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Please enable JavaScript or switch to a JavaScript-capable browser. Learn how to enable JavaScript. Content continues after advertisement. She earned her DVM from Washington State University and completed an internship in large animal medicine and surgery at University of Guelph and a residency in anesthesiology and critical patient care at University of California, Davis. Her interests are improving anesthetic safety and appropriate treatment of perioperative pain in veterinary patients. This is a filled error message. To access full articles on www. Want free access to the 1 publication for diagnostic and treatment information? Create a free account to read full articles and access web-exclusive content on www. Email addresses do not match. Passwords do not match. US United States. CA Canada. AF Afghanistan. AL Albania. DZ Algeria. AS American Samoa. AD Andorra. AO Angola. AI Anguilla. AQ Antarctica. AG Antigua and Barbuda. AR Argentina. AM Armenia. AW Aruba. AU Australia. AT Austria. AZ Azerbaijan. BS Bahamas. BH Bahrain. BD Bangladesh. BB Barbados. BY Belarus. BE Belgium. BZ Belize. BJ Benin. BM Bermuda. BT Bhutan. BO Bolivia. BA Bosnia and Herzegovina. BW Botswana. BV Bouvet Island. BR Brazil. BN Brunei Darussalam. BG Bulgaria. BF Burkina Faso. BI Burundi. KH Cambodia. CM Cameroon. CV Cape Verde. KY Cayman Islands. CF Central African Republic. TD Chad. CL Chile. CN China. CX Christmas Island. CC Cocos Keeling Islands. CO Colombia. KM Comoros. CG Congo. CD Congo, the Democratic Republic of the. CK Cook Islands. CR Costa Rica. HR Croatia. CU Cuba. CY Cyprus. CZ Czech Republic. DK Denmark. DJ Djibouti. DM Dominica. DO Dominican Republic. TL Timor-Leste. EC Ecuador. EG Egypt. SV El Salvador. GQ Equatorial Guinea. ER Eritrea. EE Estonia. ET Ethiopia. FK Falkland Islands Malvinas. FO Faroe Islands. FJ Fiji. FI Finland. FR France. GF French Guiana. PF French Polynesia. TF French Southern Territories. GA Gabon. GM Gambia. GE Georgia. DE Germany. GH Ghana. GI Gibraltar. GR Greece. GL Greenland. GD Grenada. GP Guadeloupe. GU Guam. GT Guatemala. GN Guinea. GW Guinea-Bissau. GY Guyana. HT Haiti. HN Honduras. HK Hong Kong. HU Hungary. IS Iceland. IN India. ID Indonesia. IR Iran. IQ Iraq. IE Ireland. IL Israel. IT Italy. JM Jamaica. JP Japan. JO Jordan. KZ Kazakhstan. KE Kenya. KI Kiribati. KR Korea, Republic of. KW Kuwait. KG Kyrgyzstan. LV Latvia. LB Lebanon. LS Lesotho. LR Liberia. LY Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. LI Liechtenstein. LT Lithuania. LU Luxembourg. MO Macao. MK Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic. MG Madagascar. MW Malawi. MY Malaysia. MV Maldives. ML Mali. MT Malta. MH Marshall Islands. MQ Martinique. MR Mauritania. MU Mauritius. YT Mayotte. MX Mexico. FM Micronesia, Federated States of. MD Moldova, Republic of. MC Monaco. MN Mongolia. MS Montserrat. MA Morocco. MZ Mozambique. MM Myanmar. NA Namibia. NR Nauru. NP Nepal. NL Netherlands. AN Netherlands Antilles. NC New Caledonia. NZ New Zealand. NI Nicaragua. NE Niger. NG Nigeria. NU Niue. NF Norfolk Island. MP Northern Mariana Islands. NO Norway. OM Oman. PK Pakistan. PW Palau. PA Panama. PG Papua New Guinea. PY Paraguay. PE Peru. PH Philippines. PN Pitcairn. PL Poland. PT Portugal. PR Puerto Rico. QA Qatar. RE Reunion. RO Romania. RU Russian Federation. RW Rwanda. KN Saint Kitts and Nevis. LC Saint Lucia. VC Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. WS Samoa. SM San Marino. ST Sao Tome and Principe. SA Saudi Arabia. SN Senegal. SC Seychelles. SL Sierra Leone. SG Singapore. SK Slovakia. SI Slovenia. SB Solomon Islands. SO Somalia. ZA South Africa. ES Spain. LK Sri Lanka. SH Saint Helena. PM Saint Pierre and Miquelon. SD Sudan. SR Suriname. SJ Svalbard and Jan Mayen. SZ Swaziland. SE Sweden. CH Switzerland. SY Syrian Arab Republic. TW Taiwan, Province of China. TJ Tajikistan. TZ Tanzania, United Republic of. TH Thailand. TG Togo. TK Tokelau. TO Tonga. TT Trinidad and Tobago. TN Tunisia. TR Turkey. TM Turkmenistan. TC Turks and Caicos Islands. TV Tuvalu. UG Uganda. UA Ukraine. AE United Arab Emirates. GB United Kingdom. UY Uruguay. UZ Uzbekistan. VU Vanuatu. VE Venezuela. VN Viet Nam. VG Virgin Islands, British. VI Virgin Islands, U. WF Wallis and Futuna. EH Western Sahara. YE Yemen. ZM Zambia. ZW Zimbabwe. AL Alabama. AK Alaska. AZ Arizona. AR Arkansas. CA California. CO Colorado. CT Connecticut. DE Delaware. DC District of Columbia. FL Florida. GA Georgia. HI Hawaii. ID Idaho. IL Illinois. IN Indiana. IA Iowa. KS Kansas. KY Kentucky. LA Louisiana. ME Maine. MD Maryland. MA Massachusetts. MI Michigan. MN Minnesota. MS Mississippi. MO Missouri. MT Montana. NE Nebraska. NV Nevada. NH New Hampshire. NJ New Jersey. NM New Mexico. NY New York. NC North Carolina. ND North Dakota. OH Ohio. OK Oklahoma. OR Oregon. PA Pennsylvania. RI Rhode Island. SC South Carolina. SD South Dakota. TN Tennessee. TX Texas. UT Utah. VT Vermont. VA Virginia. WA Washington. WV West Virginia. WI Wisconsin. WY Wyoming. Micronesia Federated States Of. US Minor Outlying Islands. Armed Forces Africa. Armed Forces Americas Aa except Canada. Armed Forces Canada. Armed Forces Europe Ae. Armed Forces Middle East Ae. Armed Forces Pacific Ap. AB Alberta. NS Nova Scotia. BC British Columbia. ON Ontario. MB Manitoba. PE Prince Edward Island. NB New Brunswick. QC Quebec. NF Newfoundland. SK Saskatchewan. NT Northwest Territories. YT Yukon Territory. Virgin Islands. What best describes your position? Veterinarian Role: Non-Veterinarian Role: Already have an account? Sign in here. References and Author Information. Author Information. For global readers, a calculator to convert laboratory values, dosages, and other measurements to SI units can be found here. For questions or inquiries please contact us. It has been ranked the 1 most essential publication by small animal veterinarians for 9 years. Create Account. All Content. No results found. January Peer Reviewed. Sign In. Account sign in. Please Wait. Sign In Create Account. Trusted content. Tailored to you. For free. Create an account for free Want free access to the 1 publication for diagnostic and treatment information? Account Details. Veterinary Technician. Ketamine is a commercially available cyclohexanone with a long-standing role in global veterinary anesthesia. The commercially available formulation, ketamine hydrochloride, is acidic and can cause pain on intramuscular injection author experience. However, the drug itself—which is a racemic mixture of 2 optical isomers—is a weak base, with a p K a of 7. No receptor-specific reversal agent exists for ketamine. Ketamine is typically administered intravenously, but intramuscular administration may be used in some instances eg, feline feral neuter programs, primate or wildlife management. This decline is likely due to the availability of other drugs as well as ketamine-induced behavioral adverse effects eg, excitement on emergence from anesthesia, myoclonus, increased motor activity. Its use with propofol has been evaluated in dogs; results have shown improved heart rate and blood pressure but increased respiratory depression as compared with use of propofol alone. This combination has also been used with favorable results to provide total intravenous anesthesia for cats undergoing ovariectomy. Primary cardiovascular effects of ketamine administration include an increase in sympathetic tone and potential depression of baroreceptor feedback in healthy humans and animals. This most commonly