Black Brazilian

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Afro-Brazilians dancing during a march in Copacabana .

Africans from Cabinda , Kilwa , Rebolo and Minna


Africans from Benguela , Angola , Congo and Monjolo

Population growth Caucasians in white color Mixed and indigenous in black Negro in yellow Asians are very few [65]
Percentual in overall population Caucasians in white Mixed and indigenous in yellow Negro in black Asians are very few [65]

Slave women from various African regions wearing European-style hairdressing


^ "Censo Demográfi co 2010 Características da população e dos domicílios Resultados do universo" (PDF) . 8 November 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2013 . Retrieved 12 July 2014 .

^ https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/ba/pesquisa/23/22107

^ https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/sp/pesquisa/23/22107

^ https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/rj/pesquisa/23/22107

^ https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/brasil/mg/pesquisa/23/22107

^ Jump up to: a b "Características Étnico-raciais da População:Classificações e identidades" (PDF) (in Portuguese). IBGE. 2010. p. 58. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 May 2014. (Trans.) Since 1945, a Brazilian Black movement has resulted in more people using the term (and concept) of Afro-Brazilian. But, this term was coined by and remains associated with the United States and its culture, derived from a culturalist viewpoint.

^ Loveman, Mara; Muniz, Jeronimo O.; Bailey, Stanley R. (2011). "Brazil in black and white? Race categories, the census, and the study of inequality" (PDF) . Ethnic and Racial Studies . 35 (8): 1466–1483. doi : 10.1080/01419870.2011.607503 . S2CID 32438550 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2014.

^ "Censo 2010" (PDF) . IGBE.

^ Pena, Sérgio; et al. (16 February 2011). "The Genomic Ancestry of Individuals from Different Geographical Regions of Brazil Is More Uniform Than Expected" . PLOS ONE . 6 (2): e17063. Bibcode : 2011PLoSO...617063P . doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0017063 . PMC 3040205 . PMID 21359226 .

^ "Em Debate" . Geledes.org.br. Archived from the original on 17 October 2010 . Retrieved 21 July 2012 .

^ Moreira Leite, Paulo (18 November 2006). "IBGE embaralha números e confunde debate sobre brancos e negros" [IBGE jumbles numbers and confuses debate about white and black people] (in Portuguese). paulomoreiraleite.com.br. [ dead link ]

^ Simon Schwartzman, "Fora de foco: diversidade e identidades étnicas no Brasil" (Quadro 6 – Cor ou raça por origem), p. 10.

^ Jump up to: a b José Luiz Petruccelli. A Cor Denominada. Anexo 1. p. 43 (unavailable online)

^ Jump up to: a b c Cristina Grillo, " Brasil quer ser chamado de moreno e só 39% se autodefinem como brancos ", Folha de S. Paulo , 25 June 1995. (PDF) Accessed 19 September 2010.

^ Sérgio Danilo Pena, "Do pensamento racial ao pensamento racional" , ICH, 11 September 2009.

^ Jump up to: a b c Pena, Sérgio Danilo (11 September 2009). "Do pensamento racial ao pensamento racional" [From racial thought to rational thought] (PDF) (in Portuguese). laboratoriogene.com.br. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 12 July 2014 .

^ Santos, Ricardo Ventura; et al. (2009). "Color, Race, and Genomic Ancestry in Brazil: Dialogues between Anthropology and Genetics" (PDF) . Current Anthropology . 50 (6): 787–819. doi : 10.1086/644532 . PMID 20614657 . S2CID 7497968 .

^ Jump up to: a b "Negros e pardos do Rio têm mais genes europeus do que imaginam, segundo estudo" [Blacks and pardos of Rio have more European genes than they know, according to a study] (in Portuguese). Meionews.com.br. 27 November 2009. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 21 July 2012 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d Edward Eric Telles (2004). "Racial Classification" . Race in Another America: The Significance of Skin Color in Brazil . Princeton University Press. pp. 81–84 . ISBN 978-0-691-11866-6 .

^ Jump up to: a b Telles, Edward Eric (2004). Race in Another America: The Significance of Skin Color in Brazil . Princeton University Press. pp. 80–81. ISBN 978-0-691-11866-6 .

^ Jump up to: a b " adj. e s.m. Diz-se de, ou quem tem cabelos negros e pele um pouco escura; trigueiro. / Bras. Designação irônica ou eufemística que se dá aos pretos e mulatos. Literally, this means: "(said of) those who have black hair and a somewhat dark skin, of the colour of ripe wheat. / (in Brazil) Ironic or euphemistic designation given to blacks and Mulattoes" . Dicionario do Aurelio. Archived from the original on 10 July 2011.

^ Jump up to: a b Telles (2004), Race in Another America , p. 85.

