Body Boobs

Body Boobs
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Region of the torso of a primate which in females serves as a mammary gland
For other uses, see Breast (disambiguation) .
Morphology of human female breasts with the areola , nipple , and inframammary fold
Look up breast in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

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^ See wikt:Thesaurus:breasts

^ Groot, Sue de. "Is there a respectful slang word for breasts?" . Sunday Times . Archived from the original on 11 December 2016 . Retrieved 11 December 2016 .

^ Jump up to: a b "Scientists Still Stumped by the Evolution of Human Breasts" . Archived from the original on 4 February 2022 . Retrieved 4 February 2022 .

^ Jump up to: a b c Pawłowski, Bogusław; Żelaźniewicz, Agnieszka (13 July 2021). "The evolution of perennially enlarged breasts in women: a critical review and a novel hypothesis". Biological Reviews . 96 (6): 2794–2809. doi : 10.1111/brv.12778 . PMID 34254729 . S2CID 235807642 .

^ LeBlanc, Steven A.; Barnes, Ethne (July 1974). "On the Adaptive Significance of the Female Breast" . The American Naturalist . 108 (962): 577–578. doi : 10.1086/282935 . ISSN 0003-0147 . S2CID 85243414 . Archived from the original on 4 March 2022 . Retrieved 24 November 2021 .

^ Jump up to: a b Howard, Beatrice A.; Veltmaat, Jacqueline M. (18 May 2013). "Embryonic Mammary Gland Development; a Domain of Fundamental Research with High Relevance for Breast Cancer Research" . Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia . 18 (2): 89–91. doi : 10.1007/s10911-013-9296-2 . ISSN 1083-3021 . PMID 23686554 . S2CID 1657065 . Archived from the original on 4 March 2022 . Retrieved 24 November 2021 .

^ Pawłowski, Bogusław; Żelaźniewicz, Agnieszka (2021). "The evolution of perennially enlarged breasts in women: a critical review and a novel hypothesis" . Biological Reviews . 96 (6): 2794–2809. doi : 10.1111/brv.12778 . ISSN 1469-185X . PMID 34254729 . S2CID 235807642 . Archived from the original on 30 November 2021 . Retrieved 30 November 2021 .

^ Geoffrey Miller: The Sexual Evolution. Choice of partner and the emergence of the mind. Spectrum Academic Publishing House, 2009, ISBN 978-3-8274-2508-9 .

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^ Binns, Corey (5 August 2010). "Why Do Women Have Breasts?" . livescience.com . Archived from the original on 24 November 2021 . Retrieved 24 November 2021 .

^ Bentley, Gillian R. (2001). "The Evolution of the Human Breast". American Journal of Physical Anthropology . 32 (38): 30–50. doi : 10.1002/ajpa.1033 .

^ Jump up to: a b Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Tibbitts, Adam W.M. Mitchell (2005). Gray's anatomy for students . illustrations by Richard Richardson, Paul. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 978-0-8089-2306-0 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e Love, Susan M. (2015). "1". Dr. Susan Love's Breast Book (6 ed.). U.S.A.: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-07382-1821-2 .

^ Jump up to: a b Stöppler, Melissa Conrad. "Breast Anatomy" . Archived from the original on 27 June 2015 . Retrieved 28 June 2015 .

^ Doucet, Sébastien; Soussignan, Robert; Sagot, Paul; Schaal, Benoist (2009). Hausberger, Martine (ed.). "The Secretion of Areolar (Montgomery's) Glands from Lactating Women Elicits Selective, Unconditional Responses in Neonates" . PLOS ONE . 4 (10): e7579. Bibcode : 2009PLoSO...4.7579D . doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0007579 . PMC 2761488 . PMID 19851461 .

^ Pamplona DC, de Abreu Alvim C. Breast Reconstruction with Expanders and Implants: a Numerical Analysis. Artificial Organs 8 (2004), pp. 353–356.

^ Grassley, JS (2002). "Breast Reduction Surgery: What every Woman Needs to Know". Lifelines . 6 (3): 244–249. doi : 10.1111/j.1552-6356.2002.tb00088.x . PMID 12078570 .

