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Hindson Douglas C. Orderly Urbanization and Influx Control. Il montre ensuite en quoi 1' « urbanisation dans l'ordre » rejette ou retient divers facteurs de l'apartheid traditionnel. Cahiers tudes africaines 99 V- pp Traditional Apartheid and African Urbanization Apartheid. On coming to power in the Nationalist party began implementing an urbanization policy based on the recommendations of the Sauer report. The reform policy set out by the Riekert Commission was premised on the acceptance of the basic territorial and political assumptions of traditional apartheid specifically that Africans in the urban areas should continue to exercise their national political rights solely in the Bantustans South Africa igyca 1. The Failure of the Riekert Reforms. The repeated attempts to implement the Riekert recommenda tions in the five years following its publication all met with failure. DOUGLAS HINDSON ing economic and political crisis of the mid-icSos has finally led to an abandonment of territorial apartheid and an acceptance of the need to reintegrate the Bantustans into some form of single national system albeit one constituted on the basis of ethnic-cum-regional federal confederal units It is under these circumstances that the Council report was published late in and it is against this background that its intentions and likely consequences should be judged. Orderly Urbanization and Regional Strategy in the s. An undeniable implication of the PC report is the abandonment of the territorial and constitutional aims of apartheid as originally set out in the Sauer report The Commission remains open on the question of what constitutional dispensation should replace territorial apartheid It explicitly raises the issue of the status of citizens within the formally independent Bantustans of the Transkei Bophuthatswana Venda and Ciskei the so-called TBVC countries in terms of mobility and citizenship rights within greater South Africa Although it makes no specific recommendations with respect to these entities the thrust of its argument favours the extension to their populations of mobility and settlement rights identical to those of other groups The question of citizenship was deliberately excluded from the terms of reference in order to allow the State to marry its recommendations to one of range of constitutional alternatives presently regarded by government as negotiable South Africa 9. Just as it would not be possible to come to an understanding of the nature and significance of the policy of influx control from the s to the end of the s without locating it within the framework of territorial apartheid so is it evidently impossible to develop an adequate under standing of the urbanization strategy set out by the PC without grasping its place within the framework of the regional strategy The report itself is explicit about this framework The Committee would like to state clearly that planning intervention in the form of incentives and disincentives is regarded as essential at both the macro-spatial and the micro-spatial levels to promote orderly urbanisation especially in the absence of direct control measures ibid. Historically opposition to the pass system has focused on number of points that the pass book is issued only to black people that it has to be carried and produced on demand for inspection by police and certain officials and that it is associated with the enforcement of racially dis criminatory restrictions over movement presence residence and employ ment in designated areas Addressing these objections the PC report South Africa 9. It would be wrong to assume that direct controls over movement and settlement play no part in the thinking of the PC report Its central recommendation is that influx control and the pass laws must be replaced with indirect controls the siting of residential areas provision of housing and nscal incentives and disincentives But it argues that such measures on their own would not be enough to ensure that urbanization is kept orderly Accordingly it gives attention to the use of number of direct control measures These include laws against squatting health and safety measures trespass and vagrancy laws ibid. The PC report turns the Riekert strategy on its head by calling for the deregulation of traditional controls over employment the fostering of small businesses and informal sector activities and the abolition of employment-related influx control measures As in the case of squatting activities previously seen as threatening urban control systems are now presented as means of resolving the urban crisis The PC report calls for the legalization promotion and regulation of the informal and small business activities as means of generating employment and incomes in and around the urban areas With the necessary deregulation and adjustment in standards small businesses could promote measure of orderliness in the process of urbanisation at the same time contributing to successful urban functioning through initiation and training in urban practices South Africa 5. The Council was set up in as an advisory body to the President It comprises elected members from the three racially constituted parliamentary chambers and members appointed directly by the President Its role has been to re-formulate policy within the framework of the Total which entails the incorporation of Asian and coloured people into racially divided parliamentary structures and the creation of some form of confederal arrangement between the Republic of South Africa and the Bantustans Since late it has turned its attention to widening the basis of reform by extend ing citizenship to black South Africans inside and outside the Bantustans and is attempting to devise means by which some sections of the black population may be included within central State representative structures probably on racially and ethnically divided basis. Notes 1.

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Ndebele woman blowing a kudu horn in front of finger painted house, Botshabelo Ndebele village, South Africa. Photo keywords: Africa , African , art , craft , cultural , culture , ethnic , house , music , people , South Africa , Southern Africa , tribal , tribe , village , woman. Published in: South Africa. Powered by PhotoDeck.

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