CBC News" . CBC . 2014-04-05 . Retrieved 2020-04-12 .

^ "Segurança terá o maior efetivo da história das Copas - 13/04/2014 - Folha na Copa - Esporte" . Folha de S.Paulo .

^ "Brasil destina 60% das suas Forças Armadas na luta contra um mosquito" . El País . 2016-02-13.

^ "Extra 3,000 soldiers deployed to support Olympic security effort" . Archived from the original on 2016-07-08 . Retrieved 2016-07-09 .

^ "Terroristas divulgam 'manual' para ataques nos Jogos do Rio" . Terra .

^ "Brazil's Espirito Santo state says reaches deal to end police strike" . February 11, 2017 – via www.reuters.com.

^ [1]

^ "DefesaNet - Defense - Brazil Creates Expeditionary Force to Serve in International Missions" . DefesaNet .

^ "Brazil army ordered to take over security in violent Rio de Janeiro" . February 16, 2018 – via www.reuters.com.

^ "Livro Branco da Defesa Nacional" (PDF) . Brazilian Government . Retrieved 2 July 2021 .

^ Decree 9.249 , December 26, 2017.

^ Os pés de barro de um gigante Archived 2010-08-25 at the Wayback Machine Revista Época. Retrieved on 2009-02-01. (in Portuguese)

^ "Governo Federal - Governo do Brasil. — Português" (in Portuguese). Brasil . Retrieved 2020-04-12 .

^ Jump up to: a b c "Exército Brasileiro" . Exército Brasileiro .

^ Jungle Warfare Training Center Archived 2007-06-04 at the Wayback Machine Brazilian Army , accessed on May 8, 2008. (in Portuguese)

^ "Exército Brasileiro" . Exército Brasileiro .

^ Land Operations Command Brazilian Army , accessed on May 8, 2008. (in Portuguese)

^ Special Operations Brigade Archived September 23, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Brazilian Army , accessed on May 8, 2008. (in Portuguese)

^ Brazilian Special Operations Command

^ "Estágio de Adaptação à Caatinga" . Archived from the original on 2014-11-29 . Retrieved 2014-09-29 .

^ http://www.cecma.eb.mil.br/



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The Brazilian Army ( Portuguese : Exército Brasileiro ) is the land arm of the Brazilian Armed Forces . The Brazilian Army has fought in several international conflicts, mostly in South America during the 19th century. In the 20th century, it fought on the Allied side in World War I and World War II . [3] Aligned with the Western Bloc , during the time of military dictatorship in Brazil from 1964 to 1985, it also had active participation in the Cold War , in Latin America and Southern Portuguese Africa, [4] [5] [6] as well as taking part in UN peacekeeping missions worldwide since the late 1950s. [7]

Domestically, besides having faced several rebellions throughout these two centuries, with support of local political and economic elites , it also ended the monarchy and imposed on the rest of society its political views and economic development projects during the periods that it ruled the country: 1889–94, 1930–50 ( First Vargas period and Dutra years), and 1964–85. [8] [9]

Although the Brazilian Army was created during the process of the independence of Brazil from Portugal, in 1822, with the units of the Portuguese Army in Brazil that have remained loyal to Prince Dom Pedro , its origins can date back to Land Forces used by Portuguese in the colonial wars against the French and Dutch , fought in 16th and 17th centuries. [10] [11]

In the colonial period, King D. Manuel I ordered military expeditions with the purpose of protecting the Portuguese dominions in America, then newly discovered. As colonization advanced in Pernambuco and São Vicente, the native military authorities and bases of the colony's defensive organization began to be built to meet the ambitions of the French, English, and Dutch.

First major interventions were the expulsion of the French from Rio de Janeiro in the 16th century and the Maranhao in 1615. As internalization progressed through the broad territorial expansion movement in the 17th and early 18th centuries, forcing the organization of the defense of the newly conquered territory.

