Black Hole Shok

Black Hole Shok
08:04, Mon, Aug 12, 2019 | UPDATED: 08:04, Tue, Aug 13, 2019
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The black hole represents a class of bright stellar objects known as quasars that are shrouded from sight by a dense cloak of gas. Astronomers who spotted the incredible object have pegged it at just six percent of the universe’s age. This is an incredibly exciting discovery because it is the first sign of a hidden black hole from such an early time in the universe’s history. NASA estimates the universe is about 13.8 billion years old, meaning the cloaked black hole formed only 850 million years after the Big Bang.
If confirmed, the discovery beats the previous record-holder at 1.3 billion years after the Big Bang.
The black hole was found by astronomers using NASA’s powerful Chandra X-ray Observatory.
NASA’s Chandra can see the universe in a way the naked eye cannot – by looking at the stars for X-ray radiation.
Fabio Vito of the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, said: “It’s extraordinarily challenging to find quasars in this cloaked phase because so much of their radiation is absorbed and cannot be detected by current instruments.
“Thanks to Chandra and the ability of X-rays to pierce through the obscuring cloud, we think we’ve finally succeeded.”
Quasars are the result of supermassive black holes in deep space undergoing rapid growth and expansion.
Supermassive black holes can weigh many millions or billions of times more than our Sun and grow by absorbing stellar material.
We were expecting a moth but saw a cocoon instead
As the black holes rapidly absorb vast quantities of gas and dust, the areas around them start to glow with intense radiation.
The result, NASA said, is a source of very bight but compact light known as a quasar.
But quasars can dip out of sight if cold clouds of thick gas get sucked into the disk of material surrounding the supermassive black hole.
If this happens during the black hole’s early growth spurt, the cold gas can essentially cloak or hide the black hole from sight.
NASA said: “The new finding came from observations of a quasar called PSO167-13, which was first discovered by Pan-STARRS, an optical-light telescope in Hawaii.
“Optical observations from these and other surveys have detected about 200 quasars already shining brightly when the universe was less than a billion years old, or about seven percent of its present age.”
Dr Vito and his team observed a region of space where PSO167-13 is located but after 16 hours only detected three X-ray photons.
The lacklustre findings led the astronomers to believe the quasar is obstructed by gas, shrouding lower energy X-ray radiation.
Niel Brandt of Penn State University in University Park, Pennsylvania, said: “This was a complete surprise. It was like we were expecting a moth but saw a cocoon instead.
“None of the other nine quasars we observed were cloaked, which is what we anticipated.”
There is still, however, a possibility the detected X-rays were from the quasar’s companion galaxy, previously found by the Atacama Large Millimeter Array in Chile.
Because of how close the two objects are, the astronomers could not completely determine the source of X-rays.
NASA said: “If the X-rays come from the known quasar, then astronomers need to develop an explanation for why the quasar appeared highly obscured in X-rays but not in optical light.
“One possibility is that there has been a large and rapid increase in cloaking of the quasar during the three years between when the optical and the X-ray observations were made.
“On the other hand, if instead the X-rays arise from the companion galaxy, then it represents the detection of a new quasar in close proximity to PSO167-13.
“This quasar pair would be the most distant yet detected.”
A black hole is an object created when an incredible amount of material is compacted to an incredibly small amount of space.
According to NASA, the equivalent of a black hole would be a star 10 times more massive than our Sun, packed into an area the size of New York City.
As a result, black holes have a gravitational attraction so strong not even light can escape their clutch, hence, the term black.
Most commonly, black holes form when a massive star at the end of its lifecycle explodes into a supernova and leaves behind a very hot and very dense core.
If the core is heavy enough, it will collapse under its own weight and create a black hole.
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08:08, Sat, Mar 14, 2020 | UPDATED: 08:14, Sat, Mar 14, 2020
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A new supermassive black hole, given the non-catchy name of PSO J030947.49+271757.31, is the most distant blazar ever observed, and was only discovered as our planet is right in its crosshairs. A blazar galaxy is an extremely bright galaxy with a supermassive black hole at its core that faces towards Earth and blasts light and matter towards us.
Scientists were able to determine that it is the oldest to be discovered based on wavelength signatures of the black hole’s redshift – the longer a wavelength, the more red it appears which can provide a clue to the age.
Astrophysicist Silvia Belladitta from the University of Insubria in Italy said: “The spectrum that appeared before our eyes confirmed first that PSO J0309+27 is actually an active galaxy nucleus, or a galaxy whose central nucleus is extremely bright due to the presence in its centre of a supermassive black hole fed by the gas and the stars it engulfs.
“In addition, the data obtained by the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT) also confirmed that PSO J0309+27 is really far away from us, according to the shift of the colour of its light toward red or redshift with a record value of 6.1, never measured before for a similar object.”
According to the study, the black hole first appeared around 13 billion years ago, when our 13.7 billion year old Universe was still a baby.
This means the discovery can help unlock more secrets of the early cosmos, according to the research published in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics.
