Black Hole Swift

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Magnetic Flip Drives Flare-Up of Monster Black Hole
Swift Links Neutrino to Star-destroying Black Hole
Swift, TESS Catch Eruptions from an Active Galaxy
Mysterious ‘Cow’ Blast Studied with NASA Telescopes
Swift Charts a Star's 'Death Spiral' into Black Hole
X-ray Echoes Map a 'Killer' Black Hole
NASA's Swift Satellite Spots Black Hole Devouring A Star
Massive Black Hole Shreds Passing Star
Massive Black Hole Shreds Passing Star (Animation Only)
X-Ray Nova Reveals a New Black Hole in Our Galaxy
X-ray Nova Flaring Black Hole animation
Astronomers Catch a Jet from a Binge-eating Black Hole
Scientists Watch Baby Black Hole Get to Work Fast
Swift Catches X-ray Activity at the Galaxy's Center
Swift Survey Finds 'Smoking Gun' of Black Hole Activation
Nearby Galaxy Boasts Two Monster Black Holes, Both Active
NASA's Swift Finds 'Missing' Active Galaxies
X-ray Echoes Create a Black Hole Bull's-eye
Swift Probes Exotic Object: 'Kicked' Black Hole or Mega Star?
Magnetic Flip Drives Flare-Up of Monster Black Hole
Swift Links Neutrino to Star-destroying Black Hole
Swift, TESS Catch Eruptions from an Active Galaxy
Mysterious ‘Cow’ Blast Studied with NASA Telescopes
Swift Charts a Star's 'Death Spiral' into Black Hole
X-ray Echoes Map a 'Killer' Black Hole
NASA's Swift Satellite Spots Black Hole Devouring A Star
Massive Black Hole Shreds Passing Star
Massive Black Hole Shreds Passing Star (Animation Only)
X-Ray Nova Reveals a New Black Hole in Our Galaxy
X-ray Nova Flaring Black Hole animation
Astronomers Catch a Jet from a Binge-eating Black Hole
Scientists Watch Baby Black Hole Get to Work Fast
Swift Catches X-ray Activity at the Galaxy's Center
Swift Survey Finds 'Smoking Gun' of Black Hole Activation
Nearby Galaxy Boasts Two Monster Black Holes, Both Active
NASA's Swift Finds 'Missing' Active Galaxies
X-ray Echoes Create a Black Hole Bull's-eye
Swift Probes Exotic Object: 'Kicked' Black Hole or Mega Star?
Magnetic Flip Drives Flare-Up of Monster Black Hole
Swift Links Neutrino to Star-destroying Black Hole
Swift, TESS Catch Eruptions from an Active Galaxy
Mysterious ‘Cow’ Blast Studied with NASA Telescopes
Swift Charts a Star's 'Death Spiral' into Black Hole
X-ray Echoes Map a 'Killer' Black Hole
NASA's Swift Satellite Spots Black Hole Devouring A Star
Massive Black Hole Shreds Passing Star
Massive Black Hole Shreds Passing Star (Animation Only)
X-Ray Nova Reveals a New Black Hole in Our Galaxy
X-ray Nova Flaring Black Hole animation
Astronomers Catch a Jet from a Binge-eating Black Hole
Scientists Watch Baby Black Hole Get to Work Fast
Swift Catches X-ray Activity at the Galaxy's Center
Swift Survey Finds 'Smoking Gun' of Black Hole Activation
Nearby Galaxy Boasts Two Monster Black Holes, Both Active
NASA's Swift Finds 'Missing' Active Galaxies
X-ray Echoes Create a Black Hole Bull's-eye
Swift Probes Exotic Object: 'Kicked' Black Hole or Mega Star?
Magnetic Flip Drives Flare-Up of Monster Black Hole
Swift Links Neutrino to Star-destroying Black Hole
Swift, TESS Catch Eruptions from an Active Galaxy
Mysterious ‘Cow’ Blast Studied with NASA Telescopes
Swift Charts a Star's 'Death Spiral' into Black Hole
X-ray Echoes Map a 'Killer' Black Hole
NASA's Swift Satellite Spots Black Hole Devouring A Star
Massive Black Hole Shreds Passing Star
Massive Black Hole Shreds Passing Star (Animation Only)
X-Ray Nova Reveals a New Black Hole in Our Galaxy
X-ray Nova Flaring Black Hole animation
Astronomers Catch a Jet from a Binge-eating Black Hole
Scientists Watch Baby Black Hole Get to Work Fast
Swift Catches X-ray Activity at the Galaxy's Center
Swift Survey Finds 'Smoking Gun' of Black Hole Activation
Nearby Galaxy Boasts Two Monster Black Holes, Both Active
NASA's Swift Finds 'Missing' Active Galaxies
X-ray Echoes Create a Black Hole Bull's-eye
Swift Probes Exotic Object: 'Kicked' Black Hole or Mega Star?
Magnetic Flip Drives Flare-Up of Monster Black Hole
A rare and enigmatic outburst from a galaxy 236 million light-years away may have been sparked by a magnetic reversal, a spontaneous flip of the magnetic field surrounding its central black hole.