In the 17th century, the war against the Dutch mobilized large numbers in the country for the first time, and gave rise to a sense of national defense regardless of the influence of the crown. The first Battle of Guararapes (1648) marks the beginning of the organization of the army as a genuinely Brazilian force formed by local whites, led by André Vidal de Negreiros ; Indians, led by Felipe Camarão ; and Blacks/mulattos, led by Henrique Dias . This date is celebrated as the anniversary of the Brazilian Army. [10] [11]

At this time, following the model of organization of the Portuguese Army , implemented during the Portuguese Restoration War starting in 1640, the ground forces in Brazil adopted three lines of organization which were maintained until the 19th century, which includes:

Throughout the 18th century, the Brazil Colony had serious border problems, mainly in the far south. At that time, there were frequent clashes between Luso-Brazilians and Hispano-Platinos; in addition, the land force faced the threat of rebellions of Indians and Blacks. [10] [11]

During the Independence process, the Army was initially composed of Brazilians, Portuguese, and foreign mercenaries. Trained in guerrilla warfare from then to the current day, most of its commanders were mercenaries and Portuguese officers loyal to Dom Pedro. [12] In 1822 and 1823, the Brazilian Army was able to defeat the Portuguese resistance, especially in the north of the country and in Cisplatina , having also avoid a fragmentation of the then-new Brazilian Empire after its independence war. [13]

After the Independence War was won, the Army, supported by the National Guard (a paramilitary militia created in 1831 by the big owners of slave and land known as "Colonels"), destroyed any separatist tendencies in the early years, enforcing central authority of the empire during the Regency period in the country. It repressed a host of popular movements for political autonomy or against slavery and the colonels' power across Brazil. [14]

The National Guard was a military force organized in Brazil in August 1831 during the regency period, and demobilized in September 1922. Its creation occurred by means of law of 18 of August 1831 that "Creates the National Guards and extinguishes the bodies of militias, city guards and ordinances. " According to the aforementioned law, in its article 1, "The National Guards are created to defend the Constitution, Liberty, Independence, and Integrity of the Empire, to maintain obedience and public tranquility, and to assist the Line Army in defense of borders and coasts ", based on art. 145 of the Constitution of 1824: "All Brazilians are obliged to take up arms to support the independence and integrity of the Empire, and defend it from its external or internal enemies." In September 1850, through Law No. 602, the National Guard was reorganized and retained its powers subordinated to the Minister of Justice and the provincial presidents. [15]

During the 1850s and early 1860s, the Army, along with the Navy, entered in action against Argentinian and Uruguayan forces, which were opposed to the Brazilian empire's interests. The Brazilian success with such "Gun Diplomacy" eventually led to a shock of interests with another country with similar aspirations, Paraguay, in December 1864.

On May 1, 1865, Brazil , Uruguay , and Argentina signed the Triple Alliance to defend themselves against aggression from Paraguay , which was ruled by the dictator Francisco López . López’s troops, after invading Brazilian territory through the state of Mato Grosso and the north of Argentina, were heading for the south of Brazil and north of Uruguay. Many slaves had been incorporated into the Brazilian forces to face the increasingly serious situation. As a result of their solid performance during the conflict, the Armed Forces developed a strong sense against slavery. After five years of terrible warfare (the largest in South American history), the Alliance led by Brazil defeated Lopez. [16] [17]

During this war, one of the biggest in history and the largest in South America, the Brazilian Imperial Army mobilized 200,000 men for the war, divided into the following categories: 18,000 Army personnel who were in Uruguay in 1864; 2,047 in the province of Mato Grosso; 56,000 Fatherland Volunteers; 62,000 National Guardsmen; 11,900 ex-slaves; and an additional 22,000 National Guardsmen who remained in Brazil to defend their homeland. [18]

In November 1889, after a long attrition with the monarchical regime deepened by the abolition of slavery, the army led a coup d'état that resulted in the end of the empire and the founding of a republic. The implementation of the first Brazilian military dictatorship (that ended in 1894), was followed by a severe economic crisis that deepened into an institutional one with Congress and the Navy , which degenerated into a restricted civil war in the southern region . [19]

