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In April, Germany legalized possession and use of marijuana for non-medical purposes, becoming the largest nation in the European Union to do so. Other places have also legalized recreational cannabis, but often, each location has its own attitudes about whether they want outsiders to be a part of it. While Las Vegas opens ' cannabis lounges ' among the tourist diversions of the Strip, Amsterdam, famous as European's cannabis capital since decriminalization of the substance in , is stepping away from permissiveness by imposing fines for public consumption of marijuana. On April 1, it became legal for adults in Germany to possess 25g about 1 ounce of marijuana and to grow up to three plants in their homes. In July , when the second stage of the new legislation takes effect, people under 18 will be allowed to join Anbauvereinigungen cannabis growers associations, a kind of monitored club, where they'll be allowed to purchase marijuana that they didn't grow themselves. The Germany Ministry of Health confirmed with Frommer's that the law has been written to specifically exclude non-citizens. You're either allowed to grow it yourself as a resident or you're required to join an Anbauvereinigungen as a resident, but you can't be a foreigner and do either. There are also prescribed places and times where public cannabis consumption is allowed, even for legal users. To partake of non-medical cannabis use in Germany, you must be a permanent resident or maintain a semi-permanent, well-established home in Germany. When the law was being planned, the European Union objected even to the establishment of licensed cannabis stores in Germany, which led the country to the solution of Anbauvereinigungen, which have private memberships and are not permitted to make a profit. The new law was intentionally crafted to pertain to personal use. Germans who grow their own pot are not legally allowed to give it to anyone else. Several European countries near Germany keep much tighter cannabis controls on the books. Officials from Germany's next-door neighbor Austria, has expressed discomfort with the Germany's new permissiveness and warns travelers that it is rigorously watching the border for pot possession. So for travelers who thought they'd be able to get a little higher than the German Alps, the definitive answer is no. The new cannabis laws were written to keep you sober and to prevent marijuana from becoming a big business in Germany. The first two stages of Germany's new law are being treated as a trial period, so it's always possible that the rules will change with time. But for now, if you want to enliven your German visit with a mood-altering substance, you'll have to stick to sausages at Oktoberfest. Thank you for subscribing! Got it! Thank you! In , Germany legalized the use of marijuana products for recreational use. Does that mean tourists can buy or use cannabis in Germany now? By Jason Cochran April 4, And then there's Germany, which is doing it the German way. Health, Insurance, Security. Local Experiences. Germany , Travel , cannabis , marijuana , pot dispensaries , Europe , drugs. Get Inspired for Your Next Vacation. Frommer's, and carefully selected third parties, use cookies on this site to improve performance, for analytics and for advertising. By browsing this site, you consent to the placement of these cookies. For more information see our Cookie Policy. Top Picks Paris Washington, D.

Can Visitors to Germany Use Cannabis Now That Recreational Use is Legal There?

Bray buying hash

Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Main St. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction, provided the original author and source are credited, the original sources is not modified, and the source is not used for commercial purposes. The legal landscape surrounding purchasing cannabis without a medical cannabis card i. Cannabis purchasing behaviors are related to subsequent use and experiencing greater cannabis-related negative consequences. However, purchasing behaviors of individuals who use cannabis without MCC are understudied. Focus groups followed a semi-structured agenda, and were audio recorded and transcribed. Two coders applied thematic analysis to summarize topics pertaining to cannabis purchasing attitudes and behaviors. Focus groups occurred in and in Rhode Island, when purchasing and use of cannabis without MCC was decriminalized but still considered illegal. Thematic analysis revealed three key themes related to cannabis purchasing behaviors: 1 regular purchasing routines i. Participants reported saving money and using more cannabis when buying in bulk. Purchasing behaviors were found to vary and were perceived to be affected by individual-level e. Future research should consider how factors e. Keywords: buying marijuana, cannabis purchase, qualitative methods, marijuana purchase task, focus groups. The past decade has seen a rapid increase in the legalization of cannabis use and purchasing i. In the United States U. Zellers et al. Higher prevalence of cannabis use is of concern to public health because it has been associated with several deleterious outcomes, including increased risk for cannabis-related emergency department and urgent care visits Wang et al. Individuals who purchase cannabis use it more frequently relative to those who do not purchase cannabis but obtain it from other sources, such as their friends Osilla et al. Purchasing cannabis is also associated with experiencing more cannabis-related negative consequences, more time spent with people who use cannabis, and is prospectively associated with higher likelihood of