At the end of 2017, a galaxy called 1ES 1927+654 brightened by nearly 100 times in visible light. When NASA's Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory first examined the galaxy in May 2018, its UV emission was also 12 times higher but steadily declining, indicating an earlier unobserved peak. Then, in June, the galaxy’s higher-energy X-ray emission disappeared, later reappearing in October.

An international science team has linked these unusual observations to changes in the black hole’s environment that likely would be triggered by a magnetic switch.

Most big galaxies, including our own Milky Way, host a supermassive black hole weighing millions to billions of times the Sun's mass. When matter falls toward one, it first collects into a vast, flattened structure called an accretion disk. As the material slowly swirls inward, it heats up and emits visible, UV, and lower-energy X-ray light. Near the black hole, a cloud of extremely hot particles called the corona produces higher-energy X-rays. The brightness of these emissions depends on how much material streams toward the black hole.

The scientists think a magnetic reversal, where the north pole becomes south and vice versa, best fits the observations. The field initially weakens at the outskirts of the accretion disk, leading to greater heating and brightening in visible and UV light. As the weakening extends toward the black hole, the field can no longer support the corona and the high-energy X-rays vanish. As the magnetic field gradually strengthens in its new orientation, it restores the corona and the galaxy eventually settles into its pre-outburst state.
Swift Links Neutrino to Star-destroying Black Hole
For only the second time, astronomers have linked an elusive particle called a high-energy neutrino to an object outside our galaxy. Using ground- and space-based facilities, including NASA’s Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory, they traced the neutrino to a black hole tearing apart a star, a rare cataclysmic occurrence called a tidal disruption event.

Neutrinos are fundamental particles that far outnumber all the atoms in the universe but rarely interact with other matter. Astrophysicists are particularly interested in high-energy neutrinos, which have energies up to 1,000 times greater than those produced by the most powerful particle colliders on Earth. They think the most extreme events in the universe, like violent galactic outbursts, accelerate particles to nearly the speed of light. Those particles then collide with light or other particles to generate high-energy neutrinos. The first confirmed high-energy neutrino source, announced in 2018, was a type of active galaxy called a blazar.

Tidal disruption events occur when an unlucky star strays too close to a black hole. Gravitational forces create intense tides that break the star apart into a stream of gas. The trailing part of the stream escapes the system, while the leading part swings back around, surrounding the black hole with a disk of debris. In some cases, the black hole launches fast-moving particle jets. Scientists hypothesized that tidal disruptions would produce high-energy neutrinos within such particle jets. They also expected the events would produce neutrinos early in their evolution, at peak brightness, whatever the particles’ production process.

Tidal disruption event AT2019dsg was discovered on April 9, 2019, by the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF), a robotic camera at Caltech’s Palomar Observatory in Southern California. The event occurred over 690 million light-years away in a galaxy called 2MASX J20570298+1412165, located in the constellation Delphinus.

As part of a routine follow-up survey of tidal disruptions, scientists requested visible, ultraviolet, and X-ray observations with Swift. They also took X-ray measurements using the European Space Agency’s XMM-Newton satellite and radio measurements with facilities including the National Radio Astronomy Observatory’s Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array in Socorro, New Mexico, and the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory's MeerKAT telescope.

Peak brightness came and went in May. No clear jet appeared. According to theoretical predictions, AT2019dsg was looking like a poor neutrino candidate.

Then, on Oct. 1, 2019, the National Science Foundation’s IceCube Neutrino Observatory at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station in Antarctica detected a high-energy neutrino called IC191001A and backtracked along its trajectory to a location in the sky. About seven hours later, ZTF noted that this same patch of sky included AT2019dsg. Astronomers think there is only one chance in 500 that the tidal disruption is not the neutrino’s source. Because the detection came about five months after the event reached peak brightness, it raises questions about when and how these occurrences produce neutrinos.
Swift, TESS Catch Eruptions from an Active Galaxy
Using data from facilities including NASA’s Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory and Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), scientists have studied 20 instances and counting of regular outbursts of an event called ASASSN-14ko.

