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Image of the black hole within galaxy RAD12 spewing a large unipolar radio bubble on to its merging companion galaxy. Credit: Dr Ananda Hota, GMRT, CFHT, MeerKAT/Licence type Attribution (CC BY 4.0)

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Black hole discovered firing jets at neighboring galaxy (2022, October 12)
retrieved 14 October 2022
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by Royal Astronomical Society

With the help of citizen scientists, a team of astronomers has discovered a unique black hole spewing a fiery jet at another galaxy. The black hole is hosted by a galaxy around one billion light years away from Earth named RAD12. The work was published today in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters .

Galaxies are typically divided into two major classes based on their morphology: spirals and ellipticals. Spirals have optically-blue looking spiral arms with an abundance of cold gas and dust. In spiral galaxies, new stars form at an average rate of one Sun-like star per year. In contrast elliptical galaxies appear yellowish and lack distinct features such as spiral arms.
Star formation in elliptical galaxies is very scarce; it is still a mystery to astronomers as to why the elliptical galaxies we see today have not been forming new stars for billions of years. Evidence suggests that supermassive or "monster" black holes are responsible. These "monster" black holes spew gigantic jets made of electrons moving at very high speeds at other galaxies, depleting the fuel required for future star formation: cold gas and dust.
The unique nature of RAD12 had been observed in 2013 using optical data from the Sloan Digitized Sky Survey (SDSS) and radio data from the Very Large Array (FIRST survey). However, follow-up observation with the Giant Meterwave Radio Telescope (GMRT) in India was required to confirm its truly exotic nature: The black hole in RAD12 appears to be ejecting the jet only towards a neighboring galaxy, named RAD12-B. In all cases, jets are ejected in pairs, moving in opposite directions at relativistic speeds. Why only one jet is seen coming from RAD12 remains a puzzle to astronomers.
A conical stem of young plasma is seen being ejected from the center and reaches far beyond the visible stars of RAD12. The GMRT observations revealed that the fainter and older plasma extends far beyond the central conical stem and flares out like the cap of a mushroom (seen in red in the tricolor image). The whole structure is 440 thousand light years long, which is much larger than the host galaxy itself.
RAD12 is unlike anything known so far; this is the first time a jet has been observed to collide with a large galaxy like RAD12-B. Astronomers are now one step closer to understanding the impact of such interactions on elliptical galaxies, which may leave them with little cold gas for future star formation.
Research lead Dr. Ananda Hota says, "We are excited to have spotted a rare system that helps us understand radio jet feedback of supermassive black holes on star formation of galaxies during mergers. Observations with the GMRT and data from various other telescopes such as the MeerKAT radio telescope strongly suggest that the radio jet in RAD12 is colliding with the companion galaxy. An equally important aspect of this research is the demonstration of public participation in making discoveries through the RAD@home Citizen Science research collaboratory."
The research appears as "RAD@home citizen science discovery of an AGN spewing a large unipolar radio bubble onto its merging companion galaxy," published in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters .

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Sagittarius A* is a thousand times smaller than M87*, but they are remarkably similar (EHT Collaboration)
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Scientists have taken the first ever image of the black hole at the heart of our galaxy, the Milky Way.
The picture is not only our first glimpse at the supermassive black hole – known as Sagittarius A* – but also the first direct evidence it actually exists.
Scientists have long suspected that our galaxy is the home to such a huge, violent object: stars have been observed to be orbiting around something compact and massive at the centre of the Milky Way. While it appeared to be behaving like a black hole, it was invisible and impossible to confirm.
In the new image, the black hole itself stays invisible, because it is completely dark. But the picture shows the bright glowing ring that runs around it, and shows the way that light bends around the region.
Researchers describe the black hole as being “the glue that holds the galaxy together”.
“It is key to our understanding of how the Milky Way formed and will evolve in the future,” said Ziri Younsi from University College London, a researcher at Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) which captured the image.
It comes after the first image of any black hole, which was released in 2019 and depicted M87*, a much bigger example some 55 million light years away and was also captured by the EHT.
Creating the latest image has taken five years of work by more than 300 researchers from across the world. Even though Sagittarius A* is a mere 27,000 light years away, it was nonetheless the equivalent of taking a photograph of a doughnut on the Moon.
Now with two examples of black holes, scientists can study the differences, comparing and contrasting the two examples.
“Now we can study the differences between these two supermassive black holes to gain valuable new clues about how this important process works,” said EHT scientist Keiichi Asada, from the Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, Taipei.
“We have images for two black holes – one at the large end and one at the small end of supermassive black holes in the universe – so we can go a lot further in testing how gravity behaves in these extreme environments than ever before.”
The two black holes are remarkably similar. While M87* is one of the biggest black holes in the universe – about 1,000 times bigger than ours – and sits in the middle of a very different galaxy, they have very similar structures.
It proves Einstein was right and helps us understand what is actually happening in the structure of black holes, the researchers say.
“We have two completely different types of galaxies and two very different black-hole masses, but close to the edge of these black holes they look amazingly similar,” said Sera Markoff, co-chair of
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