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"Black & White"-Videos gebührenfrei auf Deutsch
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 3 June 2022 .
This article is about the color. For other uses, see Black (disambiguation) .
Darkest color due to absence or absorption of light
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^ Jump up to: a b c Heller 2009 , pp. 105–26.
^ St. Clair, Kassia (2016). The Secret Lives of Colour . London: John Murray. p. 262. ISBN 9781473630819 . OCLC 936144129 .
^ Wilkinson, Richard H. (2003). The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt . London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-05120-7 .
^ Jump up to: a b c St. Clair 2016 , p. 261.
^ Eva Heller (2000), Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques , pp. 105–27.
^ Jump up to: a b Heller, Eva, Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques (2009), p. 126
^ Jump up to: a b c Jennifer, Chu (September 12, 2019). "MIT engineers develop "blackest black" material to date" . MIT News Office . Archived from the original on August 4, 2020 . Retrieved August 10, 2020 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d Michel Pastoureau, Noir – Histoire d'une couleur , p. 34.
^ "African nation, named for the river Niger, mentioned by that name 1520s (Leo Africanus), probably an alteration (by influence of Latin niger "black") of a local Tuareg name, egereou n-igereouen, from egereou "big river, sea" + n-igereouen, plural of that word. Translated in Arabic as nahr al-anhur "river of rivers." (Online Etymological Dictionary)
^ Skeat, Walter William (2005). "Swart, Swarthy" . An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language . Mineola, New York : Dover Publications . p. 621. ISBN 0-486-44052-4 . Archived from the original on January 10, 2021 . Retrieved October 4, 2020 .
^ Friar, Stephen, ed. (1987). A New Dictionary of Heraldry . London: Alphabooks/A&C Black . pp. 294, 343. ISBN 0-906670-44-6 .
^ Stefano Zuffi, Color in Art , p. 270.
^ Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language , New York: World Publishing Company (1964).
^ Michel Pastoureau, Noir – Histoire d'une couleur , pp. 34–45.
^ Stefano Zuffi, Color in Art , p. 272.
^ Michel Pastoureau, Noir – Histoire d'une couleur , p. 80.
^ Michel Pastoureau, Noir – Histoire d'une couleur , pp. 86–90.
^ Michel Pastoureau, Noir – Histoire d'une couleur , pp. 93–130.
^ Michel Pastoureau, Noir – Histoire d'une couleur , pp. 121–25.
^ Michel Pastoureau, Noir – Histoire d'une couleur , pp. 146–47.
^ Michel Pastoureau, Noir – Histoire d'une couleur , pp. 152–53.
^ Michel Pastoureau, Noir – Histoire d'une couleur , pp. 150–51
^ "Archived copy" . Archived from the original on August 6, 2020 . Retrieved January 10, 2021 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link )
^ Stefano Zuffi, Color in Art , p. 279.
^ Linder, Prof. "The Salem Witchcraft Trials of 1692" . Archived from the original on December 18, 2016 . Retrieved December 30, 2016 .
^ "More Wonders Of The Invisible World" . Salem.lib.virginia.edu. February 14, 2006. Archived from the original on September 7, 2012 . Retrieved November 7, 2012 .
^ Upton, Chris (November 18, 2011). "And so it came to pass..." Birmingham Post . Trinity Mirror Midlands. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013 . Retrieved February 29, 2016 .
^ McNeill, James Abbott. " Whistler Portrait of the Artist's Mother Archived October 21, 2020, at the Wayback Machine ". Musee d'Orsay . Retrieved 18 October 2020
^ Paul Gauguin, Oviri. Écrits d'un sauvage . Textes choisis (1892–1903). Editions D. Guerin, Paris, 1974, p. 123.
^ Steffano Zuffi, Color in Art , p. 302.
^ Jack Flam, Matisse on Art , p. 175.
^ Eva Heller, Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques , p. 107.
^ St. Clair 2016 , p. 263.
^ Cited in Stefano Zuffi, Color in Art , p. 306.
^ Jack Flam (1995), Matisse on Art , p. 166.
^ Jump up to: a b c Eva Heller, Psychologie de la Couleur – effets et symboliques , p. 120.
^ The Palm Beach Post, 24 December 1929 – pictures and caption 'That's the black art of being Chic' Archived February 10, 2019, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Vantablack, the world's darkest material, is unveiled by UK firm" . South China Morning Post – World . July 15, 2014. Archived from the original on July 1, 2016 . Retrieved July 19, 2014 .