causes an increase in heart rate and blood pressure, despite mild vasodilation. Although well tolerated in normal patients, ketamine is not recommended in animals with restrictive or hypertrophic cardiac diseases and other conditions for which an increase in sympathetic tone is undesirable eg, hyperthyroidism, pheochromocytoma. Mild, transient decreases in ventilation and oxygenation have been reported following ketamine administration. Ketamine serves as a bronchodilator and may be of value in animals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma. An antisialagogue may be beneficial to counteract increased salivation seen with ketamine administration. Although ketamine is less commonly used as a sole anesthetic induction agent in dogs and cats, its use in the prevention of wind up or spinal facilitation of pain is increasing. Veterinary studies are limited but, along with clinical impressions, suggest that NMDA N -methyl-D-aspartate antagonist actions are beneficial in painful animals. A study has shown that, when a ketamine infusion was administered as part of a balanced analgesia plan in the intraoperative period to dogs undergoing forelimb amputation, the need for additional postoperative analgesics was reduced. Seizure-like effects have been reported, although ketamine has been used to treat seizures. Emergence reactions eg, presumed hallucinogenic or excitatory behaviors exhibited upon emergence from anesthesia may therefore result. Because both ketamine and the active first metabolite norketamine are excreted by the kidneys, these negative behavioral effects may be further exacerbated in cats with renal disease. References and Author Information show hide. References Dundee JW. Pharmacology of intravenous anaesthetics and hypnotics. General Anaesthesia. Essex, UK: Comparison of propofol with ketofol, a propofol-ketamine admixture for induction of anaesthesia in healthy dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg. Evaluation of a ketamine-propofol drug combination with or without dexmedetomidine for intravenous anesthesia in cats undergoing ovariectomy. J Am Vet Med Assoc. Sympathoneuronal and sympathoadrenal activation during ketamine anesthesia. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. Effects of ketamine on central sympathetic discharge and the baroreceptor reflex during mechanical ventilation. Br J Anaesth. Cardiovascular effects of anesthetic induction with ketamine. Anesth Analg. Effects of ketamine on canine cardiovascular function. Hilgenberg JC. Anesthesia and Co-Existing Disease. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; Comparison of the inotropic action of morphine and ketamine studied in canine cardiac muscle. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. Ketamine in hypovolemic dogs. Crit Care Med. Cardiovascular and metabolic sequelae of inducing anesthesia with ketamine or thiopental in hypovolemic swine. A clinical comparison of CT, ketamine, and xylazine in cats. Am J Vet Res. Ketamine in dogs. White PF. Ketamine update: Semin Anesth. Use of low doses of ketamine administered by constant rate infusion as an adjunct to postoperative analgesia in dogs. Comparative pharmacology of the ketamine isomers. Waterman AE. Influence of premedication with xylazine on the distribution and metabolism of intramuscularly administered ketamine in cats. Res Vet Sci. Ketamine pharmacokinetics in domestic cats. Vet Anesth. Author Information show hide. Continuing Education. Welcome to your new CE platform. Get started here. Earn Hours. Earn up to Delivered to Your Inbox Newsletter. Join the Conversation Facebook. Follow us CliniciansBrief Twitter. Global Edition. About Us. Contact Us. Brief Media.
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