Brazil Brazilian

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This article is about the Federative Republic of Brazil. For other uses, see Brazil (disambiguation) .
"Brazilian Republic" redirects here. For other uses, see Brazilian Republic (disambiguation) .
República Federativa do Brasil  ( Portuguese )
Motto: Ordem e Progresso  ( Portuguese ) "Order and Progress"
Selo Nacional do Brasil National Seal of Brazil
Rock art at Serra da Capivara National Park , one of the largest and oldest concentrations of prehistoric sites in the Americas . [29]
Burial urn, Marajoara culture , American Museum of Natural History . That culture appeared to flourish between 400 AD and 1400 AD, based on archeological studies. [30]
In half of the first 100 years of republic, the Army ruled directly or through figures like Vargas (center).
Soldiers of the FEB , the only Latin American military force in World War II , in Massarosa , Italy , 1944.
Construction of the building of National Congress of Brazil in Brasília , the new capital, 1959.
Coin of 1 real commemorating 25 years of Real Plan , which brought stability to the Brazilian economy after years of hyperinflation .
The KC-390 , developed by Embraer , the third largest producer of civil aircraft , after Boeing and Airbus . [245]
P-51, an oil platform of Petrobras , one of the largest public companies in the world. [246]
Industry of BRF S.A. in Santa Catarina . Brazil is a major meat exporter.
The Itaipu Dam on the Paraná River , the second largest of the world. Brazilian energy matrix is one of the cleanest in the world.
Wind farm in Parnaíba , Piauí . Brazil is one of the 10 largest producers of wind energy in the world
Sancho Bay, Fernando de Noronha , elected the most beautiful beach in the world by TripAdvisor . [305]
The colonial city of Ouro Preto , a World Heritage Site , is one of the most popular destinations in Minas Gerais .
BR-116 in Guapimirim , Rio de Janeiro , the longest highway in the country, with 4,385 km (2,725 mi) of extension. [334]
Brigadeiro is a national candy and is recognized as one of the main dishes of Brazilian cuisine .
Pão de queijo with coffee and a small cachaça bottle, examples of the cuisine from the interior of Brazil.
São Paulo Municipal Theater , significant both for its architectural value as well as for its historical importance .
Players at the podium with the first Olympic Gold of the Brazil national football team , won in the 2016 Summer Olympics . Football is the most popular sport in the country.

^ includes Arab Brazilian , Jewish Brazilian , and Romani Brazilian

^ includes Caboclo , Mulatto , and Zambo

^ The Brazilian census uses the term amarela (or yellow in English) to describe people of East Asian background, and therefore excludes those of other Asian origins, such as West Asians/Arabs and South Asians.

^ European Portuguese: [bɾɐˈziɫ]



^ Exército Brasileiro. "Hino à Bandeira Nacional" (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 29 January 2014 .

^ "Demographics" . Brazilian Government. Archived from the original on 17 November 2011 . Retrieved 8 October 2011 .

^ "Caracteristicas da População e dos Domicílios do Censo Demográfico 2010 – Cor ou raça" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 February 2012 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 .

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^ Jump up to: a b IBGE – Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics). 2010 Census . Retrieved 7 August 2012.

^ "2010 Population Census – General characteristics of population, religion and persons with disabilities (Portuguese)" . ibge.gov.br (in Portuguese). 16 November 2012. Archived from the original on 16 November 2012 . Retrieved 10 August 2019 .

^ Silva, Antonio Carlos Coutinho Gouvea da. "Projeções da População | Estatísticas | IBGE :: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística" . ibge.gov.br (in Portuguese) . Retrieved 30 August 2018 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2021" . IMF.org . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 8 April 2021 .

^ "GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Brazil" . World Bank . Retrieved 8 April 2021 .

^ "2019 Human Development Report" (PDF) . United Nations Development Programme. 2019 . Retrieved 9 December 2019 .

^ José María Bello (1966). A History of Modern Brazil: 1889–1964 . Stanford University Press . p. 56 . ISBN 978-0-8047-0238-6 .

