Black Hole Spirit S 230

Black Hole Spirit S 230
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The 70-meter (230-foot) Deep Space Station 14 ( DSS-14 ) is the largest Deep Space Network antenna at the Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex near Barstow, California.

The DSN is being upgraded to communicate with more spacecraft than ever before and to accommodate evolving mission needs.

When NASA’s Mars 2020 Perseverance rover touched down on the Red Planet, the agency’s Deep Space Network ( DSN ) was there, enabling the mission to send and receive the data that helped make the event possible. When OSIRIS-REx took samples of asteroid Bennu this past year, the DSN played a crucial role, not just in sending the command sequence to the probe, but also in transmitting its stunning photos back to Earth.
The network has been the backbone of NASA’s deep space communications since 1963, supporting 39 missions regularly, with more than 30 NASA missions in development. The team behind it is now working hard to increase capacity, making a number of improvements to the network that will help advance future space exploration.
Managed by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory for the Space Communications and Navigation Program , based at NASA Headquarters within the Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate , the DSN is what enables missions to track, send commands to, and receive scientific data from faraway spacecraft.
The network consists of tracking antennas across three complexes evenly spaced around the world at the Goldstone complex near Barstow, California; in Madrid, Spain; and in Canberra, Australia. In addition to supporting missions, the antennas are regularly used to conduct radio science – studying planets, black holes, and tracking near-Earth objects.
“Capacity is a big pressure, and our antenna-enhancement program is going to help that out. This includes the building of two new antennas, increasing our number from 12 to 14,” said JPL’s Michael Levesque, deputy director of the DSN.
Explore NASA’s massive 70-meter (230-foot) DSS-14 antenna at the Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex in Barstow, California, in this 360-degree video. Along with communicating with spacecraft throughout the solar system, DSS-14 and other DSN antennas can also be used to conduct radio science.
In January 2021, the DSN welcomed its 13th dish to the family. Named Deep Space Station 56 ( DSS-56 ), this new 34-meter-wide (112-foot-wide) dish in Madrid is an “all-in-one” antenna. Previously constructed antennas are limited in the frequency bands they can receive and transmit, often restricting them to communicating with specific spacecraft. DSS-56 was the first to use the DSN’s full range of communication frequencies as soon as it went online and can communicate with all the missions that the DSN supports.
Soon after bringing DSS-56 online, the DSN team completed 11 months of critical upgrades to Deep Space Station 43 ( DSS-43 ), the massive 70-meter (230-foot) antenna in Canberra. DSS-43 is the only dish in the Southern Hemisphere with a transmitter powerful enough, and that broadcasts the right frequency, to send commands to the distant Voyager 2 spacecraft, which is now in interstellar space. With rebuilt transmitters and upgraded facilities equipment, DSS-43 will serve the network for decades to come.
“The refresh of DSS-43 was a huge accomplishment, and we’re on our way to take care of the next two 70-meter antennas in Goldstone and Madrid. And we’ve continued to deliver new antennas to address growing demand – all during COVID-19,” said JPL’s Brad Arnold, manager of the DSN.
The improvements are part of a project to meet not just the heightened demand, but also evolving mission needs.
Missions increasingly generate more data than in the past. The data rate from deep space spacecraft has grown by more than 10 times since the first lunar missions in the 1960s. As NASA looks toward sending humans to Mars, this need for higher data volumes will only increase further.
Check in on which spacecraft the Deep Space Network’s antennas are currently communicating with via DSN Now . Click on a dish to learn more. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Optical communications is one tool that can help meet this demand for higher data volumes by using lasers to enable higher-bandwidth communication. Over the next few years, NASA has several missions planned to demonstrate laser communications that will enhance the agency’s ability to explore farther into space.
The network is also focusing on new approaches to how it goes about its work. For instance, for most of the DSN’s history, each complex was operated locally. Now, with a protocol called “Follow the Sun,” each complex takes turns running the entire network during their day shift and then hands off control to the next complex at the end of the day in that region – essentially, a global relay race that takes place every 24 hours.
Three eye-catching posters featuring the larger 70-meter (230-foot) antennas located at the three Deep Space Network complexes around the world are available for download here .
The resulting cost savings have been fed into antenna enhancements, and the effort has also strengthened the international cooperation between the complexes. “Each site works with the other sites, not just during handover periods, but also on maintenance and how antennas are performing on any given day. We’ve really turned into a globally operating network,” said Levesque.
The network has also implemented new approaches to managing deep space communications. For instance, in the past, if multiple spacecraft circling Mars needed to be serviced at the same time, the network would have to point one antenna per spacecraft at Mars, potentially using all the antennas at a given complex. With a new protocol, the DSN can receive multiple signals from a single antenna and split them in the digital receiver. “We adapted this from commercial telecommunication implementations to the benefit of our network efficiency,” said Arnold.
An additional new protocol allows operators to oversee multiple activities simultaneously. Traditionally, each spacecraft activity had a single dedicated operator. Now, the DSN uses an approach that leverages automation to allow each operator to oversee multiple spacecraft links simultaneously. For the first time, the DSN can now fully automate the sequencing and execution of tracking passes, and the effort will continue to be enhanced over time.
“The future of the DSN is going to follow the spirit and the drive of science missions that are flying out there. It’s our responsibility to enable them. And we do that through communications,” said Arnold.
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.