developing any substance use disorder Osilla et al. However, purchasing behaviors of people who use cannabis without a medical cannabis card MCC , and factors affecting purchases, are understudied. Legalization of recreational cannabis use is also associated with more favorable social norms surrounding use Wallace et al. Cannabis legalization also facilitates rapid expansion of new dispensaries and allows for people to cultivate their own cannabis plants, resulting in increased access to cannabis. Indeed, the burgeoning legal retail marketplace has, in effect, decreased the price of illicit cannabis Anderson et al. From to — a time period when widespread recreational cannabis legalization was starting to occur — there was an increase in the rate of people endorsing buying and growing cannabis versus getting it for free and sharing it Azofeifa et al. During the same time period, the number of people who reported that cannabis was fairly easy or very easy to obtain also increased Azofeifa et al. Given that increased access to cannabis e. Further, although the illicit market remains the primary source of cannabis in the U. Prior research has shown that purchasing factors, such as source i. Results from a recent study in Canada indicated that living in closer proximity to legal cannabis retail outlets was associated with a higher likelihood of purchasing dried flower Wadsworth et al. Similar patterns were observed in Washington state in a longitudinal study of over 85, individuals between and Everson et al. Although rates of current cannabis use and frequency of use did not significantly change immediately following legalization, significant increases were observed following greater access to retailers i. Taken together, evidence indicates that certain purchasing factors like accessibility and source may affect certain cannabis use behaviors e. In the U. Use of cannabis for medical purposes is also now legal in most states in the U. Legalization of cannabis for medical use is followed by increased access to cannabis overall, in part via dispensary diversions, where people with a medical card resell cannabis to others Reed et al. Even though cannabis remains federally illicit and several U. Moreover, policies that are ostensibly intended to deter use have had little effect in decreasing actual purchasing and use. Rather, these policies have engendered a detrimental impact on society by increasing involvement with the criminal legal system Lenton, Indeed, there has been a significant increase in the number of people who support a fine as the maximum legal penalty for cannabis possession of an ounce or less versus harsher punishments e. Correspondingly, cannabis purchasing is still occurring at high levels in many areas where it remains illegal. Relevant laws in one state also influence purchasing behaviors of individuals in neighboring states. Taken together, more research is needed to better understand how perceived legal consequences are related to purchasing behaviors of persons who use cannabis without MCC. Recent years have also seen an increase in cannabis potency i. In places where use of cannabis for recreational purposes is legal, retail sales indicate an increased demand for cannabis extracts, which are over three times more potent than traditional cannabis flower e. While increased access to cannabis is expected following legalization, concomitant increases in cannabis use may be especially concerning, in part, because of the increased potency of the cannabis that is being purchased and used. High-potency cannabis concentrates are implicated in the increasing cannabis use disorder CUD rates Meier, and more severe CUD symptoms Freeman et al. From these perspectives, contextual factors that might impact, and are related to, cannabis purchasing include the shifting legal landscape and changing policies relevant to cannabis. Growing legalization has also been accompanied by the rapidly expanding cannabis industry, changes in cannabis potency, and overall availability of cannabis. Thus, previous research has characterized cannabis purchasing in various contexts, including designer and commercial markets Sifaneck et al. Although much remains unknown about factors affecting cannabis purchase decisions, the existing research indicates that perceived quality and price influence cannabis purchase choices, such that consumers seek the lowest-cost cannabis to avoid reducing consumption Donnan et al. However, less is known about cannabis purchased without MCC from various sources, particularly within the shifting legal landscape and changing policy contexts that engender reduced stigma and increased cannabis availability. Prior studies have employed qualitative methods to investigate sources of cannabis e. Understanding purchasing behaviors surrounding cannabis used without MCC is especially important because purchasing behaviors are related to use patterns and negative consequences, and this information could inform future interventions and policy decisions. Individuals who reported using cannabis without MCC were recruited from Rhode Island and Massachusetts via advertisements on flyers and social media to participate in qualitative focus group interviews about their cannabis use and purchasing behaviors. Focus groups were conducted, in part, to inform the design of a larger experimental laboratory cannabis administration study Aston et al. Focus groups were conducted in , with participants from Rhode Island, during which time, cannabis use without MCC was considered illegal, but was decriminalized. Cannabis use with MCC was legal, and at the time of data collection Rhode Island had three medical cannabis