Ms Belladitta said: “Observing a blazar is extremely important.
“For every discovered source of this type, we know that there must be 100 similar, but most are oriented differently, and are therefore too weak to be seen directly.
“Thanks to our discovery, we are able to say that in the first billion years of life of the Universe, there existed a large number of very massive black holes emitting powerful relativistic jets.
“This result places tight constraints on the theoretical models that try to explain the origin of these huge black holes in our Universe.”
Black holes remain one of the most mysterious entities in the universe - but what is known of them is terrifying.
They completely break the laws of physics with their singularity at the centre, which is a one-dimensional point where gravity becomes infinite and space and time become curved.
The only other point in nature where a singularity existed is at the Big Bang.
However, researchers believe for a black hole to form, a star has have a mass of at least six times that of the Sun, with nothing of that size anywhere near our solar system.
In fact, the nearest black hole to our planet is located 6,523 light-years away. One light-year is 5.88 trillion miles.
There are a few ways in which a black hole can form.
Scientists believe the most common instance is when a star, thousands of times the size of the Sun, collapses in on itself when it dies - known as a supernova.
Another way is when a large amount of matter, which can be in the form of a gas cloud or a star collapses in on itself through its own gravitational pull.
Finally, the collision of two neutron stars can cause a black hole.
The gist of all three ways is that a massive amount of mass located in one spot can cause a black hole.
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Space & Cosmos | Hear the Weird Sounds of a Black Hole Singing
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Hear the Weird Sounds of a Black Hole Singing
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As part of an effort to “sonify” the cosmos, researchers have converted the pressure waves from a black hole into an audible … something.
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In space you can’t hear a black hole scream, but apparently you can hear it sing.
In 2003 astrophysicists working with NASA’s orbiting Chandra X-ray Observatory detected a pattern of ripples in the X-ray glow of a giant cluster of galaxies in the constellation Perseus. They were pressure waves — that is to say, sound waves — 30,000 light-years across and radiating outward through the thin, ultrahot gas that suffuses galaxy clusters. They were caused by periodic explosions from a supermassive black hole at the center of the cluster, which is 250 million light-years away and contains thousands of galaxies.
With a period of oscillation of 10 million years, the sound waves were acoustically equivalent to a B-flat 57 octaves below middle C, a tone that the black hole has apparently been holding for the last two billion years. Astronomers suspect that these waves act as a brake on star formation, keeping the gas in the cluster too hot to condense into new stars.
The Chandra astronomers recently “sonified” these ripples by speeding up the signals to 57 or 58 octaves above their original pitch, boosting their frequency quadrillions of times to make them audible to the human ear. As a result, the rest of us can now hear the intergalactic sirens singing.
Through these new cosmic headphones, the Perseus black hole makes eerie moans and rumbles that reminded this listener of the galumphing tones marking an alien radio signal that Jodie Foster hears through headphones in the science fiction film “Contact.”
As part of an ongoing project to “sonify” the universe, NASA also released similarly generated sounds of the bright knots in a jet of energy shooting from a giant black hole at the center of the humongous galaxy known as M87. These sounds reach us across 53.5 million light-years as a stately succession of orchestral tones.
Yet another sonification project has been undertaken by a group led by Erin Kara, an astrophysicist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, as part of an effort to use light echoes from X-ray bursts to map the environment around black holes, much as bats use sound to catch mosquitoes.
All this is an outgrowth of “Black Hole Week,” an annual NASA social media extravaganza, May 2-6. As it happens this week provides a prelude to big news on May 12, when researchers with the Event Horizon Telescope, which in 2019 produced the first image of a black hole , are to announce their latest results.
Black holes, as decreed by Einstein’s general theory of relativity, are objects with gravity so strong that nothing, not even light, much less sound, can escape. Paradoxically, they can also be the brightest things in the universe. Before any sort of matter disappears forever into a black hole, theorists surmise, it would be accelerated to near-light speeds by the hole’s gravitational field and heated, swirling, to millions of degrees. This would spark X-ray flashes, generate interstellar shock waves and squeeze high-energy jets and particles across space like so much toothpaste from a tube.
In one common scenario, a black hole exists in a binary system with a star and steals material from it, which accretes into a dense, bright disk — a visible doughnut of doom — that sporadically produces X-ray outbursts.
Using data from a NASA instrument called the Neutron Star Interior Composition Explorer — NICER — a group led by Jingyi Wang, an M.I.T. graduate student, sought echoes or reflections of these X-ray blasts. The time delay between the original X-ray blasts and their echoes and distortions caused by their nearness to the weird gravity of black holes offered insight into the evolution of these violent bursts.
Meanwhile, Dr. Kara has been working with education and music experts to convert the X-ray reflections into audible sound. In some simulations of this process, she said, the flashes go all the way around the black hole, generating a telltale shift in their wavelengths before being reflected.
“I just love that we can ‘hear’ the general relativity in these simulations,” Dr. Kara said in an email.
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