^ Tortora, Gerard J.; Grabowski, Sandra Reynolds (2001). Introduction to the Human Body: the Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology (Fifth. ed.). New York; Toronto: J. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-36777-2 .

^ Pacifici, Stefano. "Sappey plexus | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org" . Radiopaedia . Archived from the original on 2 May 2021 . Retrieved 25 August 2020 .

^ Wood K, Cameron M, Fitzgerald K (2008). "Breast Size, Bra Fit and Thoracic Pain in Young Women: A Correlational Study" . Chiropractic & Osteopathy . 16 : 1. doi : 10.1186/1746-1340-16-1 . PMC 2275741 . PMID 18339205 .

^ Jump up to: a b c "Breast Development" . Massachusetts Hospital for Children. Archived from the original on 25 December 2010 . Retrieved 2 June 2010 .

^ Lauersen, Niels H.; Stukane, Eileen (1998). The Complete Book of Breast Care (1st Trade Paperback ed.). New York: Fawcett Columbine/Ballantine. ISBN 978-0-449-91241-6 . ...there is no medical reason to wear a bra, so the decision is yours, based on your own personal comfort and aesthetics. Whether you have always worn a bra or always gone braless, age and breastfeeding will naturally cause your breasts to sag.

^ Rinker, B; Veneracion, M; Walsh, C (2008). "The Effect of Breastfeeding on Breast Aesthetics" . Aesthetic Surgery Journal . 28 (5): 534–7. doi : 10.1016/j.asj.2008.07.004 . PMID 19083576 .
Andrea Thompson (2 November 2007). "Breastfeeding Does Not Make Breasts Sag, Study Suggests" . LiveScience . Archived from the original on 3 July 2012 . Retrieved 9 May 2015 .

^ Jump up to: a b Robert L. Barbieri (2009), "Yen & Jaffe's Reproductive Endocrinology" , Yen (6th ed.), Elsevier: 235–248, doi : 10.1016/B978-1-4160-4907-4.00010-3 , ISBN 978-1-4160-4907-4 , archived from the original on 6 March 2018 , retrieved 6 March 2018

^ Brisken; Malley (2 December 2010), "Hormone Action in the Mammary Gland", Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol , 2 (12): a003178, doi : 10.1101/cshperspect.a003178 , PMC 2982168 , PMID 20739412

^ Greenbaum AR, Heslop T, Morris J, Dunn KW (April 2003). "An Investigation of the Suitability of Bra fit in Women Referred for Reduction Mammaplasty". British Journal of Plastic Surgery . 56 (3): 230–6. doi : 10.1016/S0007-1226(03)00122-X . PMID 12859918 .

^ Loughry CW; et al. (1989). "Breast Volume Measurement of 598 Women using Biostereometric Analysis". Annals of Plastic Surgery . 22 (5): 380–385. doi : 10.1097/00000637-198905000-00002 . PMID 2729845 . S2CID 8713713 .

^ Breast – premenstrual tenderness and swelling , A.D.A.M., May 2012, archived from the original on 5 July 2016 , retrieved 21 March 2018

^ Lawrence 2016 , p. 34.

^ Lawrence 2016 , p. 58.

^ Jump up to: a b "The physiological basis of breastfeeding" . NCBI Bookshelf . 5 November 2008. Archived from the original on 19 January 2018 . Retrieved 13 February 2018 .

^ Lawrence 2016 , p. 201.

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Seven things you should know about breast cancer risk Archived 4 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine Harvard College. Last updated June 2008

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^ Olson, James Stuart (2002). Bathsheba's Breast: Women, Cancer and History . Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 109 . ISBN 978-0-8018-6936-5 . OCLC 186453370 .

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^ "Ukraine's Ladies of Femen" . Movements.org. 16 August 2011. Archived from the original on 14 April 2012 . Retrieved 22 April 2013 .

^ Ukraine's Femen:Topless protests 'help feminist cause' Archived 12 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine , BBC News (23 October 2012)

^ "Topless FEMEN Protesters Drench Belgian Archbishop André-Jozef Léonard, Protest Homophobia in Catholic Church (PHOTOS)" . The Huffington Post . 24 April 2013. Archived from the original on 16 April 2015 . Retrieved 23 March 2015 .