^ Pena, Sérgio, and Maria Cátira Bortolini. Pode a genética definir quem deve se beneficiar das cotas universitárias e demais ações afirmativas? (Can genetics define who should benefit from university quotas and affirmative action) , Note 1, p. 47.

^ IBGE. Censo Demográfico , p. XVIII.

^ José Luiz Petruccelli. A Cor Denominada . (The Identified/Named Color), p. 18 (unavailable online)

^ Jump up to: a b José Luiz Petruccelli. A Cor Denominada , p. 19 (unavailable online).

^ José Luiz Petruccelli. A Cor Denominada , p. 14 (unavailable online)

^ "A cor dos sonhos!" [The color of dreams!] (in Portuguese). macaenews.com.br. 8 September 2008. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012. Cite magazine requires |magazine= ( help )

^ Mokashi, Anusuya A.; Noah S. Scheinfeld (2008). Robert A. Norman (ed.). Diagnosis of Aging Skin Diseases . Springer Science & Business Media. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-84628-678-0 .

^ Telles. Race in another America . p. 86: The Brazilian government had sought to dichotomize, or worse, (North) americanize racial classification in a society that used and even celebrated intermediate terms.

^ Kabengele Munanga, "Pheenix::sell" . Archived from the original on 8 November 2009 . Retrieved 8 November 2009 . CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( link ) . In Brasil Autogestinário : "Do ponto de vista norteamericano, todos os brasileiros seriam, de acordo com as pesquisas do geneticista Sérgio Danilo Pena, considerados negros ou ameríndios, pois todos possuem, em porcentagens variadas, marcadores genéticos africanos e ameríndios, além de europeus, sem dúvida." (From the American standpoint, all Brazilians would, according to the researches of geneticist Sérgio Danilo Pena, be considered Black or Amerindian, for all of them have, in varied proportions, African and Amerindian genetic markers, besides, of course, European ones.) "Pheenix::sell" . Archived from the original on 8 November 2009 . Retrieved 8 November 2009 .

^ Telles (2004), Race in Another America , p. 85: "Thus, they claim that Brazil's informal one-drop rule holds that one drop of White blood allows one to avoid being classified as Black, a tradition that they seek to revert."

^ MAGNOLI, Demétrio. Uma Gota de Sangue , Editora Contexto, 2008, p. 143.

^ MAGNOLI, Uma Gota de Sangue (2008), p. 157. Note how the words moreno and pardo cannot be synonymous: they refer to different sets of people.

^ Parra, FC; Amado, RC; Lambertucci, JR; Rocha, J; Antunes, CM; Pena, SD (January 2003). "Color and genomic ancestry in Brazilians" . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A . 100 (1): 177–82. Bibcode : 2003PNAS..100..177P . doi : 10.1073/pnas.0126614100 . PMC 140919 . PMID 12509516 . 2nd paragraph: Color (in Portuguese, cor) denotes the Brazilian equivalent of the English term race (raça) and is based on a complex phenotypic evaluation that takes into account, besides skin pigmentation, hair type, nose shape, and lip shape

^ Jump up to: a b c Silvia Salek, "BBC delves into Brazilians' roots" , BBC Brasil, 10 July 2007, accessed 13 July 2009.

^ Jump up to: a b "Sex-biased gene flow in African Americans but not in American Caucasians" . Genetics and Molecular Research . Retrieved 13 July 2009 .

^ Schwartzman. "Fora de foco: diversidade e identidade étnicas no Brasil" (PDF) . p. 16 . Retrieved 21 July 2012 .

^ "Em 2007, trabalhadores brancos ganharam quase duas vezes mais que os negros, diz IBGE" . Noticias.uol.com.br. 24 September 2008 . Retrieved 21 July 2012 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Freyre, Gilberto. Casa-Grande e Senzala , 51st edn, 2006. ISBN 85-260-0869-2 . [ vague ]

^ "Estudos & Pesquisas - Informação Demográfica e Socioeconômica - Síntese de Indicadores Sociais" [Studies & Research - Demographic and Socioeconomic Information - Summary of Social Indicators] (PDF) . IBGE (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 August 2007 . Retrieved 21 August 2007 . [ failed verification ]

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Ribeiro, Darcy. O Povo Brasileiro , Companhia de Bolso, fourth reprint, 2008. [ vague ]

^ Jump up to: a b Magnoli, Demétrio. Uma Gota de Sangue (One Drop of Blood), Editora Contexto, 2008. [ vague ]

^ Jump up to: a b Klein, Herbert S. African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986, p. 22.

^ Thornton, John. Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, pp. 130–131.

^ Jump up to: a b c Thornton (1998), Africa and Africans , p. 134.

^ Klein (1986), African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean, p. 41.

^ Klein (1986), African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean, p. 42.

