Black Dahlia
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This article is about Elizabeth Short and her murder. For other uses, see Black Dahlia (disambiguation) .
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^ Crime historian Dirk Gibson cited Short's murder as one of the first majorly-publicized murders to "grip" the nation's attention after World War II, [3] while in her work American Murder , Gini Graham Scott likens the case to the majorly-publicized O. J. Simpson murder trial in the mid-1990s. [4]
^ Various sources list Short's official birth name simply as "Elizabeth Short", including copies of her registered birth certificate, showing that no middle name was given at birth. [5] [6] [7]
^ The reduction of the legal age of majority , when a person is no longer a juvenile, from the longstanding standard of 21 to the current 18 did not occur in the United States until the 1970s. [19] [20]
^ Short is often referred to or characterized as an aspiring actress, [29] [13] though she had no known acting jobs or credits to her name.
^ Gini Graham Scott states in American Crime that Short was sighted at the Biltmore on January 9, [26] though a Los Angeles Times article published in 1997 calls into question the validity of this, noting that mention of the Biltmore sighting "cannot be found in heated news accounts of the day, which reported on every conceivable contact anyone had with Short in the so-called 'missing week' before her death". [30]
^ Short's autopsy notes her bottom teeth were in a significant state of decay. In Severed , John Gilmore writes that Short allegedly plugged her cavities with wax, and this supposed fact was reprinted (albeit with pointed skepticism) in a 1997 Los Angeles Times article. [30]
^ Janice Knowlton claims that it was Robert Manley who identified the items as belonging to Short, [22] while Cathy Scott states that it was Hansen. [26]
^ The Cleveland Torso Murders, which occurred between 1934 and 1938 in Cleveland, Ohio, were investigated by Eliot Ness . Some biographers, such as Oscar Fraley, claim Ness knew the identity of the Cleveland killer, who was also responsible for Short's killing in Los Angeles. [95]
^ Varying claims about Short's life leading up to her death—including such claims that she was a prostitute, among other things—have been alleged and refuted by different sources. [114] [106] A 2016 article in the New York Daily News highlights the "Black Dahlia" name and Short's whereabouts from January 9–15, 1947 as key points of contention and intrigue. [30] [115]
^ Harnisch claims that Short went by the "Black Dahlia" name in life, while other sources, such as a 2016 New York Daily News article, dispute this claim. [115] Some sources, however, still claim that Short went by the name in her life. [43]
^ In his 2001 book Torso: The Story of Eliot Ness and the Search for a Psychopathic Killer , Steve Nickel describes Short as a "common street prostitute, hooked on alcohol and drugs", posing nude for photos and living with a lesbian lover. [114] Though these claims have persisted in crime biographies on Short, some journalists, such as the Los Angeles Times ' Larry Harnisch, dispute their validity, as does Alexis Fitts in a 2016 article published in The Guardian , [106] and Bob Calhoun of SF Weekly . [129]
^ John Gilmore notes in Severed that Short's genitalia was apparently too undeveloped to allow for intercourse, as noted by the deputy coroner who performed her autopsy. [69] This claim is disputed by Hélèna Katz in Cold Cases: Famous Unsolved Mysteries, Crimes, and Disappearances in America , [44] and by Michael Newton in The Encyclopedia of Unsolved Crimes . [46]
^ Gilmore 2006 , pp. 137–138.
^ Scott 2017 , p. 9.
^ Gibson 2004 , p. 191.
^ Scott 2007 , p. 106.
^ "Investigation: Birth Certificate" . Blackdahlia.info. Archived from the original on October 14, 2007 . Retrieved February 2, 2010 . Copy of Short's registered birth certificate showing that no middle name was included
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Harnisch, Larry. "Common Myths About the Black Dahlia and Their Origins" . Archived from the original on December 30, 2016 . Retrieved September 9, 2017 .
^ Harnisch, Larry (September 15, 2006). "Haunting images and details of death" . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 9, 2017 .
