Black Hole Sabotage 2022
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Black Hole Sabotage 2022
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Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. "Black hole spews out material years after shredding star." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 12 October 2022. .
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. (2022, October 12). Black hole spews out material years after shredding star. ScienceDaily . Retrieved October 13, 2022 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/10/221012103217.htm
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. "Black hole spews out material years after shredding star." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/10/221012103217.htm (accessed October 13, 2022).
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July 11, 2022 — In 2019, astronomers observed the nearest example to date of a star that was shredded, or 'spaghettified,' after approaching too close to a massive black hole. That tidal disruption of a sun-like ...
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Black hole spews out material years after shredding star https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/10/221012103217.htm
Astronomers have observed a black hole burping up stellar remains years after it shredded and consumed the star.
In October 2018, a small star was ripped to shreds when it wandered too close to a black hole in a galaxy located 665 million light years away from Earth. Though it may sound thrilling, the event did not come as a surprise to astronomers who occasionally witness these violent incidents while scanning the night sky.
But nearly three years after the massacre, the same black hole is lighting up the skies again -- and it hasn't swallowed anything new, scientists say.
"This caught us completely by surprise -- no one has ever seen anything like this before," says Yvette Cendes, a research associate at the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian (CfA) and lead author of a new study analyzing the phenomenon.
The team concludes that the black hole is now ejecting material traveling at half of the speed of light, but are unsure why the outflow was delayed by several years. The results, described this week in the Astrophysical Journal , may help scientists better understand black holes' feeding behavior, which Cendes likens to "burping" after a meal.
The team spotted the unusual outburst while revisiting tidal disruption events (TDEs) -- when encroaching stars are spaghettified by black holes -- that occurred over the last several years.
Radio data from the Very Large Array (VLA) in New Mexico showed that the black hole had mysteriously reanimated in June 2021. Cendes and the team rushed to examine the event more closely.
"We applied for Director's Discretionary Time on multiple telescopes, which is when you find something so unexpected, you can't wait for the normal cycle of telescope proposals to observe it," Cendes explains. "All the applications were immediately accepted."
The team collected observations of the TDE, dubbed AT2018hyz, in multiple wavelengths of light using the VLA, the ALMA Observatory in Chile, MeerKAT in South Africa, the Australian Telescope Compact Array in Australia, and the Chandra X-Ray Observatory and the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory in space.
Radio observations of the TDE proved the most striking.
"We have been studying TDEs with radio telescopes for more than a decade, and we sometimes find they shine in radio waves as they spew out material while the star is first being consumed by the black hole," says Edo Berger, professor of astronomy at Harvard University and the CfA, and co-author on the new study. "But in AT2018hyz there was radio silence for the first three years, and now it's dramatically lit up to become one of the most radio luminous TDEs ever observed."
Sebastian Gomez, a postdoctoral fellow at the Space Telescope Science Institute and co-author on the new paper, says that AT2018hyz was "unremarkable" in 2018 when he first studied it using visible light telescopes, including the 1.2-m telescope at the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory in Arizona.
Gomez, who was working on his doctoral dissertation with Berger at the time, used theoretical models to calculate that the star torn apart by the black hole was only one tenth the mass of our Sun.
"We monitored AT2018hyz in visible light for several months until it faded away, and then set it out of our minds," Gomez says.
TDEs are well-known for emitting light when they occur. As a star nears a black hole, gravitational forces begin to stretch, or spaghettify, the star. Eventually, the elongated material spirals around the black hole and heats up, creating a flash that astronomers can spot from millions of light years away.
Some spaghettified material occasionally gets flung out back into space. Astronomers liken it to black holes being messy eaters -- not everything they try to consume makes it into their mouths.
But the emission, known as an outflow, normally develops quickly after a TDE occurs -- not years later. "It's as if this black hole has started abruptly burping out a bunch of material from the star it ate years ago," Cendes explains.
In this case, the burps are resounding.
The outflow of material is traveling as fast as 50 percent the speed of light. For comparison, most TDEs have an outflow that travels at 10 percent the speed of light, Cendes says.
"This is the first time that we have witnessed such a long delay between the feeding and the outflow," Berger says. "The next step is to explore whether this actually happens more regularly and we have simply not been looking at TDEs late enough in their evolution."
Additional co-authors on the study include Kate Alexander and Aprajita Hajela of Northwestern University; Ryan Chornock, Raffaella Margutti and Daniel Brethauer of the University of California, Berkley; Tanmoy Laskar of Radboud University; Brian Metzger of Columbia University; Michael Bietenholz of York University and Mark Wieringa of the Australia Telescope National Facility.
Materials provided by Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics . Note: Content may be edited for style and length.
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Enlarge / Artist’s illustration of a tidal disruption event where a supermassive black hole spaghettifies and gobbles down a star.
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Enlarge / "Insane" luminosity light curve of AT2018hyz.
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Jennifer Ouellette
Jennifer Ouellette is a senior writer at Ars Technica with a particular focus on where science meets culture, covering everything from physics and related interdisciplinary topics to her favorite films and TV series. Jennifer lives in Los Angeles.