Astronomers classify galaxies with unusually bright and variable centers as active galaxies. These objects can produce much more energy than the combined contribution of all their stars, including higher-than-expected levels of visible, ultraviolet, and X-ray light. Astrophysicists think the extra emission comes from near the galaxy’s central supermassive black hole, where a swirling disk of gas and dust accumulates and heats up because of gravitational and frictional forces. The black hole slowly consumes the material, which creates random fluctuation in the disk’s emitted light.

But astronomers are interested in finding active galaxies with flares that happen at regular intervals, which might help them identify and study new phenomena and events.

ASASSN-14ko was first detected on Nov. 14, 2014, by the All-Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae (ASAS-SN), a global network of 20 robotic telescopes. It occurred in ESO 253-3, an active galaxy over 570 million light-years away in the southern constellation Pictor. At the time, astronomers thought the outburst was most likely a supernova, a one-time event that destroys a star.

Six years later, scientists examined the ESO 253-3 ASAS-SN light curve, or the graph of its brightness over time, and noticed a series of evenly spaced flares – a total of 17, all separated by 114 days. Each flare reaches its peak brightness in about five days, then steadily dims.

They predicted that the galaxy would flare again on May 17, 2020, so they coordinated joint observations with ground- and space-based facilities, including multiwavelength measurements with Swift. ASASSN-14ko erupted right on schedule. Subsequent flares were predicted and observed on Sept. 7 and Dec. 20.

Using measurements of these and previous flares from ASAS-SN, TESS, Swift and other observatories, including NASA’s NuSTAR and the European Space Agency’s XMM-Newton, scientists propose the repeating flares are most likely a partial tidal disruption event.

A tidal disruption event occurs when an unlucky star strays too close to a black hole. Gravitational forces create intense tides that break the star apart into a stream of gas. The trailing part of the stream escapes the system, while the leading part swings back around the black hole. Astronomers see bright flares from these events when the shed gas strikes the black hole’s accretion disk.

In this case, the astronomers suggest that one of the galaxy’s supermassive black holes, one with about 78 million times the Sun’s mass, partially disrupts an orbiting giant star. The star's orbit isn’t circular, and each time it passes closest to the black hole, it bulges outward, shedding mass but not completely breaking apart. Every encounter strips away an amount of gas equal to about three times the mass of Jupiter.
Mysterious ‘Cow’ Blast Studied with NASA Telescopes
A brief and unusual flash spotted in the night sky on June 16, 2018, puzzled astronomers and astrophysicists across the globe. The event, called AT2018cow and nicknamed “the Cow” after the coincidental last letters of its official designation, is unlike any celestial outburst ever seen before, prompting multiple theories about its source.

Over three days, the Cow produced a sudden explosion of light at least 10 times brighter than a typical supernova, and then it faded over the next few months. This unusual event occurred near a star-forming galaxy known as CGCG 137-068, located about 200 million light-years away in the constellation Hercules.

Using data from multiple NASA missions, including the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory and the Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) and ESA’s (the European Space Agency's) XMM-Newton and INTEGRAL missions, two groups have provided possible explanations for the Cow’s origins. One group argues that the Cow is a monster black hole shredding a passing star. The second group hypothesizes that it is a supernova — a stellar explosion — that gave birth to a black hole or a neutron star. Whatever its source, the Cow represents a stellar death scenario not previously seen.
Swift Charts a Star's 'Death Spiral' into Black Hole
Some 290 million years ago, a star much like the sun wandered too close to the central black hole of its galaxy. Intense tides tore the star apart, which produced an eruption of optical, ultraviolet and X-ray light that first reached Earth in 2014. Now, a team of scientists using observations from NASA's Swift satellite have mapped out how and where these different wavelengths were produced in the event, named ASASSN-14li, as the shattered star's debris circled the black hole.

Astronomers discovered brightness changes in X-rays that occurred about a month after similar changes were observed in visible and UV light, which means the optical and UV emission arose far from the black hole, likely where elliptical streams of orbiting matter crashed into each other.