^ Gilmore 2006 , pp. 1–4.
^ Jump up to: a b Haugen 2010 , p. 15.
^ Steeves, Heather (February 14, 2014). "The Black Dahlia lived on Munjoy Hill: An unsolved murder from the vaults" . Maine Today . Retrieved December 29, 2016 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Scott 2017 , p. 222.
^ Jump up to: a b c Haugen 2010 , p. 18.
^ Jump up to: a b Haugen 2010 , p. 19.
^ Haugen 2010 , pp. 19–20.
^ Jump up to: a b Haugen 2010 , p. 20.
^ Haugen 2010 , p. 23.
^ Jump up to: a b Haugen 2010 , p. 25.
^ Katz 2010 , p. 186.
^ Greenblatt, Alan (September 30, 2009). "What is the Age of Responsibility?" . Governing . Retrieved September 12, 2017 . Arbitrary as such reasoning may sound to modern Americans, 21 stuck as a threshold age through the 19th century and into the 20th.
^ Haugen 2010 , p. 29.
^ Haugen 2010 , pp. 29–31.
^ Jump up to: a b Knowlton & Newton 1995 , p. 30.
^ Katz 2010 , p. 188.
^ Gilmore 2006 , p. 113.
^ Knowlton & Newton 1995 , p. 118.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Scott 2017 , p. 221.
^ Knowlton & Newton 1995 , p. 140.
^ Haugen 2010 , pp. 19, 23.
^ Gilmore 2006 , pp. 2–5.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Harnisch, Larry (January 6, 1997). "A Slaying Cloaked in Mystery and Myths" . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 11, 2017 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d "The Black Dahlia: Los Angeles' most famous unsolved murder" . BBC . January 8, 2017. Archived from the original on September 12, 2017 . Retrieved September 11, 2017 .
^ Scheeres, Julia. "Black Dahlia (Notorious Murders, Most Famous)" . TruTV . Archived from the original on June 1, 2008 . Retrieved July 22, 2010 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d Katz 2010 , p. 185.
^ Knowlton & Newton 1995 , p. 8.
^ Jump up to: a b Scott 2007 , p. 107.
^ McLellan, Dennis (January 9, 2003). "Obituaries: Ralph Asdel, 82; Detective in the Black Dahlia Case" . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 25, 2010 .
^ Jump up to: a b Scheeres, Julia. "Macabre Discovery" . The Black Dahlia . Archived from the original on June 1, 2008 . Retrieved October 8, 2013 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d Newton 2009 , pp. 44–46.
^ Gilmore 2006 , p. 7.
^ Hodel 2003 , pp. 14–16.
^ Nelson & Bayliss 2006 , pp. 14, 27.
^ Nelson, Mark; Bayliss, Sarah Hudson (December 5, 2008). "George Hodel, Lloyd Wright, the Black Dahlia Murder, and the J. A. Konrad bill for cement work" (PDF) . Exquisitecorpsebook.com . Archived from the original (PDF) on September 16, 2012 . Retrieved September 12, 2017 .
^ Jump up to: a b Newton 2009 , p. 44.
^ Jump up to: a b c Katz 2010 , p. 187.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Newton 2009 , p. 45.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Newton 2009 , p. 46.
^ Gilmore 2006 , p. 138.
^ Gilmore 2006 , pp. 124–125.
^ U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation 2008 , p. 43.
^ Haugen 2010 , pp. 11–12.
^ Haugen 2010 , pp. 9–12.
^ Jump up to: a b "Girl Torture Slaying Victim Identified by Examiner, FBI". Los Angeles Herald-Examiner . January 17, 1947. p. 1.
^ Harnisch, Larry (November 1, 1999). "A Crossroads of Murder and Myth in Hollywood" . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 12, 2017 .
^ "Sex Fiend Slaying Victim Identified by Fingerprint Records of F.B.I.". Los Angeles Times . January 17, 1947. p. 2. Scans available at The Black Dahlia historical archive from the University of North Carolina.