^ Philander, S. George (2012). Encyclopedia of Global Warming and Climate Change, Second Edition . 1 (Second ed.). Los Angeles: Princeton University. p. 148. ISBN 978-1-4129-9261-9 . OCLC 970592418 .

^ Vallance, Monique M. (2012). "Preface and Observations on Contemporary Brazil" . In Crocitti, John J. (ed.). Brazil Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic . Contributing editor Monique M. Vallance. ABC-CLIO. p. xxiii. ISBN 978-0-313-34672-9 . OCLC 787850982 .

^ "Os migrantes de hoje" . BBC Brasil. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 24 October 2018 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "Geography of Brazil" . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency. 1 May 2018. Geography > Coastline . Retrieved 4 May 2018 .

^ "Brazil – Land" . Permanent Missions . United Nations. Geography. Archived from the original on 23 October 2014.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Brazilian Federal Constitution" (in Portuguese). Presidency of the Republic. 1988 . Retrieved 3 June 2008 . "Brazilian Federal Constitution" . v-brazil.com. 2007. Archived from the original on 28 September 2018 . Retrieved 3 June 2008 . Unofficial translate

^ Jump up to: a b Jeff Neilson; Bill Pritchard (2011). Value Chain Struggles . John Wiley & Sons. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-4443-5544-4 .

^ FRIDE: The international arena and emerging powers: stabilising or destabilising forces? Archived 15 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine , Susanne Gratius, April 2008

^ "Homicide Monitor" . homicide.igarape.org.br . Retrieved 30 May 2021 .

^ Fausto, Boris (1999). A Concise History of Brazil . Cambridge University Press. p. 9 . ISBN 978-0-521-56526-4 .

^ Jon S. Vincent. (2003). Culture and Customs of Brazil . Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 36 . ISBN 978-0-313-30495-8 .

^ Richard P. Tucker (2007). Insatiable Appetite: The Ecological Degradation of the Tropical World . University of Michigan. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-7425-5365-1 .

^ Wayne E. Lee (2011). Empires and Indigenes: Intercultural Alliance, Imperial Expansion, and Warfare in the Early Modern World . NYU Press. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-8147-6527-2 .

^ Daly, Charles P. (1880). "Maps and Map-making Before Mercator" . The Popular Science Monthly . Bonnier Corporation. 473–495, see page 493. ISSN 0161-7370 .

^ Jean de Léry (1990). History of a Voyage to the Land of Brazil, Otherwise Called America . University of California Press. p. 242. ISBN 978-0-520-91380-6 .

^ Jayme A. Sokolow. (2003). The Great Encounter: Native Peoples and European Settlers in the Americas, 1492–1800 . M.E. Sharpe. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-7656-0982-3 .

^ Maria Herrera-Sobek (2012). Celebrating Latino Folklore . ABC-CLIO. p. 155. ISBN 978-0-313-34340-7 .

^ Romero, Simon (27 March 2014). "Discoveries Challenge Beliefs on Humans' Arrival in the Americas" . New York Times . Retrieved 31 May 2014 .

^ Jump up to: a b Mann, Charles C. (2006) [2005]. 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus . Vintage Books. pp. 326–33 . ISBN 978-1-4000-3205-1 .

^ About.com, http://gobrazil.about.com/od/ecotourismadventure/ss/Peter-Lund-Museum.htm

^ Robert M. Levine; John J. Crocitti (1999). The Brazil Reader: History, Culture, Politics . Duke University Press. pp. 11–. ISBN 978-0-8223-2290-0 . Retrieved 12 December 2012 .

^ Science Magazine, 13 December 1991 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/254/5038/1621.abstract

^ Levine, Robert M. (2003). The History of Brazil . Palgrave Macmillan. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-4039-6255-3 .

^ Levine (2003) , p. 31.

^ Jump up to: a b Fausto, Carlos (2000). Zahar, Jorge (ed.). Os Índios antes do Brasil [ The Indians before Brazil ] (in Portuguese). pp. 45–46, 55. ISBN 978-85-7110-543-0 .

