Black Hole Sabotage

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Black Hole Sabotage
The gravity near a black hole is so strong that it warps the very fabric of space and time. Black holes sound more like science fiction than fact, but there has been considerable indirect evidence that they exist. They are accepted by the scientific community in spite of an embarrassing admission: nobody has ever directly seen one. Well, until now.
Scientists have announced the first direct observation of a black hole at the center of a galaxy named M87. M87 is a supergiant elliptical galaxy in the constellation Virgo. It is one of the largest galaxies in the nearby universe. (Where "nearby" is the staggering distance of 53 million light years . Astronomers really do think big.)
Now a little bit of care is necessary to understand exactly what was done. Black holes are, well, black. By definition, they do not emit any light. So, the black hole was not observed directly. However, black holes are also surrounded by ordinary matter that is caught in the hole's gravitational grip.
This matter, which is typically just gas of the same type that makes up our sun, orbits the black hole at very high speeds. All of that fast-moving gas gets heated up to the point where it glows and emits all sorts of forms of electromagnetic radiation, from heat to light to radio waves. Intervening gas blocks the visible heat and light, so astronomers look for the radio waves.
You'd think that astronomers would announce that they detected this halo of radio waves surrounding the hole, and that is part of the story. However, it's more complicated than that. Because of the very strong gravity near the black hole, some of the light and radio waves are captured by it and don't escape. The result is that a black hole looks like a ring of light, with a shadow in the middle. Essentially, from a distance, the picture astronomers released of the M87 black hole looks like a coffee ring left on a piece of paper, albeit a colored one.
Since the astronomers used radio waves to see the black hole, the colors aren't what you would see with your eye. But they do have meaning. What we are seeing is the gas surrounding the black hole. One side is bright and one is dim because the black hole is spinning. The yellow shows the side of the black hole spinning toward us and the reddish side is spinning away.
Aside from the difficulties associated with seeing something that is perfectly black, another difficulty is their size. Ordinary black holes, which have a mass the few times as big as our Sun, are only about as big as the city of Chicago. Combined with their great distances, they are simply too small to see with modern technology. Seeing the closest known black hole is as difficult as a telescope in New York City seeing a single molecule in Los Angeles. This is well beyond current technical capabilities.
Luckily, the center of nearly all galaxies contain an enormous black hole. For example, the one in the center of our Milky Way galaxy has the mass of about 4 million times that of our sun with a radius about 30 times that of the sun.
However, the black hole at the center of M87 is truly gigantic. Its mass is about 7 billion times the mass of our sun. And its dimensions are huge as black holes go. It is a sphere with a radius about 130 times that of the Earth's orbit or about three times bigger than the average orbit of Pluto.
That sounds large, but the distance to M87 is so huge that the black hole at the center of that galaxy subtends a tiny angle. It is unbelievably small -- it's equivalent to the width of a line drawn by a sharpened pencil seen from the distance separating New York and Los Angeles, a task that is possible if scientists use an incredibly clever technique that uses the entire Earth as a telescope. And, luckily, the shadow cast by the black hole is about 2.5 times wider than the hole itself.
In 2006, an international consortium of astronomers formed a group called the Event Horizon Telescope . The name is misleading, as their equipment isn't a telescope in the way we ordinarily think of it. Instead, the equipment they use is called a radio telescope , which is just an ultra-sensitive radio antenna.
And another level of confusion is that the group didn't employ a single antenna. Instead what they did was to tie together a web of radio telescopes spread across the entire planet. The reason they did that is simple. How small an object a telescope can see depends crucially on the size of the telescope. The bigger the telescope, the smaller objects it can resolve.
A world-class radio telescope is only a few hundred feet across. However, by tying together a worldwide network of radio receivers, astronomers can effectively make a telescope the size of the Earth -- essentially a radio telescope about 8,000 miles wide. And by using ultra-precise atomic clocks to synchronize the observations made from around the world, astronomers were able to resolve the shadow of the black hole at the center of the M87galaxy.
Science is all about pushing the limits -- studying what was once impossible to do. And, being perfectly black, tiny and very distant, black holes certainly qualify. Yet black holes are a key laboratory for testing Einstein's theory of relativity, which is our best theory of gravity. Because of this, scientists have indirectly studied them for decades, from observing their effect on nearby stars, to seeing how they heat up giant clouds of gas, to detecting how their motion sends ripples through space and time.
But seeing one directly is a new thing and a huge advance in our ability to understand the behavior of matter under the strongest gravitational forces imaginable. And it's important to note that this work wouldn't be possible without generous support from taxpayers and science funding agencies across the world, including the National Science Foundation here in the United States. (Disclosure: Fermilab colleagues of mine are collaborators on this project and are funded by the US Department of Energy Office of Science .)
We should all take a bit of pride in our individual role in making possible this breathtaking scientific observation. In the next weeks and months, we're sure to learn even more.
© 2022 Cable News Network. A Warner Bros. Discovery Company. All Rights Reserved. CNN Sans ™ & © 2016 Cable News Network.
Updated 1847 GMT (0247 HKT) April 10, 2019
Don Lincoln is a senior scientist at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory . He is the author of " The Large Hadron Collider: The Extraordinary Story of the Higgs Boson and Other Stuff That Will Blow Your Mind ." He also produces a series of science education videos . Follow him on Facebook . The opinions expressed in this commentary are solely his. View more opinion articles on CNN.
(CNN) Of all of the crazy sounding things in the pantheon of modern physics, it's hard to beat a black hole . Generally speaking, black holes are the burned-out hulks of long dead stars, with a strong enough gravitational field that not even light can escape them.