^ "Entrevista com Laurentino Gomes: um mergulho na origem da exclusão social" (in Portuguese). Folha de Pernambuco. Archived from the original on 28 February 2019 . Retrieved 18 June 2019 .

^ "The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database" . slavevoyages.org . Retrieved 11 February 2016 .

^ Klein (1986), African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean , p. 68.

^ Thornton, Africa and Africans (1998), p. 164.

^ Thornton, Africa and Africans , (1998), p. 167.

^ Klein (1986), African slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean , p. 81.

^ IBGE. Brasil: 500 anos de povoamento . Rio de Janeiro: IBGE, 2000. Apêndice: Estatísticas de 500 anos de povoamento. p. 223 apud IBGE. Desembarques no Brasil (retrieved 23 August 2008). Archived 25 June 2002 at the Wayback Machine

^ IBGE – Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística

^ Laurentino Gomes. 1808. São Paulo, Editora Planeta, 2007. ISBN 978-85-7665-320-2 . Not available online. [ vague ]

^ Darcy Ribeiro. O Povo Brasileiro , Vol. 07, 1997. [ vague ]

^ Judith L. Allen, "Henrique Dias" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture , vol. 2, p. 375. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.

^ Falola, Toyin (2016). Encyclopedia of the Yoruba . Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 95–96. ISBN 9780253021441 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d John Geipel, "Brazil's African Legacy" , History Today , Vol. 47, Issue 8, August 1997.

^ Jump up to: a b Barretto Briso, Caio (5 March 2008). "Um barão negro, seu palácio e seus 200 escravos" . O Globo . Retrieved 5 September 2018 .

^ Lopes, Marcus (15 July 2018). "A história esquecida do 1º barão negro do Brasil Império, senhor de mil escravos" . BBC . Retrieved 5 September 2018 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d Domingues, Petrônio (2003). Uma história não contada: negro, racismo e branqueamento em São Paulo no pós-abolição [ The untold story: black, racism and whitening in São Paulo post-abolition ] (in Portuguese). Senac. ISBN 978-85-7359-367-9 .

^ Jump up to: a b REIS, João José. "Presença Negra: conflitos e encontros". In Brasil: 500 anos de povoamento . Rio de Janeiro: IBGE, 2000. p. 94 apud "Página 404 | IBGE :: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística" . Archived from the original on 29 March 2009 . Retrieved 10 September 2009 . CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( link ) (retrieved 22 August 2008). Notice how the source groups Amerindians and "pardos", not "pardos" and Blacks. "Página 404 | IBGE :: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística" . Archived from the original on 31 May 2009 . Retrieved 10 September 2009 . CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( link )

^ "A África nos genes do povo brasileiro 1" . Revista Pesquisa . Archived from the original on 10 January 2015 . Retrieved 21 July 2012 .

^ "A África nos genes do povo brasileiro 2" . Revista Pesquisa . Archived from the original on 10 January 2015 . Retrieved 21 July 2012 .

^ Carolina Glycerio and Silvia Salek (28 May 2007). "Metade de negros em pesquisa tem ancestral europeu" . BBC (Brazil) . Retrieved 21 July 2012 .

^ "IBGE 2008" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 July 2012 . Retrieved 21 July 2012 .

^ Jump up to: a b "DNA do negro: Negros de origem européia" . Afrobras (in Portuguese). 2005. Archived from the original on 18 November 2007.

^ "BBCBrasil.com – Notícias – Raízes Afro-brasileiras" . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 21 July 2012 .

^ "Ethnicities" . DNAPrint Genomics Genealogy website . 2005. Archived from the original on 12 June 2009.

^ Ruy, José Carlos (March 2005). "A mestiçagem é sinônimo de democracia racial?" [Is racial mixing synonymous with racial democracy?]. Revista Espaço Acadêmico (in Portuguese) (46). Archived from the original on 2 March 2012 . Retrieved 21 July 2012 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Pena, SD; Di Pietro, G; Fuchshuber-Moraes, M; et al. (2011). "The Genomic Ancestry of Individuals from Different Geographical Regions of Brazil Is More Uniform Than Expected" . PLOS ONE . 6 (2): e17063. Bibcode : 2011PLoSO...617063P . doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0017063 . PMC 3040205 . PMID 21359226 .

^ Helena, M.; Franco, L. P.; Weimer, Tania A.; Salzano, F. M. (1981). "Blood polymorphisms and racial admixture in two Brazilian populations". American Journal of Physical Anthropology . 58 (2): 127–132. doi : 10.1002/ajpa.1330580204 . PMID 7114199 .

^ Jump up to: a b "?Unknown" (PDF) . Retrieved 23 August 2011 . [ dead link ]

^ DNA de brasileiro é 80% europeu, indica estudo .