^ Gomes, Mercio P. The Indians and Brazil University Press of Florida 2000 ISBN 0-8130-1720-3 pp. 28–29

^ Fausto (2000) , pp. 78–80.

^ Fausto (2000) , p. 50.

^ Boxer, p. 98.

^ Jump up to: a b Boxer, p. 100.

^ Boxer, pp. 100–101.

^ Jump up to: a b Skidmore, p. 27.

^ Boxer, p. 101.

^ Meuwese, Mark "Brothers in Arms, Partners in Trade: Dutch-Indigenous Alliances in the Atlantic World, 1595–1674" Koninklijke Brill NV 2012 ISBN 978-90-04-21083-7 Chapter III

^ Metcalf, Alida C. "Go-betweens And the Colonization of Brazil: 1500–1600" University of Texas Press 2005, pp. 70, 79, 202 View on Google Books

^ Crocitti & Vallance (2012) .

^ Minahan, James B. "Ethnic Groups of the Americas" ABC-CLIO 2013 ISBN 978-1-61069-163-5 p. 300, View on Google Books

^ Skidmore, p. 36.

^ Richard Middleton and Anne Lombard "Colonial America: A History to 1763" Wiley-Blackwell Publishing 1st edition 1992 ISBN 978-1-4443-9628-7 Chapter 2, Section 4 (final, last page and half of previous one) View on Google Books

^ Boxer, p. 110

^ Skidmore, p. 34.

^ Boxer, p. 102.

^ Skidmore, pp. 32–33.

^ Murray, Stuart A. P. (2009). The Library An Illustrated History . New York: Skyhorse Publishing. p. 101. ISBN 978-1-60239-706-4 .

^ Boxer, p. 164.

^ Boxer, pp. 168, 170.

^ Boxer, p. 169.

^ Kohn, George C. (1986). Dictionary of Wars (1st ed.). Facts on File, Inc. p. 174. ISBN 978-1-4381-2916-7 .

^ George Richard Potter; Henry Clifford Darby; Harold Fullard (1957). The New Cambridge Modern History . 3 (1st ed.). CUP Archive. p. 498.

^ Corrado, Jacopo "The Creole Elite and the Rise of Angolan Protonationalism" Cambria Press 2008 ISBN 978-1-60497-529-1 pp. 95 (Brazil) and 145, note 5 View on Google Books

^ Bethell, Leslie "Colonial Brazil" Cambridge University Press 1987 pp. 19, 74, 86, 169–70

^ Schwartz, Stuart B. "Slaves, Peasants, and Rebels" Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois 1992 ISBN 0-252-06549-2 Chapter 4 View on Google Books

^ MacLachlan, Colin M. "A History of Modern Brazil: The Past Against the Future"; Scholarly Resources Inc. 2003 p. 3 View on Google Books

^ Boxer, p. 213

^ Marta Barcellos & Simone Azevedo; Histórias do Mercado de Capitais no Brasil ("Financial Markets' Histories in Brazil") (Portuguese) Campus Elsevier 2011 ISBN 85-352-3994-4 Introduction (by Ney Carvalho), Intro. p. xiv

^ Bueno, p. 145.

^ Jeffrey C. Mosher (2008). Political Struggle, Ideology, and State Building: Pernambuco and the Construction of Brazil, 1817–1850 . U of Nebraska Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-8032-3247-1 .

^ Jeremy Adelman (2006). Sovereignty and Revolution in the Iberian Atlantic . Princeton University Press. pp. 334–. ISBN 978-0-691-12664-7 .

^ Lustosa, pp. 109–110

^ Lustosa, pp. 117–19

^ Lustosa, pp. 150–153

^ Vianna, p. 418

^ Diégues 2004, pp. 168, 164, 178

^ Diégues 2004, pp. 179–80

^ Lustosa, p. 208

^ Fausto (1999) , pp. 82–83.

