Biosynthesis of cocaine
Biosynthesis of cocaineBiosynthesis of cocaine
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Biosynthesis of cocaine
Biosynthesis of cocaine
Insight on the Evolution of Cocaine Biosynthesis
Biosynthesis of cocaine
File:Cocaine biosynthesis ru.svg
Biosynthesis of cocaine
The synthesis of cocaine and its analogs is well documented. It might be possible to synthesize it, but it is generally speaking commercially non-viable to do so compared with the alternative, obtaining the pure natural product itself. The added risk, the likely impurity, the potential for significant activity and side effects different than the pure natural product, aside from the cost issue raise significant doubt that a potential buyer would have any interest in such a product. Cocaine is synthesized from the coca paste extracted from coca leaves. I imagine the questioner is asking if an artificial or synthetic cocaine can be made without using coca leaves. Synthetic cocaine is a manufactured product that mimics cocaine and is not made from the coca plant. Manufacturers of synthetic cocaine make it in labs around the world. Although there are incidents of synthetic cocaine making it onto the illicit market, it is rare. Most syn Most synthetic cocaine winds up in soft drinks and hospitals where it is used as a flavoring agent and a pain reliever. There are illegal and legal versions of synthetic cocaine. These are made with a variety of amino acids and alcohols. Most of the synthetic cocaine formulas are kept under wraps due to copyright and patents. What is Cocaine Made Of? Synthetic cocaine is a dangerous and growing trend. With this said, combating the cocaine problem becomes even more difficult for authorities. Aside from this fact, here are other things to know about this so-called alternative to cocaine. Cocaine requires coca leaves. For conflicting opinions, see: synthesize cocaine - Google Search. Its synthesis has been achieved several times using different routes. Wilstatter reported a biomimietic synthesis in poor yields , Tufariello, also succeeded in the late s with an elegant approach. Since then syntheses pop up in the literature from time to time. Sign In. Quora uses cookies to improve your experience. Read more. Is it possible to synthesize cocaine? Update Cancel. Continue Reading. Are there any legitimate medical uses for cocaine? What does cocaine look like? Why are some drugs such as heroin and other opioids physically addictive but others cocaine, ecstasy etc. The definition of synthesis in chemistry: the forming or building of a more complex substance or compound from elements or simpler compounds. View more. Related Questions Is cocaine an opioid? Does taking a tiny bit of cocaine make one temporarily quicker witted? Why do we never hear about people injecting cocaine like we do other water soluble drugs? Is it possible to synthesize a Prozium like drug to suppress emotions in real world? What are things to mix with cocaine to make it hard? How can you differentiate any white powder from cocaine? If cocaine were made with medical grade chemicals in a lab, would it be safe to use? How is cocaine bad for you? How can you for sure wash most of cutting agents away in cocaine? How do you inject cocaine? How dangerous is cocaine?
Biosynthesis of cocaine
Biosynthesis of cocaine
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Biosynthesis of cocaine
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By Max Planck Institute June 6, Coca plant Erythroxylum coca and the molecular structure of cocaine grey: carbon, blue: nitrogen, red: oxygen, white: hydrogen. With little known about how plants produce cocaine, biochemists at the Max Planck institute set out to better understand the process, finding that an enzyme named methylecgonone reductase MecgoR is the enzyme catalyzing cocaine biosynthesis. Cocaine is one of the most commonly used and abused plant-derived drugs in the world, but we have almost no modern information on how plants produce this complex alkaloid. Researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology in Jena, Germany, have just discovered a key reaction in cocaine formation in the coca plant from South America, and identified the responsible enzyme. This enzyme was shown to belong to the aldo-keto-reductase protein family revealing some exciting new insights into the evolution of cocaine biosynthesis. Alkaloids constitute a very large group of natural nitrogen-containing compounds with diverse effects on the human organism. A large variety of plant-produced alkaloids have strong pharmacological effects, and are used as toxins, stimulants, pharmaceuticals or recreational drugs, including caffeine, nicotine, morphine, quinine, strychnine, atropine and cocaine. Atropine, used to dilate the pupils of the eye, and the addictive drug cocaine are both tropane alkaloids which possess two distinctive, inter-connecting five- and seven-membered rings. Plants commonly produce tropane and other alkaloids for protection against herbivores and other enemies. Species in seven plant families are known to produce tropane alkaloids, including the Brassicaceae mustard family , Solanaceae nightshade or potato family and Erythroxylaceae coca family. These families are not closely related to each other. For example, it is assumed that the last common ancestor of the Erythroxylaceae and the Solanaceae lived about million years ago. But how similar are the tropane alkaloid biosynthetic pathways in these families? Was there a single original tropane alkaloid pathway which was lost in most other plant families during the course of evolution? Or, did tropane alkaloid biosynthesis arise independently on several different occasions? Native tribes in South America have been cultivating coca and chewing its leaves for at least years for their stimulant and hunger-suppressing properties. Although the formation of cocaine has not been investigated in the last 40 years, the biosynthesis of the related tropane alkaloid, atropine, from belladonna Solanaceae is well-established. In the penultimate step, a ketone function is reduced to an alcohol residue. Among this group of enzymes are also many alcohol-degrading dehydrogenases in animals. Immunolabeling green areas of MecgoR, the enzyme catalysing the penultimate step of cocaine biosynthesis. The picture shows the strong accumulation of the enzyme in a cross section of a very young E. Bar: 0. To find the corresponding enzyme in cocaine biosynthesis, Jan Jirschitzka, a PhD student in the group, searched the genome of the coca plant to look for SDR-like proteins. However, all the SDR genes that he cloned and expressed did not show any activity for the key reaction in cocaine formation. AKR enzymes are known in plants and also mammals, amphibians, yeast, protozoa, and bacteria. They are involved in the formation of steroid hormones, for example. The second result is that the MecgoR gene, as well as the protein, is highly active in the very young leaves of coca plants, but not in the roots. Atropine, on the other hand, is synthesized exclusively in the roots of belladonna, from where it is transported into the green organs of the plant. Based on these results, the Max Planck researchers conclude that the tropane alkaloid pathways in coca and belladonna evolved completely independently. Elucidation of the MecgoR-catalysed step in cocaine biosynthesis represents a major success, but the researchers are now continuing to investigate other important steps in the cocaine pathway. Also of interest is to learn how cocaine is stored in leaf tissue in such high amounts. Email address is optional. If provided, your email will not be published or shared. Home About Contact Newsletter Resources. Home Biology News By Max Planck Institute June 6, Coca plant Erythroxylum coca and the molecular structure of cocaine grey: carbon, blue: nitrogen, red: oxygen, white: hydrogen. More on SciTechDaily. Be the first to comment on 'Insight on the Evolution of Cocaine Biosynthesis'. Leave a comment Cancel reply Email address is optional.
Biosynthesis of cocaine
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Biosynthesis of cocaine
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Biosynthesis of cocaine