^ "Vantablack: U.K. Firm Shows Off 'World's Darkest Material' " . NBCNews.com . July 15, 2014. Archived from the original on December 9, 2015 . Retrieved July 19, 2014 .
^ Jump up to: a b Anne Varichon, Couleurs – pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples , p. 256.
^ Jump up to: a b c Lara Broecke, Cennino Cennini's Il Libro dell'Arte : a New English Translation and Commentary with Italian Transcription , Archetype 2015, p. 60.
^ Cranshaw, Whitney (2004). Garden Insects of North America . Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-09560-4 .
^ Michel Pastoureau (2008), Noir – Histoire d'une couleur , pp. 112–13.
^ " Haematoxylum campechianum " . Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) . Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) . Retrieved January 27, 2009 .
^ Green F. J. (1990), The Sigma-Aldrich Handbook of Dyes, Stains and Indicators , pp. 513–15. Milwaukee: Aldrich. ISBN 0-941633-22-5
^ 蔡, 玫芬, 二、墨的發展史 [ Second, the ink history of the development ], National Chang-Hua Hall of Social Education, archived from the original on November 26, 2004
^ "India ink." in Encyclopædia Britannica , 2008.
^ Gottsegen, Mark (2006). The Painter's Handbook: A Complete Reference . New York: Watson-Guptill Publications. ISBN 0-8230-3496-8 .
^ William Smith (editor) Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities , 1870
(text). Archived November 15, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
^ Nicholas Eastaugh, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin, Ruth Siddall, Pigment Compendium: A Dictionary of Historical Pigments , Butterworth-Heinemann, 2004.
^ Wald, Robert M. (1984). General relativity . Chicago. ISBN 0-226-87032-4 . OCLC 10018614 .
^ Schutz, Bernard F. (2003). Gravity from the ground up . Cambridge University Press. p. 110. ISBN 0-521-45506-5 . Archived from the original on December 2, 2016 . Retrieved October 24, 2016 .
^ Davies, P. C. W. (1978). "Thermodynamics of Black Holes" (PDF) . Reports on Progress in Physics . 41 (8): 1313–55. Bibcode : 1978RPPh...41.1313D . doi : 10.1088/0034-4885/41/8/004 . Archived from the original (PDF) on May 10, 2013.
^ "Why is space black?" . starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on December 31, 2016 . Retrieved December 30, 2016 .
^ "A Murder of Crows" . Nature . PBS video. October 24, 2010. Archived from the original on October 29, 2012 . Retrieved February 6, 2011 . New research indicates that crows are among the brightest animals in the world.
^ Anne Varichon, Couleurs – pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples , pp. 223–24.
^ "Archived copy" . Archived from the original on March 22, 2013 . Retrieved 2013-03-12 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link ) Exhibit at the Victoria and Albert Museum on color in Japanese art and design
^ Anne Varichon, p. 224.
^ "Intro to the blacks" . Webexhibits.org . Pigments through the ages. Archived from the original on April 5, 2013 . Retrieved March 12, 2013 .
^ Anne Varichon, pp. 224–25
^ Michael Schmidt and Lucien van der Walt , Black Flame: The Revolutionary Class Politics of Anarchism and Syndicalism . (Oakland and Edinburgh: AK Press , 2009), pp. 33–54.
^ Bosworth, R. J. B, Mussolini's Italy: Life Under the Fascist Dictatorship, 1915–1945 , Penguin Books, 2005, p. 117.
^ "Nazi propaganda pamphlet "The Life of the Führer" " . Calvin.edu. Archived from the original on October 7, 2012 . Retrieved September 8, 2012 .
^ Hitler, Adolf (1926). Mein Kampf, volume 2, chapter VII .
^ The unsettled, "asocials", alcoholics and prostitutes Archived November 8, 2016, at the Wayback Machine . Center for Holocaust & Genocide Studies. University of Minnesota . Retrieved September 14, 2012.
^ Eva Heller (2000), Psychologie de la Couleur – effets et symboliques , p. 123.
^ Eva Heller (2000) Psychologie de la Couleur – effets et symboliques , pp. 124–25.
^ Stefano Zuppi, Color in Art , pp. 268–69.
^ "Petrus Damiani: Opera poetica Pag 89" . Uan.it. October 19, 2005. Archived from the original on February 15, 2012 . Retrieved November 7, 2012 .
