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Two telescopes managed by the UA have aided in the serendipitous discovery of the brightest quasar ever seen in the early universe, which suggests there could be a “hidden” population of such objects waiting to be discovered.
Ray Villard, STScI, and Daniel Stolte, University Communications
This artist’s impression shows how J043947.08+163415.7, a very distant quasar powered by a supermassive black hole, may look close up. This object is by far the brightest quasar yet discovered in the early universe.
(Image: ESA/Hubble, NASA, M. Kornmesser)
A Hubble Space Telescope image of a very distant quasar that has been brightened and split into three images by the effects of the gravitational field of a foreground galaxy . 1 of 1
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With the help of NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope, astronomers have discovered the brightest object ever seen at a time when the universe was less than one billion years old. The brilliant beacon is a quasar, the core of a galaxy with a black hole ravenously eating material surrounding it.
Though the quasar is very far away – 12.8 billion light-years – astronomers can detect it because a galaxy closer to Earth acts as a lens and makes the quasar look extra bright. The gravitational field of the closer galaxy warps space itself, bending and amplifying the distant quasar’s light in an effect known as gravitational lensing.
Researchers have searched for extremely remote quasars for more than 20 years before a rare and fortuitous celestial alignment made this one visible. Discovered with the University of Arizona's MMT Telescope , located south of Tucson, the super-bright quasar could hold the record of being the brightest in the early universe for some time, making it a unique object for follow-up studies.
“We don’t expect to find many quasars brighter than that in the whole observable universe,” lead investigator Xiaohui Fan said of the quasar, which has been cataloged as J043947.08+163415.7.
Shining with light equivalent to almost 600 trillion suns, the quasar is fueled by a supermassive black hole at the heart of a young galaxy in the process of forming. An immense amount of energy is emitted as the black hole consumes material around it. The detection provides a rare opportunity to study a zoomed-in image of how such black holes accompanied star formation in the very early universe and influenced the assembly of galaxies.
"If this quasar was not lensed, its brightness would have been more than 50 times 'fainter,'" said Fan, a Regents' Professor of Astronomy in the UA's Steward Observatory . "This one is off-the-charts bright."
The first images suggesting a possible lensing structure were obtained with the Large Binocular Telescope, which is located in in southeastern Arizona and managed by the UA.
In addition to being bright in visible and infrared wavelengths, the lensed quasar is also bright in submillimeter wavelengths, observed with the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. That emission is due to hot dust heated by intense star formation in the galaxy hosting the lensed quasar. The formation rate is estimated to be up to 10,000 stars per year (by comparison, our Milky Way galaxy makes one star per year).
“Clearly, this black hole is not only accreting gas, but it also has a lot of star formation around it,” said UA team member Jinyi Yang. "However, because of the boosting effect of gravitational lensing, the actual rate of star formation could be much lower than the observed brightness suggests."
The quasar existed at a transitional period in the universe’s evolution called reionization, where light from young galaxies and quasars reheated the obscuring hydrogen that cooled off not long after the big bang.
The quasar would have gone undetected if not for the power of gravitational lensing, which boosted its brightness by a factor of 50.
"Essentially, we have a very magnified view of this supermassive black hole," Fan said. "It's like a magnifying glass that gives you an image that's not just brighter, but also bigger. We now can look at the much smaller structures surrounding that black hole."
Very distant quasars are identified by their red color (due to absorption by diffuse gas in intergalactic space), although sometimes their light is “contaminated” and looks bluer because of the starlight of an intervening galaxy. As a result, they may be overlooked in quasar searches because their color is diluted to resemble that of a normal galaxy.
"We think there probably are 10 to 20 of such objects that we haven't found because they would have looked fuzzy and the colors not redshifted enough," Fan said. "This by extension means that our traditional way of finding quasars may not work anymore, and we have to find some new, big data approach to broaden our search."
Fan said his team got lucky with finding J043947.08+163415.7, because the quasar is so bright it drowns out the starlight from the especially faint foreground lensing galaxy.
“Without this high level of magnification, it would make it impossible for us to see the galaxy," said team member Feige Wang of the University of California, Santa Barbara. “We can even look for gas around the black hole and what the black hole may be influencing in the galaxy.”
The object was selected by its color by combining photometric data from the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope Hemisphere Survey, the Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System (Pan-STARRS1) at optical wavelengths and NASA’s Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer archive in the mid-infrared.
Follow-up spectroscopic observations were conducted by the UA’s Multi-Mirror Telescope, the Gemini Observatory and the Keck Observatory . These observations revealed the signature of a faint foreground galaxy directly between the quasar and Earth that is magnifying the quasar image. However, because the source looks fuzzy in the ground-based observations (and so could be mistaken for only a galaxy), the researchers used Hubble’s exquisite imaging capabilities to confirm it is a lensed quasar.