dispensaries. Based on this context, and given that there were no other main avenues for purchasing cannabis use without MCC, the most likely source for purchasing cannabis for people without MCC in the state of Rhode Island was via nonmedical providers. Rhode Island, and neighboring states, Massachusetts and Connecticut, legalized cannabis without MCC after these data were collected, at the end of , , and , respectively. A total of 31 individuals participated in 5 in-person focus groups, with participants per group. Before focus group discussions, participants first completed self-report measures of their demographic background and cannabis use. Focus groups followed a semi-structured interview guide, sessions were audio recorded, and on average lasted approximately an hour. Sample questions are in Table 2. Do you buy for yourself or do you typically buy for someone else in addition to yourself? Significant other, friend? Audio recordings of each focus group discussion were transcribed verbatim. Debriefing discussions were held following each focus group. Using the semi-structured interview agenda, a qualitative coding structure was developed. The coding structure was refined through an iterative process to incorporate topics that emerged in the discussions. Codes were then entered into NVivo software for thematic analysis to identify key topics Guest et al. Data mining tools were used to identify relevant themes of interest e. Transcripts were thematically analyzed, first using descriptive coding followed by conceptual coding. First, all codes pertaining to cannabis purchasing behaviors were reviewed descriptively. Intensive coder discussion, coder adjudication, and simple coder consensus were used to resolve discrepancies and used to indicate agreement Colditz et al. Secondary coding was implemented for relevant conceptual content to facilitate synthesis and organization of codes by the first and second authors. Discrepant codes were subsequently brought into concordance through discussion. All codes pertaining to cannabis purchasing were reviewed again, towards categorization, integration, synthesis, and conceptualization of topics Saldana, The final set of codes was then reviewed by the first four authors, and summarized to identify key themes, which are reported here. Representative quotations were selected and presented to illustrate the general idea of each theme. Sample descriptive characteristics are presented in Table 1. Reported mean age was Participants were of relatively diverse racial identity, with the majority identifying as White The rest of the participants identified as African American Three main topics were queried during focus group discussions regarding: 1 regular purchasing routines for cannabis used without MCC, 2 economic factors, and 3 contextual factors perceived to influence cannabis purchasing behaviors. Each theme, along with subthemes and exemplar quotes, is further described below, with a complete list presented in Tables 2 and 3. Participants were asked about the frequency and schedule with which they habitually purchased cannabis, the amount i. Most participants reported buying a consistent amount per purchase i. However, there was still considerable variability in the amount per purchase between participants. A little more. You know? There was a wide range in the dollar amount participants paid for cannabis, with one participant saying:. In contrast, participants reported comparable prices for how much they paid per unit of their cannabis purchases, indicating consistent pricing. Participants were queried about factors that affected the cost of i. Factors related to cost included cannabis quality and strain i. Similar to factors perceived to affect the cost of cannabis, participants noted the importance of cannabis quality in their purchasing decisions and indicated that they were more likely to purchase cannabis that was perceived to be of better quality. Another said,. Participants discussed the importance of easy access to cannabis in their purchasing decisions. Participants who resided near their supplier i. Availability of free cannabis and types of cannabis were also perceived as important factors. Participants indicated that they would purchase more cannabis if it were readily available from others. As noted, use of cannabis without MCC was decriminalized, but still considered illegal, at the time focus groups were conducted. The current study used qualitative focus group data to assess cannabis purchasing behaviors among individuals who frequently used cannabis without MCC. Specifically, identifying common factors perceived to influence purchasing and use behaviors can inform future cannabis prevention, intervention, and policy decisions. Participants reported relatively consistent purchasing routines despite not having set schedules. Participants also reported a consistent price structure when purchasing cannabis e. This finding is consistent with results from a recent systematic review Donnan et al. Likewise, recent research indicated that adolescents and young adults perceived cannabis obtained from legal versus illegal markets to be of higher quality, and safer to use and purchase Amlung et al. Indeed, cannabis obtained illegally i. Thus, enacting policies that seek to regulate, rather than punish, cannabis markets and implement quality and safety standards may appeal to consumers and reduce the sale and use of illegal cannabis. Alternatively, informational campaigns that emphasize safety standards and convey the quality of legal cannabis products relative to alternative, illegal ones may also affect purchasing behaviors and diminish the illegal marketplace. Regarding