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JPL is a federally funded research and development center managed for
NASA by Caltech.

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Electronic Polytune Clip-On Guitar Tuner
Today's best TC Electronic PolyTune 3 Mini, Korg Pitchblack Advance and Peterson StroboStomp HD deals
We check over 250 million products every day for the best prices
The best guitar tuner (polyphonic) in a small footprint pedal
Tuning range: A0-C8 (27.5Hz-4186Hz)
Calibration range: A4 = 435Hz-445Hz
Accuracy: +/- 0.02 cents (strobe mode) 0.5 cents (chromatic mode)
Modes: Polyphonic / chromatic / strobe
View at Gear 4 Music (opens in new tab)
2. Korg Pitchblack Advance Guitar Tuner
One of the easiest guitar tuners to use. What’s not to like?
Tuning range: E0-C8 (20.6Hz-4,186Hz)
Calibration range: A4 = 436Hz-445Hz
Modes: Regular / Strobe / Half-strobe / Mirror
View at Gear 4 Music (opens in new tab)
With optimized presets for 135 tunings, Peterson has you covered
Tuning range: C0-A#8 (16.35Hz-7302Hz)
Calibration range: A4 = 390Hz-490Hz
Modes: One screen mode / 135 tuning presets
Screen visible even in bright light
A game-changing hybrid tuner from the Ball family
Tuning range: A0 to Bb6 (27.5Hz to 1864.88Hz)
Calibration range: A4 = 432Hz-447Hz
Accuracy: +/- 0.1 cents (chromatic)
View at Gear 4 Music (opens in new tab)
View at Andertons (opens in new tab)
Well priced, considering all the extra features
5. D’Addario NS Micro Soundhole Guitar Tuner
The best guitar tuner for those who want a discrete device
Calibration range: A4 = 435Hz-445Hz
One of the best guitar tuners, and an industry standard pedal too
Tuning range: C0-C8 (16.35Hz-4,186Hz)
Calibration range: A4 = 436Hz-445Hz
Tuning range: A0-C8 (27.5Hz-4186Hz)
Calibration range: A4 = 435Hz-445Hz
Accuracy: +/- 0.02 cents (strobe mode) 0.5 cents (chromatic mode)
Modes: Polyphonic / chromatic / strobe
View at Andertons (opens in new tab)
View at Gear 4 Music (opens in new tab)
Easy to use and cheap as chips, D’Addario has done it again
Calibration range: A4 = 410Hz-480Hz
View at Andertons (opens in new tab)
9. Korg Pitchblack Pro rackmount tuner
Tuning range: E0-C8 (20.60Hz-4186Hz)
Cable checker function is a lifesaver
Plastic rack ears not the toughest
Get your own personal Roadie to tune your guitar for you
Modes: 40 factory tuning presets + 40 user presets
View at Bax-shop UK (opens in new tab)
Bass model required for bass guitar
11. Snark ST-2 Super Tight Guitar Tuner
One of the best guitar tuners that handles the basics well
Calibration range: A4 = 415Hz-466Hz
Modes: Microphone/vibration chromatic mode / metronome
View at Gear 4 Music (opens in new tab)
Accuracy and tuning range not specified
TC Electronic Polytune Clip-On Guitar
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Find the best guitar tuner whatever your budget, with our top picks from the likes of Boss, Korg, TC Electronic and D’Addario
Buying one of the best guitar tuners, while probably not the most fun or exciting thing in the world, is crucial to getting the very best tone and leaving the best impression on your audience. All in all, it's well worth setting some cash aside for this investment.
The current market is stacked full of all different types of guitar tuners. There's clip-on, pedal, rackmountable and handheld tuners on offer, as well as myriad tuning apps – and as a result it can be hard to know which is the best tuner for you. Luckily for you, we've racked the brains of Guitar World 's team of experts, and pulled together our list of what we think are the best guitar tuners on the market today.
We've included some in-depth buying advice at the end of this guide, too. If you'd like to read it, then click the link. If you'd rather get straight to the products, then keep scrolling.
TC Electronic's PolyTune range is one of the very best, particularly the TC Electronic PolyTune 3 Mini (opens in new tab) , which tops our best guitar tuners list. The latest iteration sees the small-footprint mini pedal updated to include both buffered and true bypass outputs, plus an always-on mode for tracking your tuning as you play.
Although this is a mini pedal, the display is easy to read in almost any lighting conditions – even with all those LEDs flashing away It’s not exactly a cheap option, but it’s worth a few extra dollars over the competition. Also, using mini pedals means you can get more on your board. Need we say any more?
Another worthy choice is the Korg Pitchblack Advance Guitar Tuner (opens in new tab) . if you want a super solid, bright, easy to read and easy to use tuner pedal which will seemingly survive nuclear armageddon, then this is probably the tuner for you. Sure, it's quite a simplistic unit, but it does exactly what you need it to do.