^ " "Sermones in Cantica canticorum, I–XVII" – Bernardus Claraevallensis" . Binetti.ru. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012 . Retrieved November 7, 2012 .
^ "Goddess Kali never accepts nonvegetarian food because she is the chaste wife of Lord Siva" . Vani Quotes. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016 . Retrieved December 7, 2014 .
^ "Kali FAQ" . Archived from the original on December 9, 2014 . Retrieved December 7, 2014 .
^ Stefano Zuffi, Color in Art , p. 275.
^ "Magical Properties of Colors" . Wicca Living . Retrieved January 28, 2021 .
^ Farrar, Janet and Farrar, Stewart. The Witches' Way (1984) (published as Part 2 of A Witches' Bible , 1996) Custer, Washington, USA: Phoenix Publishing Inc. ISBN 0-919345-92-1 p.253
^ Jump up to: a b Ben Zimmer, The Origins of "Black Friday," Archived January 29, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Word Routes (November 25, 2011).
^ Martin L. Apfelbaum, Philadelphia's "Black Friday," Archived October 13, 2008, at the Wayback Machine American Philatelist , vol. 69, no. 4, p. 239 (January 1966).
^ Kevin Drum (November 26, 2010). "Black Friday" . Archived from the original on January 30, 2011 . Retrieved November 23, 2012 .
^ Haralson, Hal. "Dancing with the Black Dog" . christianethicstoday.com . Archived from the original on November 7, 2006 . Retrieved November 10, 2006 .
^ Eva Heller, Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques , p. 109. In the survey cited, 80 percent of respondents said black was the color of mourning.
^ Patricia Jalland, Death in the Victorian Family, p. 300.
^ Michel Pastoureau, Noir – histoire d'une couleur , pp. 114–15.
^ Eva Heller, Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques , p. 226.
^ Fenton, Laura (August 1, 2018). "Black is the new black" . Curbed . Archived from the original on August 7, 2018 . Retrieved August 7, 2018 .
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^ "The Classification of Ethnic Groups" . National Statistics. February 16, 2001. Archived from the original on April 6, 2007 . Retrieved 2007-04-20 .
^ [1] Archived May 22, 2013, at the Wayback Machine 2006 Canadian census, ethnicity
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^ Jump up to: a b c d Eva Heller, Psychologie de la couleur, effets et symboliques , p. 119.
^
Stefano Zuffi, Color in Art , p. 308.
Listen to this article ( 10 minutes )
This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 16 August 2005 ( 2005-08-16 ) , and does not reflect subsequent edits.
A typical sample is shown for each name; a range of color-variations is commonly associated with each color-name.
A typical sample is shown for each name; a range of color-variations is commonly associated with each color-name.
Black is a color which results from the absence or complete absorption of visible light . It is an achromatic color, without hue , like white and gray . [1] It is often used symbolically or figuratively to represent darkness. [2] Black and white have often been used to describe opposites such as good and evil , the Dark Ages versus Age of Enlightenment , and night versus day . Since the Middle Ages , black has been the symbolic color of solemnity and authority, and for this reason it is still commonly worn by judges and magistrates. [2]
Black was one of the first colors used by artists in Neolithic cave paintings. [3] It was used in ancient Egypt and Greece as the color of the underworld . [4] In the Roman Empire , it became the color of mourning, and over the centuries it was frequently associated with death , evil, witches , and magic . [5] In the 14th century, it was worn by royalty, clergy, judges and government officials in much of Europe. It became the color worn by English romantic poets, businessmen and statesmen in the 19th century, and a high fashion color in the 20th century. [2] According to surveys in Europe and North America, it is the color most commonly associated with mourning, the end, secrets, magic, force, violence, evil and elegance. [6]
Black is the most common ink color used for printing books, newspapers and documents, as it provides the highest contrast with white paper and thus is the easiest color to read. Similarly, black text on a white screen is the most common format used on computer screens. [7] As of September 2019, the darkest material is made by MIT engineers from vertically aligned carbon nanotubes . [8]
The word black comes from Old English blæc ("black, dark", also , "ink"), from Proto-Germanic * blakkaz ("burned"), from Proto-Indo-European * bhleg- ("to burn, gleam, shine, flash"), from base * bhel- ("to shine"), related to Old Saxon blak ("ink"), Old High German blach ("black"), Old Norse blakkr ("dark"), Dutch blaken ("to burn"), and Swedish bläck ("ink"). More distant cognates include Latin flagrare ("to blaze, glow, burn"), and Ancient Greek phlegein ("to burn, scorch"). The Ancient Greeks sometimes used the same word to name different colors, if they had the same intensity. Kuanos' could mean both dark blue and black. [9] The Ancient Romans had two words for black: ater was a flat, dull black, while niger was a brilliant, saturated black. Ater has vanished from the vocabulary, but niger was the source of the country name Nigeria, [10] the English word Negro , and the word for "black" in most modern Romance languages ( French : noir ; Spanish and Portuguese : negro ; Italian : nero ; Romanian : negru ).