economic factors, participants reported, as expected, that their financial circumstances dictated much of their purchasing behaviors. Participants also explained how bulk purchasing decreased the unit cost, which parallels traditional patterns of consumer demand for other commodities e. Notably, participants also reported that when they purchased more cannabis than normal, they tended to increase their use as well, also mirroring patterns observed with alcohol and tobacco Bray et al. A better understanding of germane factors that affect purchasing behaviors may also help identify who is at elevated risk for negative outcomes. As noted, legalization of recreational cannabis use leads to increased frequency of cannabis use Zellers et al. Thus, it is important to ascertain whether bulk purchasing facilitates the types of heavier use patterns that lead to the development of CUD or increased severity of CUD symptoms. Equally important, future research should attempt to identify factors specifically related to bulk purchasing. Moving forward, an important public health consideration will be to engage a wide-range of stakeholders e. Policy efforts could include strategies to regulate bulk purchasing and discounting among licensed cannabis purveyors. Particularly at retail outlets, the effectiveness of price policies such as limiting bulk discounting, and discounting in general, is supported by empirical evidence from federal and state-level tobacco control efforts Tobacco Control Legal Consortium, The maximum purchase amount allowed per customer varies across states with legal access to cannabis, and there is a need to evaluate how maximum purchase amounts, or policies that limit bulk discounts, may influence consumer purchasing and use patterns Pacula et al. Certain states e. Policy changes related to purchasing high quantities of THC, such as additional taxes on high THC-content cannabis products, may be considered to reduce public health risks. Further research is needed before considering full policy implications of such efforts and current results. Yet, current results indicate that it is important to consider factors that may encourage bulk purchasing e. For instance, policies may address the amount and type of information budtenders are able to share with customers at medical dispensaries or on reputable websites. On the other hand, strategies from other commodity purchasing environments e. Especially in the context of cannabis dispensaries, future research should examine how product placement, pricing, and labeling influences cannabis purchasing behaviors and the extent to which these factors can be leveraged to reduce patterns of behavior associated with harmful outcomes. Regarding contextual factors, cannabis was decriminalized in Rhode Island and Massachusetts in and , respectively. Participants in the current study universally reported being unconcerned about potential legal consequences involving cannabis. This finding replicates earlier, nationally representative data suggesting that the perceptions of serious legal consequences from using and possessing cannabis have declined over time Azofeifa et al. As legislation continues towards widespread decriminalization, decreased criminal penalties, and expanded record clearing for lower-level cannabis offenses in the U. National Conference of State Legislators. Cannabis policy and legislation has thus far largely focused on its sale, possession, cultivation, distribution, and purchase, including setting limits and punishments for possessing different amounts of cannabis, creating guidelines on who can grow cannabis, and where sales can take place. Although cannabis legalization advances important social justice goals Hajizadeh, , much remains to be done to address racial disparities in cannabis use outcomes, such as experiencing cannabis-related negative consequences and involvement with the criminal legal system. One potential driver of such disparities may be purchasing behaviors. Characterizing purchasing behaviors of persons who use cannabis without MCC, as we have sought to do in the current investigation, may be a first step in identifying potential explanations for disparities in rates of experiencing certain cannabis-related negative legal consequences. The current study has limitations. Focus groups were conducted, in part, to inform a larger study involving laboratory cannabis administration, and thus excluded adults over 50 years of age due to potential cardiovascular risks from smoking cannabis and individuals with a diagnosis of affective, psychosis, or panic disorders. Thus, future research should examine purchasing behaviors of older adults and individuals with mental health conditions. Participants reported, on average, using cannabis five days a week. Purchasing behaviors may vary among those with different use patterns e. Further, given that focus groups were conducted when purchasing cannabis without MCC was not legally permitted, implications for cannabis purchasing behaviors in other contexts may be limited. Although legality of recreational cannabis use is increasing, these data are still informative as cannabis without MCC is still not legal in much of the U. Given the context of where and when the focus groups were conducted i. Other sources of cannabis without MCC likely included growing cannabis, receiving cannabis for free i. Further, because participants primarily used flower cannabis, much of the focus group discussions were on purchasing flower cannabis. As noted, at the time when focus groups were conducted in Rhode Island, it was difficult for people without MCC to purchase other kinds of cannabis e. Thus, it is unclear