Big Dick Disease

Big Dick Disease
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^ Freedberg, Irwin M.; Fitzpatrick, Thomas B. (2003). Fitzpatrick's dermatology in general medicine (6th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division. p. 990. ISBN 978-0-07-138076-8 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Penile Curvature (Peyronie's Disease)" . National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases . July 2014 . Retrieved 25 October 2017 .

^ Levine, Laurence A (2010). "Peyronie's disease and erectile dysfunction: Current understanding and future direction" . Indian Journal of Urology . 22 (3): 246–50. doi : 10.4103/0970-1591.27633 .

^ Davis, Timothy; McCammon, Kurt A. (2010). "81. Congenital Curvature" . In Graham, Sam D.; Keane, Thomas E.; Glenn, James Francis (eds.). Glenn's Urologic Surgery . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 533. ISBN 9780781791410 .

^ Kumar, Anand; Sharma, Mona (2017). "15. Male Sexual Function" . In Kumar, Anand; Sharma, Mona (eds.). Basics of Human Andrology: A Textbook . New Delhi: Springer. p. 268. ISBN 978-981-10-3694-1 .

^ Carrieri MP, Serraino D, Palmiotto F, Nucci G, Sasso F (June 1998). "A case-control study on risk factors for Peyronie's disease". Journal of Clinical Epidemiology . 51 (6): 511–5. doi : 10.1016/S0895-4356(98)00015-8 . PMID 9636000 .

^ Nelson CJ, Mulhall JP (March 2013). "Psychological impact of Peyronie's disease: a review". The Journal of Sexual Medicine . 10 (3): 653–60. doi : 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02999.x . PMID 23153101 .

^ Jump up to: a b c Ralph, D. J.; Minhas, S. (January 2004). "The management of Peyronie's disease" . British Journal of Urology International . 93 (2): 208–15. doi : 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2004.04587.x . PMID 14690485 . S2CID 38211880 .

^ Tobias S. Köhler, Kevin T. McVary (2016). Contemporary Treatment of Erectile Dysfunction: A Clinical Guide . Springer. ISBN 9783319315874 . Retrieved 2020-01-17 .

^ Hatzimouratidisa, Konstantinos; Eardley, Ian; Giuliano, François; Hatzichristou, Dimitrios; Moncada, Ignacio; Salonia, Andrea; Vardi, Yoram; Wespes, Eric (2012). "EAU guidelines on penile curvature" . European Urology . 62 (3): 543–552. doi : 10.1016/j.eururo.2012.05.040 . PMID 22658761 . Retrieved 21 January 2020 .

^ Abern, Michael R.; Levine, Laurence A. (2009). "Peyronie's disease: evaluation and review of nonsurgical therapy" . The Scientific World Journal . 27 (9): 665–675. doi : 10.1100/tsw.2009.92 . PMC 5823162 . PMID 19649505 .

^ Amin Z, Patel U, Friedman EP, Vale JA, Kirby R, Lees WR (May 1993). "Colour Doppler and duplex ultrasound assessment of Peyronie's disease in impotent men". The British Journal of Radiology . 66 (785): 398–402. doi : 10.1259/0007-1285-66-785-398 . PMID 8319059 .

^ Jump up to: a b Originally copied from: Fernandes, Maitê Aline Vieira; Souza, Luis Ronan Marquez Ferreira de; Cartafina, Luciano Pousa (2018). "Ultrasound evaluation of the penis" . Radiologia Brasileira . 51 (4): 257–261. doi : 10.1590/0100-3984.2016.0152 . ISSN 1678-7099 . PMC 6124582 . PMID 30202130 . CC-BY license

^ Levine LA (October 2003). "Review of current nonsurgical management of Peyronie's disease" . International Journal of Impotence Research . 15 Suppl 5: S113–20. doi : 10.1038/sj.ijir.3901084 . PMID 14551587 .

^ Hauck EW, Diemer T, Schmelz HU, Weidner W (June 2006). "A critical analysis of nonsurgical treatment of Peyronie's disease". European Urology . 49 (6): 987–97. doi : 10.1016/j.eururo.2006.02.059 . PMID 16698449 .

^ Mynderse LA, Monga M (October 2002). "Oral therapy for Peyronie's disease" . International Journal of Impotence Research . 14 (5): 340–4. doi : 10.1038/sj.ijir.3900869 . PMID 12454684 .

^ Trost LW, Gur S, Hellstrom WJ (2007). "Pharmacological Management of Peyronie's Disease". Drugs . 67 (4): 527–45. doi : 10.2165/00003495-200767040-00004 . PMID 17352513 . S2CID 10578409 .

^ "FDA approves first drug treatment for Peyronie's disease" . FDA NEWS RELEASE . U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 6 December 2013 . Retrieved 6 December 2013 .

^ Pollack, Andrew (December 6, 2013). "Injections to Treat an Embarrassing Ailment Win U.S. Approval" . New York Times . Retrieved December 7, 2013 .

^ Giorgio Pajardi, Marie A. Badalamente, Lawrence C. Hurst (2018). Collagenase in Dupuytren Disease . Springer. ISBN 9783319658223 . Retrieved 2020-01-17 . {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link )

^ Eric C, Geralb B (February 2013). "Penile traction therapy and Peyronie's disease: a state of art review of the current literature" . Ther Adv Urol . 5 (2): 59–65. doi : 10.1177/1756287212454932 . PMC 3547530 . PMID 23372611 .

