Booomerang

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Booomerang
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the wooden implement. For other uses, see Boomerang (disambiguation) .
— The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser , 23 December 1804.
This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. ( October 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )

^ Jump up to: a b c Jones, Philip (1996). Boomerang: Behind an Australian Icon . Wakefield Press. ISBN 9781862543829 .

^ Boomerang Archived 4 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine , Online Etymology Dictionary Archived 13 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine .

^ "SYDNEY" . NLA Australian Newspapers. Archived from the original on 9 April 2022 . Retrieved 3 March 2010 .

^ Collins, David (1798). "Appendix XII (Language)" . An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales . p. 554. Archived from the original on 31 August 2020 . Retrieved 28 August 2020 .

^ Image of handwritten note Archived 14 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine , in " The notebooks of William Dawes on the Aboriginal language of Sydney Archived 17 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine ". The Hans Rausing Endangered Languages Project Archived 29 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine .

^ "What is a Boomerang?" . Boomerang Association of Australia. 15 September 1961. Archived from the original on 8 February 2009 . Retrieved 3 March 2010 .

^ Ted Bailey. "Worlds Largest Boomerang" . flight-toys.com. Archived from the original on 7 September 2008 . Retrieved 17 October 2008 .

^ "Kimberley rock art could be among oldest in the world" . ABC News . 2 November 2015. Archived from the original on 7 February 2016 . Retrieved 7 February 2016 .

^ Arifin, Karina (2004). Rock Art in West Papua (PDF) . UNESCO Publishing. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 February 2017 . Retrieved 20 January 2017 .

^ "Boomerang" . Archived copy . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 29 April 2009 . Retrieved 25 January 2009 . {{ cite encyclopedia }} : CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link )

^ Harris, Tom (2 November 2000). "Battle Boomerangs" . Howstuffworks.com. Archived from the original on 7 March 2010 . Retrieved 3 March 2010 .

^ Rivers, Pitt. "On the Egyptian Boomerang and its Affinities". The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. 1883. 12 : 454–463.

^ Jump up to: a b c "Boomerang History" . rangs.co.uk. Archived from the original on 30 June 2007 . Retrieved 17 October 2008 .

^ Valde-Nowak et al . (1987). Upper Palaeolithic boomerang made of a mammoth tusk in south Poland. Nature 329 : 436–438 (1 October 1987); doi:10.1038/329436a0 Archived 6 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine .

^ "Er fliegt!" . Bumerang Welt . 1995. Archived from the original on 31 October 2007. . English translation: "Paleolithic Throwing Object" "Archived copy" . Archived from the original on 5 December 2008 . Retrieved 6 September 2008 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link ) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( link ) – Throwing experiments with the Palaeolithic throwing object from the Oblazowa in the Polish Carpathians

^ Lloyd, John; Mitchinson, John (2006). The Book of General Ignorance . Mackays of Chatham. p. 244. ISBN 978-0-571-23368-7 .

^ "BOOMERANGS WERE LETHAL WEAPONS OF WAR, SKELETON SUGGESTS" . Archived from the original on 3 August 2019 . Retrieved 15 April 2020 .

^ Aussie Boomerang Shootin' . 15 October 2012. Archived from the original on 1 February 2013 . Retrieved 18 October 2012 – via YouTube.

^ Boomerang Aerodynamics Archived 7 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine , boomerangs.com Archived 22 March 2006 at the Wayback Machine .

^ Saulius Pakalnis, Aerodynamics of Boomerang Archived 11 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine , 21 April 2006, researchsupporttechnologies.com Archived 15 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine .

^ Round-shaped boomerang patent Archived 7 January 2022 at the Wayback Machine . 8 July 2021

^ "Boomerangs in Space" . Flight-toys.com. 18 March 2008. Archived from the original on 24 May 2010 . Retrieved 3 March 2010 .

^ "Boomerang works in space, says astronaut" . News.com.au. 21 March 2008. Archived from the original on 24 March 2008 . Retrieved 3 March 2010 .

^ "Does a Boomerang Work in Space?" . Universetoday.com . 24 March 2008. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008 . Retrieved 3 March 2010 .

^ Jump up to: a b "Boomerang" . gsu.edu . Archived from the original on 14 June 2012 . Retrieved 8 May 2012 .

^ "baggressive.com" . Baggressive.com. 19 April 2005. Archived from the original on 24 December 2008 . Retrieved 3 March 2010 .