^ Lyra (v. 1), p. 17

^ Carvalho 2007, p. 21

^ Fausto (1999) , Chapter 2, 2.1 to 2.3.

^ Jump up to: a b Fausto (1999) .

^ Bethell, Leslie "The Abolition of the Brazilian Slave Trade: Britain, Brazil and the Slave Trade" Cambridge University Press 1970, "Cambridge Latin American Studides" , Chapters 9 to 12. View on Google Books

^ Scott, Rebecca and others, The Abolition of Slavery and the Aftermath of Emancipation in Brazil , Duke University Press 1988 ISBN 0-8223-0888-6 Seymour Drescher , Chap. 2: "Brazilian Abolition in Comparative Perspective"

^ Levine, Robert M. "The history of Brazil" Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. 1999, p. 62, View on Google Books

^ Lyra (v.1), pp. 164, 225, 272

^ Fausto (1999) , Chapter 2, p. 83, and 2.6 "The Paraguayan War".

^ Ermakoff 2006 , p. 189.

^ Smallman, Shawn C. (2002). "The Overthrow of the Empire". Fear in Memory in the Brazilian Army and Society . University of North Carolina Press. pp. 16–18. ISBN 978-0-8078-5359-7 .

^ "Brazil's Proclamation of the Republic through the press" . The Brazilian Report . 15 November 2017 . Retrieved 13 November 2018 .

^ Smallman (2002) , end of Chapter 1, from p. 18 "Military rule".

^ Smallman (2002) , pp. 21–26.

^ Triner, Gail D. "Banking and Economic Development: Brazil, 1889–1930" Palgrave 2000, pp. 69–74 ISBN 0-312-23399-X

^ Needell, Jeffrey D. "A Tropical Belle Epoque: Elite Culture and Society in Turn-of-the-Century Rio de Janeiro" Cambridge University Press 2010, pp. 10, 12

^ David R. Mares; "Violent peace: militarized interstate bargaining in Latin America" Columbia University Press 2001 Chapter 5 p. 125

^ Bradford Burns 1993, p. 305

^ M.Sharp, I. Westwell & J.Westwood; "History of World War I, Volume 1" Marshall Cavendish Corporation 2002, p. 97

^ Uma história diplomática do Brasil, 1531–1945 , pp. 265–69

^ Charles Howard Ellis; "The origin, structure & working of the League of Nations" The LawBook Exchange Ltd 2003 pp. 105, 145

^ Viscount of Taunay (1893), O encilhamento: scenas contemporaneas da bolsa em 1890, 1891 e 1892 , Melhoramentos

^ Nassif, Luís (2007), Os cabeças-de-planilha , Ediouro, pp. 69–107, ISBN 978-85-00-02094-0

^ de Carvalho, Ney O. Ribeiro (2004), O Encilhamento: anatomia de uma bolha brasileira , Bovespa, ISBN 978-85-904019-1-9

^ Martins, Hélio L (1997), A Revolta da Armada , BibliEx

^ Moniz, Edmundo (1984), Canudos: a luta pela terra , Global

^ Sevcenko, Nicolau (2010), A Revolta da Vacina , Cosac Naify, ISBN 978-85-7503-868-0

^ de Moura, Aureliano P (2003), Contestado: a guerra cabocla , Biblioteca do Exército

^ Thompson, Arthur (1934), Guerra civil do Brazil de 1893–1895 , Ravaro

^ Roland, Maria Inês (2000), A Revolta da Chibata , Saraiva, ISBN 978-85-02-03095-4

^ Forjaz, Maria CS (1977), Tenentismo e politica , Paz e Terra

^ Levine; Robert M. & Crocitti; John J. The Brazil Reader: History, Culture, Politics , Duke University Press 1999, IV – The Vargas Era

^ Keen, Benjamin / Haynes, Kate A History of Latin America; Volume 2 , Waldsworth Cengage Learning 2004, pp. 356–57

^ McCann; Frank D. Soldiers of the Patria: A History of the Brazilian Army, 1889–1937 , Stanford University Press 2004, p. 303 ISBN 0-8047-3222-1