Old High German also had two words for black: swartz for dull black and blach for a luminous black. These are parallelled in Middle English by the terms swart for dull black and blaek for luminous black. Swart still survives as the word swarthy , while blaek became the modern English black . [9] The former is cognate with the words used for black in most modern Germanic languages aside from English ( German : schwarz , Dutch : zwart , Swedish : svart , Danish : sort , Icelandic : svartr ). [11] In heraldry, the word used for the black color is sable , [12] named for the black fur of the sable , an animal.
Black was one of the first colors used in art. The Lascaux Cave in France contains drawings of bulls and other animals drawn by paleolithic artists between 18,000 and 17,000 years ago. They began by using charcoal, and later achieved darker pigments by burning bones or grinding a powder of manganese oxide . [9]
For the ancient Egyptians, black had positive associations; being the color of fertility and the rich black soil flooded by the Nile. It was the color of Anubis , the god of the underworld, who took the form of a black jackal , and offered protection against evil to the dead. To ancient Greeks, black represented the underworld, separated from the living by the river Acheron , whose water ran black. Those who had committed the worst sins were sent to Tartarus , the deepest and darkest level. In the center was the palace of Hades , the king of the underworld, where he was seated upon a black ebony throne. Black was one of the most important colors used by ancient Greek artists. In the 6th century BC, they began making black-figure pottery and later red figure pottery , using a highly original technique. In black-figure pottery, the artist would paint figures with a glossy clay slip on a red clay pot. When the pot was fired, the figures painted with the slip would turn black, against a red background. Later they reversed the process, painting the spaces between the figures with slip. This created magnificent red figures against a glossy black background. [13]
In the social hierarchy of ancient Rome , purple was the color reserved for the Emperor; red was the color worn by soldiers (red cloaks for the officers, red tunics for the soldiers); white the color worn by the priests, and black was worn by craftsmen and artisans. The black they wore was not deep and rich; the vegetable dyes used to make black were not solid or lasting, so the blacks often faded to gray or brown. [ citation needed ]
In Latin , the word for black, ater and to darken, atere , were associated with cruelty, brutality and evil. They were the root of the English words "atrocious" and "atrocity". [14] Black was also the Roman color of death and mourning. In the 2nd century BC Roman magistrates began to wear a dark toga, called a toga pulla , to funeral ceremonies. Later, under the Empire, the family of the deceased also wore dark colors for a long period; then, after a banquet to mark the end of mourning, exchanged the black for a white toga. In Roman poetry, death was called the hora nigra , the black hour. [9]
The German and Scandinavian peoples worshipped their own goddess of the night, Nótt , who crossed the sky in a chariot drawn by a black horse. They also feared Hel , the goddess of the kingdom of the dead, whose skin was black on one side and red on the other. They also held sacred the raven . They believed that Odin , the king of the Nordic pantheon, had two black ravens, Huginn and Muninn, who served as his agents, traveling the world for him, watching and listening. [15]
Statue of Anubis , guardian of the underworld , from the tomb of Tutankhamun .
Greek black-figure pottery . Ajax and Achilles playing a game, about 540–530 BC. (Vatican Museums).
Red-figure pottery with black background. Portrait of Thetis , about 470–480 BC. (The Louvre)
In the early Middle Ages, black was commonly associated with darkness and evil. In Medieval paintings, the devil was usually depicted as having human form, but with wings and black skin or hair. [16]
In fashion, black did not have the prestige of red, the color of the nobility. It was worn by Benedictine monks as a sign of humility and penitence. In the 12th century a famous theological dispute broke out between the Cistercian monks, who wore white, and the Benedictines, who wore black. A Benedictine abbot, Pierre the Venerable, accused the Cistercians of excessive pride in wearing white instead of black. Saint Bernard of Clairvaux , the founder of the Cistercians responded that black was the color of the devil, hell, "o
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