^ "BOOMERANG THROWING INSTRUCTIONS" . www.rangsboomerangs.com . Archived from the original on 2 October 2019 . Retrieved 4 February 2020 .

^ "How to Throw a Boomerang" . wikiHow . Archived from the original on 4 February 2020 . Retrieved 4 February 2020 .

^ "How To Throw Boomerangs!" . Boomerangs.com . Archived from the original on 4 February 2020 . Retrieved 4 February 2020 .

^ "How Do You Throw a Boomerang So That It Comes Back to You?" . HowStuffWorks . 6 September 2001. Archived from the original on 4 February 2020 . Retrieved 4 February 2020 .

^ Based on original text from German wiki. de:Bumerang

^ "World's smallest boomerang" . boomerang.org.au. 12 April 2008. Archived from the original on 2 May 2013 . Retrieved 3 March 2010 .

^ "Longest Boomerang Throw" . Archived from the original on 9 July 2021 . Retrieved 8 July 2021 .

^ "First quarter Mile Throw in History at Fort Funston" . Business Wire . Business Wire . 16 July 2003. Archived from the original on 19 April 2005 . Retrieved 28 May 2009 .

^ "Language | Kaartdijin Noongar" . www.noongarculture.org.au . SWLASC. Archived from the original on 6 February 2017 . Retrieved 6 February 2017 .

^ "Whence comes, and what is a boomerang" . bumerang-sport.de . Archived from the original on 28 July 2017 . Retrieved 26 July 2017 .

^ Jones, P. (1992). 'The boomerang's erratic flight: The mutability of ethnographic objects.' In Journal of Australian Studies, 16(35), 59-71.

^ Jump up to: a b Spearritt, P. (1997). 'Symbols for Australia:The changes to the iconography of political and corporate advertising.' In Artlink, 17(3), 58.

^ Cozzolino, Mimmo ; Rutherford, G. Fysh (Graeme Fysh), 1947- (2000), Symbols of Australia (20th anniversary ed.), Mimmo Cozzolino, p. 62, ISBN 978-0-646-40309-0 {{ citation }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link )

^ Hume, D. L. (2009). The development of tourist art and souvenirs—the arc of the boomerang: from hunting, fighting and ceremony to tourist souvenir. International journal of tourism research, 11(1), 55-70.

^ Prideaux, B., & Timothy, D. J. (2008). Themes in cultural and heritage tourism in the Asia Pacific region. Cultural and heritage tourism in Asia and the Pacific, 1-14.

^ Scates, B. (1997). '‘We Are Not...[A] boriginal... We Are Australian’: William Lane, Racism and the Construction of Aboriginality.' In Labour History: A Journal of Labour and Social History , (72), 35-49.

^ Franklin, A. (2010). 'Aboriginalia: Souvenir Wares and the ‘Aboriginalisation’ of Australian Identity.' In Tourist Studies , 10(3), 195-208.


A boomerang ( / b uː m ə r æ ŋ / ) is a thrown tool, typically constructed as a flat airfoil , that is designed to spin about an axis perpendicular to the direction of its flight. A returning boomerang is designed to return to the thrower. It is well-known as a weapon used by some Aboriginal Australian peoples for hunting.

Boomerangs have been historically used for hunting , as well as sport and entertainment. They are commonly thought of as an Australian icon, [1] and come in various shapes and sizes.

A boomerang is a throwing stick with certain aerodynamic properties, traditionally made of wood, but boomerang-like devices have also been made from bones. Modern boomerangs used for sport may be made from plywood or plastics such as ABS , polypropylene , phenolic paper , or carbon fibre-reinforced plastics . Boomerangs come in many shapes and sizes depending on their geographic or tribal origins and intended function. Many people think of a boomerang as the Australian type, although today there are many types of more easily usable boomerangs, such as the cross-stick, the pinwheel, the tumble-stick, the Boomabird, and many other less common types.

An important distinction should be made between returning boomerangs and non-returning boomerangs. Returning boomerangs fly and are examples of the earliest heavier-than-air human-made flight. A returning boomerang has two or more airfoil wings arranged so that the spinning creates unbalanced aerodynamic forces that curve its path so that it travels in an ellipse , returning to its point of origin when thrown correctly. While a throwing stick can also be shaped overall like a returning boomerang, it is designed to travel as straight as possible so that it can be aimed and thrown with great force to bring down the game. Its surfaces are therefore symmetrical and not with the aerofoils that give the returning boomerang its characteristic curved flight.