^ Ibidem Williams 2001

^ E. Bradford Burns; A History of Brazil Columbia University Press 1993 p. 352 ISBN 978-0-231-07955-6

^ Dulles, John W.F. Anarchists and Communists in Brazil, 1900–1935 University of Texas Press 2012 ISBN 0-292-74076-X

^ Frank M. Colby, Allen L. Churchill, Herbert T. Wade & Frank H. Vizetelly; The New international year book Dodd, Mead & Co. 1989, p. 102 "The Fascist Revolt"

^ Bourne, Richard Getulio Vargas of Brazil, 1883–1954 C. Knight 1974, p. 77

^ Scheina, Robert L. Latin America's Wars Vol.II: The Age of the Professional Soldier, 1900–2001 . Potomac Books, 2003 ISBN 1-57488-452-2 Part 9; Ch. 17 – World War II, Brazil, and Mexico, 1942–45

^ Thomas M. Leonard & John F. Bratzel; Latin America during World War II Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc. 2007 p. 150

^ Mónica Hirst & Andrew Hurrell; The United States and Brazil: A Long Road of Unmet Expectations , Taylor & Francis Books 2005 ISBN 0-415-95066-X pp. 4–5

^ Castro, Celso; Izecksohn, Vitor; Kraay, Hendrik (2004), Nova história militar brasileira , Fundação Getúlio Vargas, pp. 13–14, ISBN 978-85-225-0496-1

^ McCann 2004, p. 441

^ Roett; Riordan Brazil: Politics in a Patrimonial Society , GreenWood Publishing Group 1999, pp. 106–08 ISBN 0-275-95899-X

^ Keen & Haynes 2004, pp. 361–62

^ Skidmore, p. 201

^ Skidmore, pp. 202–203

^ Skidmore, p. 204

^ Skidmore, pp. 204–205

^ Skidmore, pp. 209–210

^ Skidmore, p. 210

^ Fausto (2005), p. 397

^ Gaspari, A Ditadura Envergonhada , pp. 141–42.

^ Gaspari, A Ditadura Envergonhada , p. 35.

^ Crocitti & Vallance (2012) , p. 395 , last paragraph.

^ Richard Young, Odile Cisneros "Historical Dictionary of Latin American Literature and Theater" Scare Crow Press 2011, p. 224, 2nd § View on Google Books

^ Laurence Burgorgue-Larsen & Amaya Úbeda de Torres "The Inter-American Court of Human Rights: Case Law and Commentary" Oxford University Press 2011 ISBN 978-0-19-958878-7 p. 299 View on Google Books

^ Crocitti & Vallance (2012) , p. 396 .

^ Crocitti & Vallance (2012) , p. 395–97 .

^ Bradford Burns 1993, p. 457

^ Fausto (1999) , Chapter 6 "The military government and the transition to democracy (1964–1984)".

^ Fausto (2005), pp. 464–65.

^ Fausto (2005), pp. 465, 475.

^ Skidmore, p. 311.

^ Fausto (1999) , Epilogue.

^ Fausto (2005), p. 482.

^ Fausto (2005), p. 474.

^ Fausto (2005), p. 502.

^ Zirin, 2014. Chapter 3

^ "Global protest grows as citizens lose faith in politics and the State" article on "the Guardian"

^ Zirin, 2014. Chapter 7 & Conclusion.

^ Jonathan Watts & Donna Bowater. "Dilma Rousseff impeached by Brazilian senate" . The Guardian . Retrieved 31 August 2016 .

^ Article of New York Times about the denouement of Roussef's impeachment process.

^ Article in Financial Times (18 April 2016) about the political ambiance in Brazil on the day vote for the Deputies chamber decision about open an impeachment procedure against President Dilma. 2nd to 4th paragraph.

^ Article at The New York Times , 19 April 2016, On the Brazilian political context that led to the approval of impeachment proceedings against Dilma Rousseff.

^ Article at
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