^ Femen activists jailed in Tunisia for topless protest Archived 27 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine , BBC News (12 June 2013)

^ Jump up to: a b c Shire, Emily (9 September 2014). "Women, It's Time to Reclaim Our Breasts" . The Daily Beast . Archived from the original on 1 November 2016 . Retrieved 11 December 2016 .

^ Yalom (1998) pp. 9–16; see Eva Keuls (1993), Reign of the Phallus: Sexual Politics in Ancient Athens for a detailed study of male-dominant rule in ancient Greece.

^ Yalom (1998), p. 18.

^ Hollander (1993), p. 6.

^ Koff, E., Benavage, A. Breast Size Perception and Satisfaction, Body Image, and Psychological Functioning in Caucasian and Asian American College Women. Sex Roles 38, 655–673 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018802928210 Archived 4 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine

^ "Bra Cup Sizes—getting fitted with the right size" . 1stbras.com. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016 . Retrieved 11 May 2010 .

^ "The Right Bra" . Liv.com. Archived from the original on 28 March 2009 . Retrieved 11 May 2010 .

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"Breast supporting act: a century of the bra" . London: The Independent UK. 15 August 2007. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016 . Retrieved 11 May 2010 .

^ Wood, K; Cameron, M; Fitzgerald, K (2008). "Breast size, bra fit and thoracic pain in young women: a correlational study" . Chiropr Osteopat . 16 : 1. doi : 10.1186/1746-1340-16-1 . PMC 2275741 . PMID 18339205 .

^ Bohidar, Anannya (27 October 2015). "Worshipping Breasts in the Maternal Landscape of India" . South Asian Studies . 31 (2015): 247–253. doi : 10.1080/02666030.2015.1094209 . S2CID 194282633 . Archived from the original on 2 January 2021 . Retrieved 30 September 2020 .

^ Wolf, J.H. (2008). "Got milk? Not in public!" . International Breastfeeding Journal . 3 (1): 11. doi : 10.1186/1746-4358-3-11 . PMC 2518137 . PMID 18680578 .

^ Vance, Melissa R. (June–July 2005). "Breastfeeding Legislation in the United States: A General Overview and Implications for Helping Mothers" . LEAVEN . 41 (3): 51–54. Archived from the original on 31 March 2007.

^ Jordan, Tim; Pile, Steve, eds. (2002). Social Change . Blackwell. p. 233 . ISBN 9780631233114 .

^ Cox, Sue (2002). Breast Feeding With Confidence . United States: Meadowbrook Press. ISBN 0684040050 .

^ Anders Pape Møller; et al. (1995). "Breast asymmetry, sexual selection, and human reproductive success". Ethology and Sociobiology . 16 (3): 207–219. doi : 10.1016/0162-3095(95)00002-3 .

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^ Jump up to: a b c Dixson, BJ; Grimshaw, GM; Linklater, WL; Dixson, AF (February 2011). "Eye-tracking of men's preferences for waist-to-hip ratio and breast size of women". Archives of Sexual Behavior . International Academy of Sex Research . 40 (1): 43–50. doi : 10.1007/s10508-009-9523-5 . PMID 19688590 . S2CID 4997497 .

^ "Hourglass figure fertility link" . BBC News . 4 May 2004. Archived from the original on 11 October 2011 . Retrieved 31 October 2011 .

^ Alfred C. Kinsey; Wardell B. Pomeroy; Clyde E. Martin; Paul H. Gebhard (1998). Sexual Behavior in the Human Female . Indiana University Press . p. 587. ISBN 0-253-01924-9 . Retrieved 12 August 2017 . There are some females who appear to find no erotic satisfaction in having their breasts manipulated; perhaps half of them derive some distinct satisfaction, but not more than a very small percentage ever respond intensely enough to reach orgasm as a result of such stimulation (Chapter 5). [...] Records of females reaching orgasm from breast stimulation alone are rare.