The most recognisable type of the boomerang is the L-shaped returning boomerang; while non-returning boomerangs, throwing sticks (or kylies) were used as weapons, returning boomerangs have been used primarily for leisure or recreation. Returning boomerangs were also used to decoy birds of prey, thrown above the long grass to frighten game birds into flight and into waiting nets. Modern returning boomerangs can be of various shapes or sizes .

Just like the hunting boomerang of the Aboriginal Australians, the valari also did not return to the thrower but flew straight. Boomerangs used in competitions have specially designed air-foiling mechanism to enable return, but the hunting Boomerangs are meant to float straight and hit the target. Valaris are made in many shapes and sizes. The history of the valari is rooted in ancient times and evidences can be found in Tamil Sangam literature "Purananuru". The usual form consists of two limbs set at an angle; one is thin and tapering while the other is rounded and is used as a handle. Valaris are usually made of iron which is melted and poured into moulds, although some may have wooden limbs tipped with iron. Alternatively, the limbs may have lethally sharpened edges; special daggers are known as kattari , double-edged and razor sharp, may be attached to some valari.

The origin of the term is uncertain. One source asserts that the term entered the language in 1827, adapted from an extinct Aboriginal language of New South Wales , Australia, but mentions a variant, wo-mur-rang , which it dates to 1798. [2] The first recorded encounter with a boomerang by Europeans was at Farm Cove ( Port Jackson ), in December 1804, when a weapon was witnessed during a tribal skirmish : [3]

... the white spectators were justly astonished at the dexterity and incredible force with which a bent, edged waddy resembling slightly a Turkish scimytar , was thrown by Bungary , a native distinguished by his remarkable courtesy. The weapon, thrown at 20 or 30 yards [18 or 27 m] distance, twirled round in the air with astonishing velocity, and alighting on the right arm of one of his opponents, actually rebounded to a distance not less than 70 or 80 yards [64 or 73 m], leaving a horrible contusion behind, and exciting universal admiration.
David Collins listed "Wo-mur-rāng" as one of eight Aboriginal "Names of clubs" in 1798. [4] but was probably referring to the woomera , which is actually a spear -thrower. An anonymous 1790 manuscript on Aboriginal languages of New South Wales reported "Boo-mer-rit" as "the Scimiter". [5]

In 1822, it was described in detail and recorded as a "bou-mar-rang" in the language of the Turuwal people (a sub-group of the Darug ) of the Georges River near Port Jackson. The Turawal used other words for their hunting sticks but used "boomerang" to refer to a returning throw-stick . [6]

Boomerangs were, historically, used as hunting weapons, percussive musical instruments , battle clubs , fire-starters, decoys for hunting waterfowl , and as recreational play toys. The smallest boomerang may be less than 10 centimetres (4 in) from tip to tip, and the largest over 180 cm (5.9 ft) in length. [7] Tribal boomerangs may be inscribed or painted with designs meaningful to their makers. Most boomerangs seen today are of the tourist or competition sort, and are almost invariably of the returning type.
Depictions of boomerangs being thrown at animals, such as kangaroos, appear in some of the oldest rock art in the world, the Indigenous Australian rock art of the Kimberly region, which is potentially up to 50,000 years old. [8] Stencils and paintings of boomerangs also appear in the rock art of West Papua , including on Bird's Head Peninsula and Kaimana , likely dating to the Last Glacial Maximum , when lower sea levels led to cultural continuity between Papua and Arnhem Land in Northern Australia. [9] The oldest surviving Australian Aboriginal boomerangs come from a cache found in a peat bog in the Wyrie Swamp of South Australia and date to 10,000 BC .

Although traditionally thought of as Australian, boomerangs have been found also in ancient Europe, Egypt, and North America. There is evidence of the use of non-returning boomerangs by the Native Americans of California and Arizona , and inhabitants of South India for killing birds and rabbits. [10] Some boomerangs were not thrown at all, but were used in hand to hand combat by Indigenous Australians . [11] Ancient Egyptian examples, however, have been recovered, and experiments have shown that they functioned as returning boomerangs. [12] Hunting sticks discovered in Europe seem to have formed part of the Stone Age arsenal of weapons. [13] One boomerang that was discovered in Obłazowa Cave in the Carpathian Mountains in Poland was made of mammoth's tusk and is believed, based on AMS dating of objects found with it, to be about 30,000 years old. [14] [15] In the Netherlands , boomerangs have been found in Vlaardingen and Velsen from the first century BC. King Tutankhamun , the famous Pharaoh of ancient Egypt, who died over 3,300 years ago, owned a collection of boomerangs of both the straight flying (hunting) and returning variety. [13]