“It’s a hard system to photograph because it turns out to be so compact, which requires the sharpest view from Hubble,” Fan said.
The quasar is ripe for future scrutiny. Fan’s team is analyzing a detailed 20-hour spectrum from the European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope , which would show gas absorption features to identify chemical composition and temperatures of intergalactic gas in the early universe. Astronomers also will use the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array , and eventually NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope , to look within 150 light-years of the black hole to directly detect the influence of the black hole's gravity on gas motion and star formation in its vicinity.
The team presented the discovery during a press briefing Jan. 9 at the 233 rd Meeting of the American Astronomical Society in Seattle.
The light from quasar J0439+1634, some 12.8 billion light-years away, passes close to a faint galaxy that is about six billion light-years away. The gravity of the foreground galaxy warps the space around it, according to Einstein’s theory of general relativity, which bends the light like an optical lens and magnifies the quasar image by a factor of 50, while at the same time splitting the quasar image into three. (Image: NASA, ESA, Xiaohui Fan/UA)
Researcher contact:
Xiaohui Fan
UA Steward Observatory
fan@as.arizona.edu (link sends e-mail)
Media contact:
Daniel Stolte
520-626-4402
stolte@arizona.edu (link sends e-mail)
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We respectfully acknowledge the University of Arizona is on the land and territories of Indigenous peoples. Today, Arizona is home to 22 federally recognized tribes, with Tucson being home to the O’odham and the Yaqui. Committed to diversity and inclusion, the University strives to build sustainable relationships with sovereign Native Nations and Indigenous communities through education offerings, partnerships, and community service.
© 2022 The Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of The University of Arizona .
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Black holes are gigantic cosmic monsters, exotic objects whose gravity is so strong that not even light can escape their clutches.
Black holes come in a wide variety of forms, from small stellar-mass bodies to the supermassive beasts that reside at the hearts of galaxies . Here are 10 of the most extreme black holes, from the smallest to the largest and from cannibals to rogues.
Nearly all galaxies are thought to harbor at their cores supermassive black holes millions to billions of times the mass of Earth's sun . In 2011, scientists discovered the largest black holes known in two nearby galaxies .
One of these galaxies, known as NGC 3842 — the brightest galaxy in the Leo cluster nearly 320 million light years away — has a central black hole containing 9.7 billion solar masses. The other, NGC 4889, the brightest galaxy in the Coma cluster more than 335 million light years away, has a black hole of comparable or larger mass.
The gravitational range, or " event horizon ," of these black holes is about five times the distance from the sun to Pluto. For comparison, these black holes are 2,500 times as massive as the black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy , whose event horizon is one-fifth the orbit of Mercury.
The smallest black hole discovered to date may be less than three times the mass of our sun. This would put this little monster, officially called IGR J17091-3624 , near the theoretical minimum limit needed for a black hole to be stable. As tiny as this black hole may be, it looks fierce, capable of 20 million mph winds (32 million kph) — the fastest yet observed from a stellar-mass black hole by nearly 10 times.
Black holes devour anything unlucky enough to drift too close, including other black holes. Scientists recently detected the monstrous black hole at the heart of one galaxy getting consumed by a still larger black hole in another.
The discovery is the first of its kind. Astronomers had witnessed the final stages of the merging of galaxies of equal mass — so-called major mergers — but minor mergers between galaxies and smaller companions had long eluded researchers.
Using NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory , investigators detected two black holes at the center of a galaxy dubbed NGC3393, with one black hole about 30 million times the mass of the sun and the other at least 1 million times the mass of the sun, separated from each other by only about 490 light-years.
Black holes are known for sucking in matter, but researchers find they can shoot it out as well. Observations of a black hole called H1743-322 , which harbors five to 10 times the mass of the sun and is located about 28,000 light-years from Earth, revealed it apparently pulled matter off a companion star, then spat some of it back out as gigantic "bullets" of gas moving at nearly a quarter the speed of light.
The oldest black hole found yet , officially known as ULAS J1342+0928, was born about 690 million years after the Big Bang that created our universe . (Scientists think the Big Bang occurred about 13.7 billion years ago.)
The ancient age of this black hole actually poses some problems for astronomers. This brilliant enigma appears to be 1 billion times the mass of the sun. How black holes became so massive so soon after the Big Bang is difficult to explain.
Although the gravitational pulls of black holes are so strong that even light cannot escape, they also make up the heart of quasars , the most luminous, most powerful and most energetic objects in the universe.