^ Boston Women's Health Book Collective (1996). The New Our Bodies, Ourselves: A Book by and for Women . Simon & Schuster . p. 575. ISBN 0-684-82352-7 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2020 . Retrieved 12 August 2017 . A few women can even experience orgasm from breast stimulation alone.

^ Merril D. Smith (2014). Cultural Encyclopedia of the Breast . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 71. ISBN 978-0-7591-2332-8 . Retrieved 12 August 2017 .

^ Justin J. Lehmiller (2013). The Psychology of Human Sexuality . John Wiley & Sons . p. 120. ISBN 978-1-118-35132-1 . Archived from the original on 23 February 2019 . Retrieved 12 August 2017 .

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Stephanie Pappas (5 August 2011). "Surprise finding in response to nipple stimulation" . CBS News . Archived from the original on 1 July 2016 . Retrieved 12 August 2017 .

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Look up breasts in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Breasts .
Wikiquote has quotations related to Breast .
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Radiation Oncology/Breast
The breast is one of two prominences located on the upper ventral region of a primate 's torso . Both females and males develop breasts from the same embryological tissues.

In females, it serves as the mammary gland , which produces and secretes milk to feed infants . [2] Subcutaneous fat covers and envelops a network of ducts that converge on the nipple , and these tissues give the breast its size and shape. At the ends of the ducts are lobules , or clusters of alveoli , where milk is produced and stored in response to hormonal signals . [3] During pregnancy, the breast responds to a complex interaction of hormones, including estrogens , progesterone , and prolactin , that mediate the completion of its development, namely lobuloalveolar maturation, in preparation of lactation and breastfeeding .

Humans are the only animals with permanent breasts. At puberty , estrogens , in conjunction with growth hormone , cause permanent breast growth in female humans. This happens only to a much lesser extent in other primates—breast development in other primates generally only occurs with pregnancy . Along with their major function in providing nutrition for infants, female breasts have social and sexual characteristics. Breasts have been featured in ancient and modern sculpture, art, and photography. They can figure prominently in the perception of a woman's body and sexual attractiveness . A number of cultures associate breasts with sexuality and tend to regard bare breasts in public as immodest or indecent. Breasts, especially the nipples, are an erogenous zone .

The English word breast derives from the Old English word brēost ('breast, bosom') from Proto-Germanic * breustam (breast), from the Proto-Indo-European base bhreus– (to swell, to sprout). [4] The breast spelling conforms to the Scottish and North English dialectal pronunciations. [5] The Merriam-Webster Dictionary states that " Middle English brest , [comes] from Old English brēost ; akin to Old High German brust ..., Old Irish brú [belly], [and] Russian bryukho "; the first known usage of the term was before the 12th century. [6]

A large number of colloquial terms for breasts are used in English, ranging from fairly polite terms to vulgar or slang. [7] Some vulgar slang expressions may be considered to be derogatory or sexist to women. [8]

Humans are the only mammals whose breasts become permanently enlarged after sexual maturity (known in humans as puberty ). The reason for this evolutionary change was unknown. [9] Several hypotheses have been put forward:

A link has been proposed to processes for synthesizing the endogenous steroid hormone precursor dehydroepiandrosterone which takes place in fat rich regions of the body like the buttocks and breasts. These contributed to human brain development and played a part in increasing brain size. Breast enlargement may for this purpose may have occurred as early as Homo ergaster (1.7-1.4 MYA ). [10] Other breast formation hypotheses may have then taken over as principal drivers. [11] [12] [13]

It has been suggested by zoologists Avishag and Amotz Zahavi that the size of the human breasts can be explained by the handicap theory of sexual dimorphism . This would see the explanation for larger breasts as them being an honest display of the women's health and ability to grow and carry them in her life. Prospective mates can then evaluate the genes of a potential mate for their ability to sustain her health even with the additional energy demanding burden she is carrying. [14] [10]

The zoologist Desmond Morris describes a sociobiological approach in his popular science book The Naked Ape . He suggests, by making comparisons with the other primates, that breasts evolved to replace swelling buttocks as a sex signal, of ovulation. He notes how humans have, relatively speaking, large penises as well as large breasts. Furthermore, early humans adopted bipedalism and face-to-face coitus. He t
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