^ Katz 2010 , p. 189.
^ Gilmore 2006 , pp. 165–169.
^ Gilmore 2006 , pp. 167–168.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Scott 2007 , p. 113.
^ " ' Suicide' Revives 'Dahlia' Inquiry". The Los Angeles Times . March 15, 1947.
^ "suicide" . The Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles, California. March 15, 1947. p. 4 . Retrieved October 5, 2019 – via newspapers.com.
^ Jump up to: a b Gilmore 2006 , pp. 148–150.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Barcella, Laura (January 26, 2018). "Has the Black Dahlia Murder Finally been Solved?" . Rolling Stone . Retrieved January 28, 2018 .
^ Gilmore 2006 , p. 169.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Katz 2010 , p. 190.
^ Scott 2017 , pp. 222–223.
^ Gilmore 2006 , p. 149.
^ Gilmore 2006 , p. 150.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gilmore 2006 , p. 139.
^ Jump up to: a b Gilmore 2006 , p. 140.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gilmore 2006 , p. 141.
^ Jump up to: a b c Newton 2009 , p. 47.
^ Gilmore 2006 , p. 134.
^ Gilmore 2006 , p. 154.
^ Hodel & Pezzullo 2009 , pp. 28–29.
^ Jump up to: a b Scott 2007 , p. 114.
^ Jump up to: a b c Gilmore 2006 , p. 173.
^ Gilmore 2006 , pp. 170–173.
^ "LA Grand Jury Sifts Unsolved 'Black Dahlia' Type Murders" . Madera Daily News-Tribune (55). September 7, 1949. p. 2 – via California Digital Newspaper Collection .
^ Bray, Christopher (June 3, 2006). " ' Hell, someone's cut this girl in half! ' " . The Telegraph . Retrieved September 9, 2017 .
^ Corwin, Miles (March 25, 1996). "False Confessions and Tips Still Flow in Simpson Case" . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 9, 2017 .
^ Reppetto 2013 , p. 154.
^ Jump up to: a b McLellan, Dennis (January 9, 2003). "Ralph Asdel, 82; Detective in the Black Dahlia Case" . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 15, 2017 .
^ Newton 2009 , p. 48.
^ Gilmore 2006 , p. 150–170.
^ "Man Jailed as Suspect in 'Black Dahlia' Murder" . Madera Daily News (52). September 20, 1948. p. 2 – via California Digital Newspaper Collection.
^ Badal 2001 , p. 215.
^ "The Black Dahlia Never Dies" . The Independent .
^ Jump up to: a b Lopez, Steve (April 13, 2003). "Another Dance With L.A.'s Black Dahlia Case" . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 13, 2017 .
^ Thomson, David (May 18, 2003). "L.A. Confidential" . The New York Times . Retrieved September 16, 2017 .
^ Jump up to: a b Knowlton & Newton 1995 , p. 3.
^ "A Kinder, Simpler Time Dept.: The Office of Tomorrow" . The Daily Mirror . Los Angeles History. Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 17, 2017 .
^ Suzan Nightingale (January 17, 1982). "Black Dahlia: Author Claims to Have Found 1947 Killer" . Los Angeles Herald Examiner .
^ https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/may/26/black-dahlia-murder-steve-hodel-elizabeth-short
^ https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/elizabeth-short-george-hodel-suspects-clues-13354993.php
^ Jump up to: a b "Black Dahlia & Torso Slayer" . Unsolved Mysteries . Season 5. Episode 13. Cosgrove-Meurer Productions. December 9, 1992. Lifetime.
^ Bardsley, Marilyn. "The Cleveland Torso Murders aka Kingsbury Run Murders – Eliot Ness Case" . Crime Library . Archived from the original on July 24, 2014 . Retrieved July 14, 2014 .
^ Nickel 2001 , pp. 189–190.
