Black Hole Star
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Black Hole Star
Science & Technology
Black hole burps up shredded star
Science & Technology
Black hole burps up shredded star
For first time astronomers see black hole spewing stellar remains years after consuming star
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— Yvette Cendes, Center for Astrophysics
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Artist’s illustration of tidal disruption where a supermassive black hole spaghettifies and gobbles down a star. Some of the material is not consumed by the black hole and is flung back out into space.
Credit: DESY, Science Communication Lab
By Nadia Whitehead CfA Communications
Date October 11, 2022 October 11, 2022
In October 2018, a small star was ripped to shreds when it wandered too close to a black hole in a galaxy located 665 million light years away from Earth. Though it may sound thrilling, the event did not come as a surprise to astronomers who occasionally witness these violent incidents while scanning the night sky.
But nearly three years after the massacre, the same black hole is lighting up the skies again — and it hasn’t swallowed anything new, scientists say.
“This caught us completely by surprise — no one has ever seen anything like this before,” says Yvette Cendes , a research associate at the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian (CfA) and lead author of a new study analyzing the phenomenon.
The team concludes that the black hole is now ejecting material traveling at half of the speed of light, but are unsure why the outflow was delayed by several years. The results, described this week in the Astrophysical Journal, may help scientists better understand black holes’ feeding behavior, which Cendes likens to “burping” after a meal.
The team spotted the unusual outburst while revisiting tidal disruption events (TDEs) — when encroaching stars are spaghettified by black holes — that occurred over the last several years.
Radio data from the Very Large Array (VLA) in New Mexico showed that the black hole had mysteriously reanimated in June 2021. Cendes and the team rushed to examine the event more closely.
“We applied for Director’s Discretionary Time on multiple telescopes, which is when you find something so unexpected, you can’t wait for the normal cycle of telescope proposals to observe it,” Cendes explains. “All the applications were immediately accepted.”
The team collected observations of the TDE, dubbed AT2018hyz, in multiple wavelengths of light using the VLA, the ALMA Observatory in Chile, MeerKAT in South Africa, the Australian Telescope Compact Array in Australia, and the Chandra X-Ray Observatory and the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory in space.
Radio observations of the TDE proved the most striking.
“We have been studying TDEs with radio telescopes for more than a decade, and we sometimes find they shine in radio waves as they spew out material while the star is first being consumed by the black hole,” says Edo Berger , professor of astronomy at Harvard University and the CfA, and co-author on the new study. “But in AT2018hyz there was radio silence for the first three years, and now it’s dramatically lit up to become one of the most radio luminous TDEs ever observed.”
Sebastian Gomez , a postdoctoral fellow at the Space Telescope Science Institute and co-author on the new paper, says that AT2018hyz was “unremarkable” in 2018 when he first studied it using visible light telescopes, including the 1.2-m telescope at the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory in Arizona.
Gomez, who was working on his doctoral dissertation with Berger at the time, used theoretical models to calculate that the star torn apart by the black hole was only one tenth the mass of our Sun.
“We monitored AT2018hyz in visible light for several months until it faded away, and then set it out of our minds,” Gomez says.
TDEs are well-known for emitting light when they occur. As a star nears a black hole, gravitational forces begin to stretch, or spaghettify, the star. Eventually, the elongated material spirals around the black hole and heats up, creating a flash that astronomers can spot from millions of light years away.
Some spaghettified material occasionally gets flung out back into space. Astronomers liken it to black holes being messy eaters — not everything they try to consume makes it into their mouths.
But the emission, known as an outflow, normally develops quickly after a TDE occurs — not years later. “It’s as if this black hole has started abruptly burping out a bunch of material from the star it ate years ago,” Cendes explains.
In this case, the burps are resounding.
The outflow of material is traveling as fast as 50 percent the speed of light. For comparison, most TDEs have an outflow that travels at 10 percent the speed of light, Cendes says.
“This is the first time that we have witnessed such a long delay between the feeding and the outflow,” Berger says. “The next step is to explore whether this actually happens more regularly and we have simply not been looking at TDEs late enough in their evolution.”
Additional co-authors on the study include Kate Alexander and Aprajita Hajela of Northwestern University; Ryan Chornock, Raffaella Margutti and Daniel Brethauer of the University of California, Berkley; Tanmoy Laskar of Radboud University; Brian Metzger of Columbia University; Michael Bietenholz of York University and Mark Wieringa of the Australia Telescope National Facility.
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A black hole spewed out the remains of a star years after consuming it
"No one has ever seen anything like this before."
Three years ago, in October 2018, astronomers observed a black hole consuming and ripping a star apart in a galaxy 665 million light years away from Earth.
Now, only recently, the same astronomers observed the same black hole lighting the sky, despite the fact it hadn't sucked another star into its vicinity, a press statement reveals.
In a never-before-seen observation, the astronomers found that the black hole was ejecting, or regurgitating, the stellar material it consumed three years ago. The new finding could help the scientific community to better understand the feeding behavior of black holes and the crucial role it plays throughout the cosmos.
A new study detailing the astronomers' findings suggests the black hole is ejecting these stellar remnants at half the speed of light. The researchers don't understand why it took three years for this to occur, and they don't know what processes would have been acted on the stellar remains throughout that time period.
"This caught us completely by surprise — no one has ever seen anything like this before," explained Yvette Cendes, a research associate at the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian (CfA) and lead author of the study. Cendes added that the behavior could be compared to someone "burping" after a meal.
Cendes and her colleagues spotted the never-before-seen phenomenon while re-observing black holes that had recently eaten stars in a phenomenon known as a tidal disruption event (TDE). In radio data captured in June 2021 by the Very Large Array (VLA) in New Mexico, they saw that the black hole in question had mysteriously started reanimating.
“We applied for Director’s Discretionary Time on multiple telescopes, which is when you find something so unexpected, you can’t wait for the normal cycle of telescope proposals to observe it,” Cendes said. “All the applications were immediately accepted.”
Thanks to that quick response, the team was able to collect data on the TDE, dubbed AT2018hyz, in numerous wavelengths of light using several state-of-the-art observatories, including the Chandra X-Ray Observatory, Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory, and the ALMA Observatory in Chile.
TDEs are known to emit vast amounts of light when they occur, due to the material from the star stretching out and heating up as it's consumed. However, the emissions typically occur almost straight away — not years later.
"It’s as if this black hole has started abruptly burping out a bunch of material from the star it ate years ago," Cendes said.
Next, the researchers aim to investigate whether this is a phenomenon that occurs often, but just hadn't been observed before, or if they really witnessed an incredibly rare cosmic event in action. Follow-up studies could help to shed new light on the mysterious inner workings of the many black holes at the center of galaxies throughout the universe.
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