Part of HuffPost World News. ©2022 BuzzFeed, Inc. All rights reserved.
The first-ever photo of a black hole had a strong gravitational pull toward comedy.
Apr 10, 2019, 10:23 AM EDT | Updated Apr 10, 2019
Wake up to the day's most important news.
Part of HuffPost World News. ©2022 BuzzFeed, Inc. All rights reserved.
Selfies and pictures of your brunch are cool, but have you ever seen a black hole?
On the heels of scientists from a global collaboration of telescopes announcing that they have the first-ever photograph of a black hole, Twitter users went wild with the jokes.
The black hole photograph has been years in the making and captures a mass that is “about seven billion times more massive than the sun is unleashing a violent jet of energy some 5,000 light years into space,” according to The New York Times .
Scientists have obtained the first image of a black hole, using Event Horizon Telescope observations of the center of the galaxy M87. The image shows a bright ring formed as light bends in the intense gravity around a black hole that is 6.5 billion times more massive than the Sun pic.twitter.com/AymXilKhKe
For those who forgot what they learned in high school science, a black hole is an extremely dense object that no light can escape from, nor can anything else that comes within its “event horizon.” As NASA puts it, that is the black hole’s point of no return so anything that enters it will never reemerge.
So, now that we know those giant horrifying holes are actually real and have photographic evidence ... We can either sit in existential dread and question what we’re all doing here OR we can read these jokes! We’re choosing the latter. Enjoy!
Physicists have decoded a radio transmission emanating from the center of the black hole, science is truly amazing pic.twitter.com/ALIYhweezF
I am sure the spatial resolution of the #blackhole images will get better in future. pic.twitter.com/uN9lmN9fGe
My TL is half people saying they could fight the black hole and half people saying they want to be killed by the black hole and like, I just hope you are all ok and find a black hole to satisfy your needs.
unironically want to ride the black hole like a water slide plz do not reply with science reasons that I can’t
I know what you’re thinking: What if this is like The Ring and simply looking at an image of a real black hole, even on Twitter, will result in some horrible death in 7 days? Well, for starters the Amish are gonna snap up all the good real estate.
After a decade of work, scientists have unveiled the first-ever picture of a black hole pic.twitter.com/9l4khAZ6Lg
Did they find a #BlackHole or the Eye of Sauron? pic.twitter.com/M2w0pb6BmO
i would like to throw myself into the black hole
Astronomers have just taken the first ever image of a black hole and Trump has already asked for its birth certificate.
It's not a black hole, it's just sephiroth pic.twitter.com/NsjF9KQ6uF
For the next hour you can commit any crime you want and blame it on “black hole madness”

Harry Pettit , Deputy Technology and Science Editor
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A BRAIN-BOGGLING optical illusion makes a static image of a black hole appear as though it's swallowing you whole, research has shown.
Nine in ten people who view the deceptive image report that the hole expands as if you're heading into a dark tunnel.
The illusion, which is new to science, was cooked up by Professor Akiyoshi Kitaoka, a psychologist at Japan's Ritsumeikan University.
Writing in a paper this week, researchers said it gives viewers "a growing sense of darkness, as if entering a space voided of light".
They added that it's likely the result of our minds being fooled into thinking we're moving into a dark area.
As our brains the resulting loss of sight, our pupils dilate, creating the feeling that we're shifting forward or falling.
The illusion occurs regardless of the size of the image and even if it is a different colour, researchers said.
"The 'expanding hole' is a highly dynamic illusion," said Professor Bruno Laeng, who ran the experiments at the University of Oslo.
"The circular smear or shadow gradient of the central black hole evokes a marked impression of optic flow, as if the observer were heading forward into a hole or tunnel."
Professor Kitaoka is an expert in visual psychology and a well-known creator of optical illusions.
To test his latest concoction, the researchers showed it to 50 people with healthy vision between the ages of 18 and 41.
They were shown "expanding hole" images of various colours on a screen in addition to scrambled versions with no discernable pattern.
The illusion of forward motion was strongest when the pattern was black, with just 86 per cent of participants able to perceive it.
That proportion dropped to 80 per cent for coloured expanding holes.
The stronger participants rated their perception of the illusion, the more their pupils dilated during the task.
This suggests a clear link between the illusion and the dilation of the pupils.
Optical illusions are often just a bit of fun, but they also hold real value for scientists.
The brain puzzles help researchers shed light on the inner workings of the mind and how it reacts to its surroundings.
The black hole illusion, for instance, suggests that the pupil can sometimes react to the anticipation of light as opposed to light hitting the eye.
"Here we show based on the new ‘expanding hole’ illusion that the pupil reacts to how we perceive light – even if this ‘light’ is imaginary like in the illusion – and not just to the amount of light energy that actually enters the eye," Laeng said.
"The illusion of the expanding hole prompts a corresponding dilation of the pupil, as it would happen if darkness really increased."
The research was published May 30 in Frontiers in Human Neuroscience .
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