No one knows for sure how the returning boomerang was invented, but some modern boomerang makers speculate that it developed from the flattened throwing stick, still used by the Australian Aborigines and other indigenous peoples around the world, including the Navajo in North America. A hunting boomerang is delicately balanced and much harder to make than a returning one. The curving flight characteristic of returning boomerangs was probably first noticed by early hunters trying to "tune" their throwing sticks to fly straight. [13]

It is thought by some that the shape and elliptical flight path of the returning boomerang makes it useful for hunting birds and small animals, or that noise generated by the movement of the boomerang through the air, or, by a skilled thrower, lightly clipping leaves of a tree whose branches house birds, would help scare the birds towards the thrower. It is further supposed by some that this was used to frighten flocks or groups of birds into nets that were usually strung up between trees or thrown by hidden hunters. [16] In southeastern Australia, it is claimed that boomerangs were made to hover over a flock of ducks; mistaking it for a hawk, the ducks would dive away, toward hunters armed with nets or clubs. [1]

Traditionally, most boomerangs used by Aboriginal groups in Australia were non-returning. These weapons, sometimes called "throwsticks" or "kylies", were used for hunting a variety of prey, from kangaroos to parrots; at a range of about 100 metres (330 ft), a 2-kg (4.4 lb) non-returning boomerang could inflict mortal injury to a large animal. [1] A throwstick thrown nearly horizontally may fly in a nearly straight path and could fell a kangaroo on impact to the legs or knees, while the long-necked emu could be killed by a blow to the neck. [ citation needed ] Hooked non-returning boomerangs, known as "beaked kylies", used in northern Central Australia, have been claimed to kill multiple birds when thrown into a dense flock. Throwsticks are used as multi-purpose tools by today's Aboriginal peoples, and besides throwing could be wielded as clubs, used for digging, used to start friction fires, and are sonorous when two are struck together.

Recent evidence also suggests that boomerangs were used as war weapons. [17]

Today, boomerangs are mostly used for recreation. There are different types of throwing contests: accuracy of return; Aussie round; trick catch; maximum time aloft ; fast catch; and endurance (see below). The modern sport boomerang (often referred to as a 'boom' or 'rang') is made of Finnish birch plywood , hardwood , plastic or composite materials and comes in many different shapes and colours. Most sport boomerangs typically weigh less than 100 grams (3.5 oz), with MTA boomerangs (boomerangs used for the maximum-time-aloft event) often under 25 grams (0.9 oz).

Boomerangs have also been suggested as an alternative to clay pigeons in shotgun sports, where the flight of the boomerang better mimics the flight of a bird offering a more challenging target. [18]

The modern boomerang is often computer-aided designed with precision airfoils. The number of "wings" is often more than 2 as more lift is provided by 3 or 4 wings than by 2. [19] [20] Among the latest inventions is a round-shaped boomerang, which has a different look but using the same returning principle as traditional boomerangs. [21] This allows for safer catch for players.

In 1992, German astronaut Ulf Merbold performed an experiment aboard Spacelab that established that boomerangs function in zero gravity as they do on Earth. French Astronaut Jean-François Clervoy aboard Mir repeated this in 1997. [22] In 2008, Japanese astronaut Takao Doi again repeated the experiment on board the International Space Station . [23] [24]

Beginning in the later part of the twentieth century, there has been a bloom in the independent creation of unusually designed art boomerangs. These often have little or no resemblance to the traditional historical ones and on first sight some of these objects may not look like boomerangs at all. The use of modern thin plywoods and synthetic plastics have greatly contributed to their success. Designs are very diverse and can range from animal inspired forms, humorous themes, complex calligraphic and symbolic shapes, to the purely abstract. Painted surfaces are similarly richly diverse. Some boomerangs made primarily as art objects do not have the required aerodynamic properties to return.

A returning boomerang is a rotating wing. It consists of two or more arms, or wings, connected at an angle; each wing is shaped as an airfoil section. Although it is not a requirement that a boomerang be in its traditional shape, it is usually flat.

Boomerangs can be made for right- or left-handed throwers. The difference
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