ASASSN-14li was discovered Nov. 22, 2014, in images obtained by the All Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae (ASASSN), which includes robotic telescopes in Hawaii and Chile. Follow-up observations with Swift's X-ray and Ultraviolet/Optical telescopes began eight days later and continued every few days for the next nine months.

ASASSN-14li was produced when a sun-like star wandered too close to a 3-million-solar-mass black hole. A star grazing a black hole with 10,000 or more times the sun's mass experiences enormous tides that tear it into a stream of debris. Astronomers call this a tidal disruption event.

Matter falling toward a black hole collects into a spinning accretion disk, where it becomes compressed and heated before eventually spilling over the black hole's event horizon, the point beyond which nothing can escape and astronomers cannot observe. Tidal disruption flares carry important information about how this debris initially settles into an accretion disk.
X-ray Echoes Map a 'Killer' Black Hole
Some 3.9 billion years ago in the heart of a distant galaxy, the tidal pull of a monster black hole shredded a star that wanderd too close. X-rays produced in this event first reached Earth on March 28, 2011, when they were detected by NASA's Swift satellite. Within days, scientists concluded that the outburst, now known as Swift J1644+57, represented both the tidal disruption of a star and the sudden flare-up of a previously inactive black hole.

Now astronomers using archival observations from Swift, the European Space Agency's XMM-Newton observatory and the Japan-led Suzaku satellite have identified the reflections of X-ray flares erupting during the event. Led by Erin Kara, a postdoctoral researcher at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, and the University of Maryland, College Park, the team has used these light echoes, or reverberations, to map the flow of gas near a newly awakened black hole for the first time.

Swift J1644+57 is one of only three tidal disruptions that have produced high-energy X-rays, and to date it remains the only event caught at the peak of this emission. While astronomers don't yet understand what causes flares near the black hole, when one occurs they can detect its echo a couple of minutes later as its light washes over structures in the developing accretion disk. The technique, called X-ray reverberation mapping, has been used before to explore stable disks around black holes, but this is time it has been applied to a newly formed disk produced by a tidal disruption.

Swift J1644+57's accretion disk was thicker, more turbulent and more chaotic than stable disks, which have had time to settle down into an orderly routine. One surprise is that high-energy X-rays arise from the innermost regions of the disk instead of a narrow jet of accelerated particles, as originally thought.

The researchers estimate the black hole has a mass about a million times that of the sun. They expect future improvements in understanding and modeling accretion flows will allow them to measure the black hole's spin using this data.
NASA's Swift Satellite Spots Black Hole Devouring A Star
Massive Black Hole Shreds Passing Star
This artist’s rendering illustrates new findings about a star shredded by a black hole. When a star wanders too close to a black hole, intense tidal forces rip the star apart. In these events, called “tidal disruptions,” some of the stellar debris is flung outward at high speed while the rest falls toward the black hole. This causes a distinct X-ray flare that can last for a few years. NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory, Swift Gamma-ray Burst Explorer, and ESA/NASA’s XMM-Newton collected different pieces of this astronomical puzzle in a tidal disruption event called ASASSN-14li, which was found in an optical search by the All-Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae (ASAS-SN) in November 2014. The event occurred near a supermassive black hole estimated to weigh a few million times the mass of the sun in the center of PGC 043234, a galaxy that lies about 290 million light-years away. Astronomers hope to find more events like ASASSN-14li to test theoretical models about how black holes affect their environments.
Massive Black Hole Shreds Passing Star (Animation Only)
X-Ray Nova Reveals a New Black Hole in Our Galaxy
X-ray Nova Flaring Black Hole animation
An X-ray nova is a short-lived X-ray source that appears suddenly, reaches its emission peak in a few days and then fades out over a period of months. The outburst arises when a torrent of stored gas suddenly rushes toward one of the most compact objects known, either a neutron star or a black hole.
Astronomers Catch a Jet from a Binge-eating Black Hole
Scientists Watch Baby Black Hole Get to Work Fast
Swift Catches X-ray Activity at the Galaxy's Center
Swift Survey Finds 'Smoking Gun' of Black Hole Activation
Nearby Galaxy Boasts Two Monster Black Holes, Both Active
NASA's Swift Finds 'Missing' Active Galaxies
Most large galaxies contain a giant central black hole. In an active galaxy, matter falling toward the supermassive black hole powers high-energy emissions so intense that two classes of active galaxies, quasars and blazars, rank as the most luminous objects in the universe. Thick clouds of dust and gas near the central black hole screens out ultraviolet, optical and low-energy (or soft) X-ray light. Altho
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