Between 1893 and 1927, in the first Republican Period, the Army had to deal with various movements: some were derived from Navy and Army corps who were unsatisfied with the regime and clamoring for democratic changes, while others had popular origins without conventional political intentions guided by messianic leaders, like in Canudos and the Contestado Wars. [20]

The Canudos War, which took place in the northeastern sertão and covered several cities and many sertanejos in Bahia led by Antônio Conselheiro, the Contestado War that developed by dispute of territories of currency of the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina, led by Jose Maria

These revolts were serious threats to the stability of the new republican nascent regime and was related to the discontent of the population of the regions more distant of the sertão northeastern and regions of recent colonization like Paraná and west of Santa Catarina with the Republic, since this population was predominantly Catholic and did not accept a Republic that appeared totally dominated by Masonic ideals like the separation of Church and the State.

After years of fighting and many deaths on both sides of the federal government soldiers and the rebels, these movements were defeated and the Republic consolidated. [20]

During World War I, the Brazilian government sent three small military groups to Europe soon after declaring war upon the Central Powers in October 1917. The first two units were from the army; one consisted of medical staff and the other of a sergeants-officers group, and both were attached to the French Army in the Western Front in 1918. [21] [22]

From October 1930 to 1945, the army and elites linked to it took control over the country, having the landowner and opposition political leader, Getúlio Vargas , ahead of the movement. In this period, the Army defeated the Constitutionalist Revolt in 1932 and two separate coup d'état attempts: by Communists in November 1935 and by Fascists in May 1938. The Army also helped to formalize the dictatorship in 1937. [23] [24] [25]

In August 1942, after German and Italian submarines sank Brazilian merchant ships, popular mobilization forced the Brazilian government to declare war on Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany . In July 1944, after almost two years of public pressure and negotiations with US authorities, an expeditionary force was sent to join the Allied forces in the Italian campaign . The army's contribution was composed of a full Infantry Division (about 25,000 men, replacements included), commanded by Major-General (later Marshal ) João Baptista Mascarenhas de Morais , which in Italy was attached to the US IV Corps at the US Fifth Army , into the 15th Allied Army Group . [26]

With the defeat of totalitarian regimes in World War II, Vargas was removed by the head of the army, General Dutra , who in 1946 won the Election dispute against Air Marshall , Eduardo Gomes . After the Vargas suicide (who succeeded Dutra in 1950) due to an institutional crisis, army sectors led by Marshal Lott ensured the inauguration of Juscelino Kubitschek 's term , elected in 1955. [27]

With the resignation of Jânio Quadros who succeeded Kubitschek, a new institutional crisis opened up, exacerbated by the Cold War context, and in late March-early April 1964, the Brazilian Army (then led by General Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco ) seized power through its third coup d'état , inaugurating another dictatorial period which lasted 21 years. [28]
This coup was the first of a series of coups d'état in South America that replaced democratically elected governments with military regimes. These dictatorships dominated South America until the 1980s. In this period, the Brazilian Army employed harsh means to suppress militant dissident groups: changing the law, restricting political rights, harassing and pursuing dissidents; and militarily, with support of police forces and militias, proceeding with methods of counter-guerrilla and counter-insurgency warfare to defeat the guerrilla movements that tried to combat the regime by force. The urban guerrillas were active in Brazil between 1968 and 1971, while in the rural areas the two main movements were subdued by the Army, one in the region where today are the Caparaó National Park (1967) and the other one in the region of Araguaya River (1972–74). [29] [30]

Internationally, in 1965 the Brazilian Army joined forces with US Marines intervening in the Dominican Republic in Operation Powerpack . During the 1970s, strengthened interchange and cooperative ties with armies from other South American countries giving and receiving advisement about counter-guerrilla and counter-insurgency methods, as for example in the Operation Condor , a procedural coordination to find, capture and eliminate political dissidents in mainland. From Geisel period, the third Brazilian dictatorship sought greater independence in its foreign policy, leaving of automatically align wi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Army
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Armed_Forces
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