^ Rasmussen 2005 , pp. 80–97.
^ Jump up to: a b c Meares, Hadley (January 4, 2017). "In 1947, a Month After the Black Dahlia, the 'Lipstick Murder' Shocked L.A." LA Weekly . Retrieved September 12, 2017 .
^ "Werewolf Strikes Again! Kills L.A. Woman, Writes B.D. on Her Body". Los Angeles Herald-Express . LXXVI (198). February 10, 1947. p. 1.
^ Lewis 2017 , p. 38.
^ "The Black Dahlia: The Unsolved Murder of Elizabeth Short" . Trutv.com. April 11, 2003. Archived from the original on January 9, 2010 . Retrieved August 10, 2010 .
^ Rasmussen 2005 , p. 101.
^ Rasmussen 2005 , p. 122.
^ Rasmussen 2005 , pp. 48–70.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Fitts, Alexis Sobel (May 26, 2016). "I know who killed the Black Dahlia: my own father" . The Guardian . Retrieved September 9, 2017 .
^ Knowlton & Newton 1995 , p. 147, 244.
^ Jump up to: a b McLellan, Dennis (December 19, 2004). "Janice Knowlton, 67; Believed That Her Father Killed the Black Dahlia" . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 16, 2017 .
^ Jump up to: a b Gilmore 2006 , pp. 152–159.
^ "Los Angeles Examiner". December 7, 1949.
^ "The Second Black Dahlia Investigation, Parts 1, 2, and 3". The Rap Sheet (Long Beach Police Department) . 2000. pp. 16, 17, 32, 33, 34, 35.
^ Harnisch, Larry (September 10, 2017). "Black Dahlia: 5 Reasons Leslie Dillon Didn't Kill Elizabeth Short" . The Daily Mirror . Retrieved September 22, 2017 .
^ Jump up to: a b Harnisch, Larry (September 10, 2017). "Black Dahlia – Piu Eatwell's 'Black Dahlia, Red Rose' Exhumes Leslie Dillon" . The Daily Mirror . Retrieved September 22, 2017 .
^ Jump up to: a b Nickel 2001 , p. 289.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Blakinger, Keri (January 16, 2016). "Nearly 70 years after her murder, here are the things we still don't know about Black Dahlia" . New York Daily News . Retrieved September 10, 2017 .
^ Scott 2007 , p. 111.
^ DiStefano, Anne Marie (September 11, 2006). "The Dahlia, divined" . Portland Tribune . Pamplin Media Group . Retrieved September 12, 2017 .
^ "Excerpts From Grand Jury Summary" . BlackDahlia website . Archived from the original on May 27, 2012 . Retrieved November 4, 2007 .
^ Cyriax 1993 , p. 123.
^ Gilmore 2006 , p. 125.
^ Chancellor & Graham 2016 , p. 59.
^ Carter, Claire (September 14, 2017). "Tortured, hacked in half and drained of blood: Horrific Black Dahlia murder mystery is finally 'solved' 70 years on" . Daily Mirror . Retrieved September 17, 2017 .
^ Jump up to: a b c Summers, Chris (August 31, 2006). "The enduring legend of Black Dahlia" . BBC . Retrieved September 10, 2017 .
^ Hare 2004 , p. 212.
^ "The Black Dahlia" . Federal Bureau of Investigation . Retrieved January 1, 2019 .
^ Mancall 2013 , p. 39.
^ Gilmore 2006 , p. 15, 56.
^ Gilmore 2006 , p. 56.
^ Jump up to: a b Calhoun, Bob (July 3, 2017). "Yesterday's Crimes: The Black Dahlia Lies in Oakland" . SF Weekly . Retrieved September 11, 2017 .
^ Wilkes 2006 , p. 174.
^ Jump up to: a b "Fact Versus Fiction" BlackDahlia.info. Archived February 18, 2013, at archive.today
^ "District Attorney Suspects" BlackDahlia.info.