For those who only want the very best, the go-to option is the Peterson StroboStomp HD (opens in new tab) . Yes, it's expensive, but it's also one of the most accurate, easy-to-read tuner pedals around. With 135 tuning presets available, and a whole bag of 'sweetened' tunings for when standard just isn't quite doing it for you, the StroboStomp has you covered in nearly every eventuality.
TC Electronic's PolyTune 3 Mini could be the best guitar tuner for you if you’d rather devote pedalboard space to cool, creative effects. During testing, we were thoroughly impressed by what the Mini is capable of - and the tuning accuracy is spot on.
Polyphonic functionality is part and parcel of the PolyTune line – and the dinky display’s 109 LEDs do a good job of clearly conveying the potentially complicated view of your guitar’s full six-string tuning.
Ever play slide guitar? Fretless? Long emotive string bends? Use the Mini’s handy always-on function to guide your pitching. And, with both buffered and true bypass modes, you can be sure there’s a place for the PolyTune anywhere in your signal chain.
Korg’s evolution of their best-selling Pitchblack tuner, the Advance pedal is extremely simple to use, making it the best guitar tuner for beginners. Hook it up, choose your favorite display mode and you’re off. If you want no more than the basics in a robust and reliable package, this is the best guitar tuner there is.
That’s not to say there aren’t a couple of extras. The Advance’s calibrate button made it very easy for us to change the reference tuning pitch between 436 and 445 hertz. The display button switches between four visuals – all very basic and easy to follow.
Finally, there’s a power output. This pedal enables you to daisy chain other pedals to its own power supply, cutting down the number of wall warts you need. A great pedal.
Famed for their accuracy, Peterson strobe tuners have long been the choice of pros seeking the highest quality gear, and in 2019 Peterson unveiled what it considers to be ‘the ultimate pedal guitar tuner’: the StroboStomp HD.
Boasting a feature set far beyond most of its rivals, you’ll find both true and buffered bypass modes, plus 135 ‘sweetened’ tunings – micro-adjusted reference pitch points optimised for a variety of instrument types and altered tunings. One feature we loved especially is the ability to save your own presets - making those tuning changes at shows so much easier.
Of course, this level of nerd-ish tweakery can only be employed by the most precise tuners, and the StroboStomp HD delivers 0.1 cent accuracy. That’s plenty enough for the most discerning of ears.
You’re probably thinking we’ve lost the plot here by including a volume pedal in this guide, but please let us explain. Ernie Ball’s expression-pedal based delays and overdrives have been a popular choice for guitarists worldwide, and now they’ve incorporated the most important pedal of them all.
The VJPR is a two-in-one pedal that combines a volume display and an onboard digital chromatic tuner on a crystal-clear display screen integrated on the pedal’s footboard. In ‘volume + tuning’ mode, wind the pedal all the way to the heel-down position (no signal) and the tuner engages, and as you increase the signal, a volume readout will appear. Ernie Ball has also provided ‘volume only’ and ‘tuner only’ modes, for those who like to keep things a bit more simple. We found these super useful during testing, as getting used to any new tech can be a challenge.
The tuner can not only be calibrated to a whole range of different pitches, but can be used as a master volume or gain control on your rig. The pedal sits in an ultra-durable aluminum housing, and features a Kevlar cord to ensure even tension throughout the foot sweep. Input-wise, the mono input jack can handle both passive and active signals, with up to 18V of headroom. This makes the VJPR perfect for passive and active guitars and basses.
Designed for acoustic guitars, basses and ukuleles, D’Addario’s soundhole mounted tuner is a compact device, offering easy viewing from its bright multi-color display. Hiding discreetly inside your acoustic guitar’s soundhole, the NS Micro won’t spoil the appearance of your pride and joy either. A non-marking attachment enables stress free installation.
It works by picking up vibrations from your guitar’s soundboard – far more accurate than old fashioned microphone tuners prone to picking up ambient noise. Sure there are more accurate tuners available, and more expensive ones too. However, as it combines ease of use and an non-intrusive, diminutive form factor, the NS Micro is well worth a look.
Granted, this tuner will only work on acoustic instru
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