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By Arielle Duhaime-Ross. Via Science. If you buy something from a Verge link, Vox Media may earn a commission. See our ethics statement. A strain of yeast engineered in a lab was able to transform sugar into a pain-killing drug — called hydrocodone — for the first time. And a second strain was able to produce thebaine, an opiate precursor that drug companies use to make oxycodone. The findings , published in Science , could completely change the way drug companies make pain-relieving medicine. Unfortunately, it may also open the door to less positive outcomes, like 'home-brewed' heroin. Yeast transformed sugar into the pain-killing drug hydrocodone. Opiates like heroin and morphine are made from opium poppies grown in places like Australia, Europe, and the Middle East — producing the stuff in a morphine drip is an expensive process that takes over a year. An estimated 5. So scientists have been hoping to drive down costs with yeast-made opiates. But until recently, engineered yeast have only been able to make small quantities of a chemical precursor that, t hrough a number of steps, could be used to make morphine and codeine. That's why today's study is so important; it's the first example of scientists altering yeast's genetic code to successfully transform sugar into an actual opioid painkiller. The actual quote from the upcoming Ridley Scott movie is ' I'm going to have to science the shit out of this ,' but you get the gist; Smolke and her team made a lot of changes to yeast's DNA to get to this point. In fact, the strains they produced can make molecules that are normally found in poppy, goldthread, bacteria — and even in rats. Yeast that make molecules normally found in poppy, goldthread, bacteria — and even in rats. The circles on the left represent the organisms that contributed genes to the bioengineered yeast: California poppy, rat, goldthread, bacteria, and opium poppy. Stephanie Galanie and Christina Smolke. In the short term, yeast-made opiates might lead to cheaper drugs. But the true excitement is farther down the road: scientists may be able to use this technology to make more effective pain-killers. The two yeast strains aren't anywhere near ready for commercial use. Right now, they make such small quantities of drugs that it would take about 4, gallons of engineered yeast to make a single dose of standard pain-relieving medicine. So the next step for researchers is boosting the drug yields — which could take years. And for once, that might actually be a good thing; health officials and scientists will need that time to figure out how to keep these strains from being used to fuel the illegal drug market. Creating a plan that encourages this line of research while also preventing the illicit use of these yeast strains 'is critical,' says John Dueber, a bioengineer at the University of California-Berkeley who didn't work on this study, but who has been working on yeast-made opiates. Binz also thinks that an oversight system for genetically modified organisms or particular DNA sequences will have to be created 'to prevent theft. A plan to keep these strains from fueling the illegal drug market. The Stanford researchers acknowledge that their strains could be used to make illegal drugs in the paper; they want to work with outside experts to limit the risk. That said, Smolke doesn't think that risk is very big — at least not right now. In addition, because the laboratory conditions that are needed to make the technique work are so highly specialized, Smolke thinks that even strains that can make more drugs won't be much use to home-brewers. Already, Smolke and other researchers have founded a company that will license the technology and push toward commercialization. Skip to main content The Verge The Verge logo. The Verge homepage. The Verge The Verge logo. Menu Expand. Share this story. Most Popular. From our sponsor. Advertiser Content From. More from Science.