^ Gilmore 2006 , pp. 141–142.
^ "The Black Dahlia" . Time . Top 10 Unsolved Crimes. December 17, 2008. Archived from the original on December 29, 2015 . Retrieved September 10, 2017 .
^ Fine 2004 , pp. 209–10.
^ Mayo 2008 , p. 316.
^ "Who Is the Black Dahlia?". Cue . North American Publishing Company. 45 (33–8): 101. 1976.
^ Jensen, Jeff (March 2, 2015). "American Horror Story recap: Black Dahlia 'American Horror Story' recap" . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 12, 2017 .
^ "American Horror Story – Return to Murder House" . starrymag.com . October 24, 2018. Archived from the original on October 25, 2018 . Retrieved November 23, 2018 .
Badal, James Jessen (2001). In the Wake of the Butcher: Cleveland's Torso Murders . Kent State University Press. ISBN 978-0-873-38689-0 .
Chancellor, Arthur S.; Graham, Grant D. (2016). Crime Scene Staging: Investigating Suspect Misdirection of the Crime Scene . Charles C. Thomas. ISBN 978-0-398-09139-2 .
Cyriax, Oliver (1993). Crime: An Encyclopedia . Andre Deutsch. ISBN 978-0-233-98821-4 .
Fine, David M. (2004). Imagining Los Angeles: A City in Fiction . University of Nevada Press. ISBN 0-87417-603-4 .
Gibson, Dirk Cameron (2004). Clues from Killers: Serial Murder and Crime Scene Messages . Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-275-98360-4 .
Gilmore, John (2006) [1994]. Severed: The True Story of the Black Dahlia Murder (Second ed.). Los Angeles: Amok Books. ISBN 978-1-878-92310-3 .
Hare, William (2004). L.A. Noir: Nine Dark Visions of the City of Angels . McFarland. ISBN 978-0-786-41801-5 .
Haugen, Brenda (2010). The Black Dahlia: Shattered Dreams . Capstone Publishers . ISBN 978-0-7565-4358-7 .
Hodel, Steve (2003). Black Dahlia Avenger: A Genius for Murder . New York: Arcade Publishing. ISBN 1-55970-664-3 .
Hodel, Steve; Pezzullo, Ralph (2009). Most Evil: Avenger, Zodiac, and the Further Serial Murders of Dr. George Hill Hodel . Penguin. ISBN 978-1-101-14035-2 .
Katz, Hélèna (2010). Cold Cases: Famous Unsolved Mysteries, Crimes, and Disappearances in America . ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-37692-4 .
Knowlton, Janice; Newton, Michael (1995). Daddy Was the Black Dahlia Killer . New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-671-88084-5 .
Lewis, Jon (2017). Hard-Boiled Hollywood: Crime and Punishment in Postwar Los Angeles . University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-28432-6 .
Mancall, Jim (2013). James Ellroy: A Companion to the Mystery Fiction . McFarland. ISBN 978-0-786-433070 .
Mayo, Mike (2008). American Murder: Criminals, Crimes, and the Media . Visible Ink Press. ISBN 978-1-57859-256-2 .
Nelson, Mark; Bayliss, Sarah Hudson (2006). Exquisite Corpse: Surrealism and the Black Dahlia Murder . New York: Bulfinch Press. ISBN 0-8212-5819-2 .
Newton, Michael (2009). The Encyclopedia of Unsolved Crimes . Infobase Publishing . ISBN 978-1-438-11914-4 .
Nickel, Steve (2001). Torso: The Story of Eliot Ness and the Search for a Psychopathic Killer . John F. Blair. ISBN 978-0-895-87246-3 .
Rasmussen, William T. (2005). Corroborating Evidence: The Black Dahlia Murder . Santa Fe, NM: Sunstone Press. ISBN 0-86534-536-8 .
Reppetto, Thomas A. (2013). American Police, A History: 1945–2012: The Blue Parade .
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Dahlia
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