As supermassive black holes at the centers of galaxies suck in surrounding gas and dust, they can spew out huge amounts of energy. The brightest quasar identified to date is J043947.08+163415.7, which lies about 12.8 billion light-years away from Earth.
When galaxies collide, black holes can get kicked away from the site of the crash to roam freely through space. The first known such rogue black hole, SDSSJ0927+2943, may be approximately 600 million times the mass of the sun and hurtle through space at a whopping 5.9 million mph (9.5 million kph). Hundreds of rogue black holes might wander through the Milky Way.
Scientists have long thought that black holes come in three sizes — essentially small, medium and large. Relatively small black holes holding the mass of a few suns are common, while supermassive black holes millions to billions of solar masses are thought to lurk at the heart of nearly every galaxy. One more massive than four million suns, for example, is thought to hide in the center of the Milky Way.
However, middle-weight black holes had eluded astronomers for years, until 2009. That's when scientists discovered one of the first intermediate-mass black holes, called HLX-1 (Hyper-Luminous X-ray source 1) , approximately 290 million light-years from Earth. The mysterious object appears to be about 20,000 solar masses in size.
Medium-size black holes are thought to be the building blocks of supermassive black holes, so understanding more about them can shed light on how these monsters and the galaxies that surround them evolved.
Black holes can whirl the fabric of space around themselves at extraordinary speeds. One black hole called GRS 1915+105, in the constellation Aquila (The Eagle) about 35,000 light-years from Earth, is spinning more than 950 times per second.
An item placed on the edge of the black hole's event horizon — the edge past which nothing can escape — would spin around it at a speed of more than 333 million mph (536 million kph), or about half the speed of light.
Black holes are thankfully quite far away from Earth, but this distance makes it difficult to gather clues that could help solve the many mysteries that surround them. However, researchers are now recreating the enigmatic properties of black holes on tabletops .
For instance, black holes possess gravitational pulls so powerful that nothing, including light, can escape after falling past a border known as the event horizon. Scientists have created an artificial event horizon in the lab using fiber optics. They have also recreated the so-called Hawking radiation thought to escape from black holes.
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Charles Q. Choi is a contributing writer for Space.com and Live Science. He covers all things human origins and astronomy as well as physics, animals and general science topics. Charles has a Master of Arts degree from the University of Missouri-Columbia, School of Journalism and a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of South Florida. Charles has visited every continent on Earth, drinking rancid yak butter tea in Lhasa, snorkeling with sea lions in the Galapagos and even climbing an iceberg in Antarctica. Visit him at http://www.sciwriter.us
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Black holes are gigantic cosmic monsters, exotic objects whose gravity is so strong that not even light can escape their clutches.
Black holes come in a wide variety of forms, from small stellar-mass bodies to the supermassive beasts that reside at the hearts of galaxies . Here are 10 of the most extreme black holes, from the smallest to the largest and from cannibals to rogues.
Nearly all galaxies are thought to harbor at their cores supermassive black holes millions to billions of times the mass of Earth's sun . In 2011, scientists discovered the largest black holes known in two nearby galaxies .
One of these galaxies, known as NGC 3842 — the brightest galaxy in the Leo cluster nearly 320 million light years away — has a central black hole containing 9.7 billion solar masses. The other, NGC 4889, the brightest galaxy in the Coma cluster more than 335 million light years away, has a black hole of comparable or larger mass.
The gravitational range, or " event horizon ," of these black holes is about five times the distance from the sun to Pluto. For comparison, these black holes are 2,500 times as massive as the black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy , whose event horizon is one-fifth the orbit of Mercury.
The smallest black hole discovered to date may be less than three times the mass of our sun. This would put this little monster, officially called IGR J17091-3624 , near the theoretical minimum limit needed for a black hole to be stable. As tiny as this black hole may be, it looks fierce, capable of 20 million mph winds (32 million kph) — the fastest yet observed from a stellar-mass black hole by nearly 10 times.
Black holes devour anything unlucky enough to drift too close, including other black holes. Scientists recently detected the monstrous black hole at the heart of one galaxy getting consumed by a still larger black hole in another.
The discovery is the first of its kind. Astronomers had witnessed the final stages of the merging of galaxies of equal mass — so-called major mergers — but minor mergers between galaxies and smaller companions had long eluded researchers.
Using NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory , investigators detected two black holes at the center of a galaxy dubbed NGC3393, with one black hole about 30 million times the mass of the sun and the other at least 1 million times the mass of the sun, separated from each other by only about 490 light-years.
Black holes are known for sucking in matter, but researchers find they can shoot it out as well. Observations of a black hole called H1743-322 , which harbors fiv
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