^ Lins, TC; Vieira, RG; Abreu, BS; Grattapaglia, D; Pereira, RW (2010). "Genetic composition of Brazilian population samples based on a set of twenty-eight ancestry informative SNPs". American Journal of Human Biology . 22 (2): 187–92. doi : 10.1002/ajhb.20976 . PMID 19639555 . S2CID 205301927 .

^ Jump up to: a b Lins, TC; Vieira, RG; Abreu, BS; Grattapaglia, D; Pereira, RW (28 July 2009). "Genetic composition of Brazilian population samples based on a set of twenty-eight ancestry informative SNPs". Am. J. Hum. Biol . 22 (2): 187–92. doi : 10.1002/ajhb.20976 . PMID 19639555 . S2CID 205301927 .

^ "Revisiting the Genetic Ancestry of Brazilians Using Autosomal AIM-Indels" , PLoS ONE , September 2013, Vol. 8, Issue 9.

^ Lins, T. C.; Vieira, R. G.; Abreu, B. S.; Grattapaglia, D.; Pereira, R. W. (March–April 2009). "Genetic composition of Brazilian population samples based on a set of twenty-eight ancestry informative SNPs". American Journal of Human Biology . 22 (2): 187–192. doi : 10.1002/ajhb.20976 . PMID 19639555 . S2CID 205301927 .

^ De Assis Poiares, L; De Sá Osorio, P; Spanhol, F. A.; Coltre, S. C.; Rodenbusch, R; Gusmão, L; Largura, A; Sandrini, F; Da Silva, C. M. (February 2010). "Allele frequencies of 15 STRs in a representative sample of the Brazilian population". Forensic Sci Int Genet . 4 (2): e61–3. doi : 10.1016/j.fsigen.2009.05.006 . PMID 20129458 .

^ Forensic Science International: Genetics. Allele frequencies of 15 STRs in a representative sample of the Brazilian population (inglés) . basandos en estudios del IBGE de 2008. Se presentaron muestras de 12.886 individuos de distintas etnias, por regiones, provenían en un 8,26% del Norte, 23,86% del Nordeste, 4,79% del Centro-Oeste, 10,32% del Sudeste y 52,77% del Sur.

^ "Profile of the Brazilian blood donor" . Amigodoador.com.br. Archived from the original on 6 February 2010 . Retrieved 21 July 2012 .

^ name="pubmedcentral.nih.gov"

^ Alves-Silva, J; da Silva Santos, M; Guimarães, PE; et al. (24 May 2012). "Frequency of Continent-Specific mtDNA Haplotypes in the Brazilian mtDNA Pool" . Am. J. Hum. Genet . 67 (2): 444–61. doi : 10.1086/303004 . PMC 1287189 . PMID 10873790 .

^ "Nossa herança europeia —" (in Portuguese). Cienciahoje.uol.com.br. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011 . Retrieved 21 July 2012 .

^ Jump up to: a b Moura, R. R.; Coelho, A. V.; Balbino Vde, Q; Crovella, S; Brandão, L. A. (2015). "Meta-analysis of Brazilian genetic admixture and comparison with other Latin America countries". Am J Hum Biol . 27 (5): 674–80. doi : 10.1002/ajhb.22714 . PMID 25820814 . S2CID 25051722 .

^ Niede Maria de Oliveira Godinho (2008). "O impacto das migrações na constituição genética de populações Latino-Americanas" [The impact of migration on the genetic makeup of Latin American populations] (PDF) (in Portuguese). University of Brazil, Institute of Biological Sciences. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011.

^ Callegari-Jacques, Sidia M.; Grattapaglia, Dario; Salzano, Francisco M.; Salamoni, Sabrina P.; Crossetti, Shaiane G.; Ferreira, Márcio E.; Hutz, Mara H. (2003). "Historical genetics: Spatiotemporal analysis of the formation of the Brazilian population" (PDF) . American Journal of Human Biology . 15 (6): 824–834. doi : 10.1002/ajhb.10217 . ISSN 1042-0533 . PMID 14595874 . S2CID 34610130 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 July 2011.

^ Callegari-Jacques (2003). "Historical genetics: Spatiotemporal analysis of the formation of the Brazilian population". American Journal of Human Biology . 15 (6): 824–34. doi : 10.1002/ajhb.10217 . PMID 14595874 . S2CID 34610130 .

^ Luzitano Brandão Ferreira; et al. (17 August 2006). "Genomic ancestry of a sample population from the state of São Paulo, Brazil". American Journal of Human Biology . 18 (5): 702–705. doi : 10.1002/ajhb.20474 . PMID 16917899 . S2CID 10103856 .

^ "Revisiting the Genetic Ancestry of Brazilians Using Autosomal AIM-Indels" , PLoS ONE , 20 September 2013.

^ "BVGF - A Obra / OpЩsculos" . Pr
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