whether pre-pandemic purchasing behaviors generalize to purchasing behaviors after the onset of the pandemic as direct-to-consumer delivery services for cannabis have increased exponentially Fertig et al. Additional research is also needed that explores how purchasing behaviors may differ based on sociodemographic characteristics e. Lastly, although beyond the scope of the current investigation, contextual factors may also interact with other correlates of substance use outcomes, including individual level factors e. Taken together, findings from this study indicate that consumers believe several economic and contextual factors influence how they purchase cannabis. Accordingly, policymakers and public health agencies should invest in public education campaigns about the legal and health impacts of cannabis use, and implement policies that deter purchasing behaviors that facilitate greater consumption e. Further, enacting better policies that regulate the sale, manufacturing, and marketing of cannabis used without MCC and that establish quality and safety standards may appeal to consumers and shift their purchasing behaviors away from illicit cannabis markets. All funding sources had no other role in study design or manuscript preparation other than financial support. Conflict of Interest Statement: All authors list no conflicts of interest. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Find articles by Nioud Mulugeta Gebru. Find articles by Elizabeth R Aston. Find articles by Benjamin L Berey. Find articles by L Morgan Snell. Find articles by Robert F Leeman. Find articles by Jane Metrik. Collection date Probes: Do you have a schedule? Do you plan ahead? How much marijuana do you usually purchase? Probes: Why? Regular purchasing routines 1. Purchasing frequency 1. Purchasing schedule 1. Amount per purchase About how much do you spend each time you buy marijuana? Probe: Why? Economic factors affecting cannabis purchasing behaviors 2. Factors affecting cost 2. Effects of price increases Tell me about your relationship with your supplier. Probe: Would you buy from elsewhere? Contextual factors affecting cannabis purchasing behaviors 3. Quality of cannabis 3. Legal concerns. Open in a new tab. A little more…. I would say once a week. I know what I want. Kinda fluctuates. Amount per purchase 1 Eighths, pretty much always. An eighth or a Q or something. Just kidding. Bills and—…So, like, today I get a 20, but Friday I might get a quarter. And I was like whoa, okay. Time to step back. Depends how much money I have. Might spend 10 on a gram, 40 on a eighth. But usually, when my boyfriend and I are both working, we buy a quarter or maybe a little more a week. So - I spend 15 on a gram, 40 on an eighth, 20 for 1. Because you figure four days a week, so. It gets kind of excessive, especially in the medical marijuana market. And he tries to have us watch TV with him and shit. And…the supply and demand \[sic\] completely changes at that point. But since the supply goes up it lowers the cost cuz you can get it from anywhere and everywhere…. The demand is always going to be the same-same demand, I mean you can change that a little bit by changing the supply. And out here, so I used to drive to—my friend lives in \[redacted location\]. I used to drive to \[redacted location\], go get my weed, and then go home. But it never varies a lot. All right, you got that same stuff? Usually by quality. But the best dude that I have charges an ounce for his premium top-quality shit. So, probably four times a week. For sure 22 Where you gonna keep it? Some—one of my friends will get—like if I can get three or four different types at the same time, depending on what she has, and then I have another friend. Just tell me to go home. I really do. I always have it on me. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel. How often are you buying marijuana? Amount per purchase. About how much do you spend each time you buy marijuana? Economic factors affecting cannabis purchasing behaviors. Effects of price increases. Tell me about your relationship with your supplier. Contextual factors affecting cannabis purchasing behaviors. Cannabis-related variables. Theme: Regular purchasing routines. Every day, unless I buy a quarter for the week. If I had unlimited money, I could probably do,—a comfortable thing would be an eighth every day. But usually just once a week. It might be different amounts every day, but definitely every day. Pretty regular. Anywhere from a gram to a quarter…. A quarter ounce. It depends on the day…Sometimes when I hit the lottery or no. Usually if I—when I buy bigger amounts I find that I smoke more. Theme: Economic factors affecting cannabis purchasing behaviors. Depending how much money you have, honestly…. Depends on what you get, you know? It depends on how much money I got at the beginning of the week. Sometimes for some dealers it might be the strain. Prices in general have gone way down in just the last two years…. I feel like those prices would be if you know the person. Before, it was 50 \[for an\] eighth. Theme: Contextual factors affecting cannabis purchasing behaviors. The only time I buy more than once a week \[is\] if someone calls or I know they might have something special, I might try them for a sample—- to see how it smokes. I want to get a 20 bag. Well, currently as of right now, I know somebody who I can get medical for free right now, pretty much. Yeah, for me I used to at least buy at least two grams a week. For sure. Well, me and my roommate, we split it, so…four times a week we smoke. Not really \[a concern\], to be honest. Drinking is worse…. I think of weed different.

Bray buying hash