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Jennifer Ouellette
- 10/13/2022, 8:44 PM
Back in October 2018, astronomers spotted the bright flare of a star being shredded by a black hole 20 million times more massive than our Sun 665 million light years away—a so-called " tidal disruption event " (TDE) dubbed AT2018hyz . But otherwise the event seemed unremarkable, and after a few months of monitoring the black hole in visible light, the TDE faded, and astronomers moved on. But AT2018hyz had a surprise in store. Nearly three years later, the black hole suddenly reanimated, baffling astronomers, according to a new paper published in The Astrophysical Journal.
“This caught us completely by surprise—no one has ever seen anything like this before,” said co-author Yvette Cendes of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. She likened the unusual black hole-feeding behavior to “burping” after a heavy meal. "It's as if this black hole has started abruptly burping out a bunch of material from the star it ate years ago." This suggests that delayed outflow is more common than astronomers previously expected. The group will continue to monitor this TDE as it evolves, and a systematic study of a much larger sample of TDEs is underway.
As we've reported previously , it's a popular misconception that black holes behave like cosmic vacuum cleaners , ravenously sucking up any matter in their surroundings. In reality, only stuff that passes beyond the event horizon—including light—is swallowed up and can't escape, although black holes are also messy eaters. That means that part of an object's matter is actually ejected out in a powerful jet.
In a TDE, a star is shredded (or "spaghettified") by the powerful gravitational forces of a black hole outside the event horizon, and part of the star's original mass is ejected violently outward. This, in turn, can form a rotating ring of matter (aka an accretion disk ) around the black hole that emits powerful X-rays and visible light. The jets are one way astronomers can indirectly infer the presence of a black hole. Those outflow emissions typically occur soon after the TDE.
When AT2018hyz was first discovered, radio telescopes didn't pick up any signatures of an outflow emission of material within the first few months. According to Cendes, that's true of some 80 percent of TDEs, so astronomers moved on, preferring to use precious telescope time for more potentially interesting objects. But last June, Cendes and her group decided to check back in on several TDEs over the last few years that hadn't shown any emission previously, using radio data from the Very Large Array (VLA). And lo and behold, AT2018hyz was lighting up the skies again.
“We have been studying TDEs with radio telescopes for more than a decade, and we sometimes find they shine in radio waves as they spew out material while the star is first being consumed by the black hole,” said co-author Edo Berger , an astronomer at Harvard University and the Center for Astrophysics. “But in AT2018hyz there was radio silence for the first three years, and now it’s dramatically lit up to become one of the most radio luminous TDEs ever observed.”
The next step was to apply for what's known as "Director's Discretionary Time" on several different telescopes across a broad spectrum of wavelengths. "When you find something so unexpected, you can't wait for the normal cycle of telescope proposals to observe it," said Cendes . Those applications were promptly accepted, giving the team data from the VLA, the ALMA Observatory in Chile, MeerKAT in South Africa, and the Australian Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) in Australia, as well as the space-based Chandra X-Ray Observatory and the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory.
The analysis of all that data revealed that AT2018hyz was spewing out material at a whopping 1.4 millijansky at 5 GHz. "For those who don't speak radio, that's hella bright!" Cendes tweeted in an explanatory thread this past June when the preprint appeared, calling it "the greatest discovery of my life. This has never been seen before from a TDE, definitely never delayed a few years." (Fun fact: Cendes and her husband nicknamed AT2018hyz Jetty —short for "Jetty McJetFace.")
The TDE was an ongoing event as recently as this past April. "We think this is stellar material that was in an accretion disc after it got shredded," Cendes tweeted yesterday. "But why it took two years for this crazy outflow to happen is a mystery."
One possibility, per Cendes, is that the outflow density abruptly shifted, but the data doesn't support that. Nor does it support the possibility that there was a jet soon after the TDE, but astronomers didn't detect it right away because it wasn't pointed at Earth. The light increased much too quickly. Cendes also considered the possibility that there were two separate outflows interacting in an unusual manner but concluded it wasn't a likely scenario either.
"The most likely scenario is something called a 'state change,' where the accretion disc around the black hole transitioned to another kind of outflow," Cendes tweeted . "We see these around smaller black holes in our galaxy with donor stars giving them material, called X-ray binaries. So, if these state changes can happen in stellar-sized black holes in our galaxies, why wouldn't they around supermassive black holes that got an injection of material from a star?"
But if that's the case, there should be a significant excess of X-rays—and the data doesn't show that either. "Where does that leave us? We don't know!" Cendes concluded . "What we do know is AT2018hyz is doing something unpredicted and never seen before in a black hole, and we are going to keep monitoring it with all we've got. Hopefully additional observations will help us unravel the mysteries."
DOI: The Astrophysical Journal, 2022. 10.3847/1538-4357/ac88d0 ( About DOIs ).
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Royal Astronomical Society. "Black hole discovered firing jets at neighboring galaxy." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 12 October 2022. .
Royal Astronomical Society. (2022, October 12). Black hole discovered firing jets at neighboring galaxy. ScienceDaily . Retrieved October 13, 2022 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/10/221012103123.htm
Royal Astronomical Society. "Black hole discovered firing jets at neighboring galaxy." ScienceDaily. www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/10/221012103123.htm (accessed October 13, 2022).
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