^ https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ipg29/documents/overview-of-extracorporeal-shockwave-therapy-for-peyronies-disease2 [ bare URL PDF ]

^ "Peyronie's Disease | Causes & Treatment | ED Clinics" . 26 July 2020.

^ Hellstrom WJ, Usta MF (October 2003). "Surgical approaches for advanced Peyronie's disease patients" . International Journal of Impotence Research . 15 (Suppl 5): S121–4. doi : 10.1038/sj.ijir.3901085 . PMID 14551588 .

^ Jump up to: a b Mulhall JP, Creech SD, Boorjian SA, Ghaly S, Kim ED, Moty A, Davis R, Hellstrom W. Subjective and objective analysis of the prevalence of Peyronie's disease in a population of men presenting for prostate cancer screening. J Urol. 2004 Jun;171(6 Pt 1):2350-3. doi: 10.1097/01.ju.0000127744.18878.f1. PMID 15126819.

^ Kadioglu A, Oktar T, Kandirali E, Kendirci M, Sanli O, Ozsoy C. Incidentally diagnosed Peyronie's disease in men presenting with erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res. 2004 Dec;16(6):540-3. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijir.3901247. PMID 15116064.

^ Dunsmuir WD, Kirby RS (October 1996). "Francois de LaPeyronie (1978-1747): the man and the disease he described". Br J Urol . 78 (4): 613–22. doi : 10.1046/j.1464-410x.1996.14120.x . PMID 8944520 .

^ Falloppio, Gabriele (1561). Gabrielis Falloppii medici Mutinensis Observationes anatomicae ad Petrum Mannam medicum Cremonensem . U.S. National Library of Medicine. Venetiis : Apud Marcum Antonium Vlmum.

^ Peyronie's disease at Who Named It?

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peyronie's disease .
Peyronie's disease is a connective tissue disorder involving the growth of fibrous plaques in the soft tissue of the penis . Specifically, scar tissue forms in the tunica albuginea , the thick sheath of tissue surrounding the corpora cavernosa , causing pain, abnormal curvature, erectile dysfunction , indentation, loss of girth and shortening. [2] [3]

It is estimated to affect about 10% of men. [2] The condition becomes more common with age. [2]

A certain degree of curvature of the penis is considered normal, as many people are born with this benign condition, commonly referred to as congenital curvature. [4] The disease may cause pain; hardened, big, cord-like lesions (scar tissue known as "plaques"); or abnormal curvature of the penis when erect due to chronic inflammation of the tunica albuginea (CITA). [5]

Although the popular conception of Peyronie's disease is that it always involves curvature of the penis, the scar tissue sometimes causes divots or indentations rather than curvature. The condition may also make sexual intercourse painful and/or difficult, though it is unclear whether some men report satisfactory or unsatisfactory intercourse in spite of the disorder. [ citation needed ] The disorder is confined to the penis, although a substantial number of men with Peyronie's exhibit concurrent connective tissue disorders in the hand, and to a lesser degree, in the feet. About 30 percent of men with Peyronie's disease develop fibrosis in other elastic tissues of the body, such as on the hand or foot, including Dupuytren's contracture of the hand. An increased incidence in genetically related males suggests a genetic component. [6] It can affect men of any race and age.

Peyronie's disease can also have psychological effects. While most men will continue to be able to have sexual relations, they are likely to experience some degree of erectile dysfunction . It is not uncommon to exhibit depression or withdrawal from their sexual partners. [7]

The underlying cause of Peyronie's disease is unknown. Although, it is likely due to a buildup of plaque inside the penis due to repeated mild sexual trauma or injury during sexual intercourse or physical activity. [8]

A urologist may be able to diagnose the disease and suggest treatment. An ultrasound can provide conclusive evidence of Peyronie's disease, ruling out congenital curvature or other disorders. [12]

On penile ultrasonography , the typical appearance is hyperechoic focal thickening of the tunica albuginea. Due to associated calcifications, the imaging of patients with Peyronie's disease shows acoustic shadowing, as illustrated in figures below. Less common findings, attributed to earlier stages of the disease (still mild fibrosis), are hypoechoic lesions with focal thickening of the paracavernous tissues, echoic focal thickening of the tunica without posterior acoustic shadowing, retractile isoechoic lesions with posterior attenuation of the beam, and focal loss of the continuity of the tunica albuginea. In the Doppler study, increased flow around the plaques can suggest inflammatory activity and the absence of flow can suggest disease stability. Ultrasound is useful for the identification of lesions and to determine their relationship with the neurovascular bundle. Individuals with Peyronie's disease can present with erectile dysfunction, often related to venous leakage, due to insufficient drainage at the site of the plaque. Although plaques are more common on the dorsum of the penis, they can also be seen on the ventral face, lateral face, or septum. [13]

Transverse ultrasound of the penis, in a ventral view, in the middle portion of the penis. Note the echoic image with posterior acoustic shadowing, corresponding to calcification (arrow), in the left corpus cavernosum. [13]

Many oral treatments have been studied but results so far have been mixed. [14] Some consider the use of nonsurgical approaches to be controversial. [15]

Vitamin E supplementation has been studied for decades, and some success has been reported in older trials; those successes have not been reliably repeated in larger, newer studies. [16] The use of Interferon-alpha-2b in the early stages of the disease has been studied; as of 2007, its efficacy was questionable. [17]

Collagenase clostridium histolyticum is reported to help by breaking down the excess collagen in the penis. [18] [19] It was approved for treatment of Peyronie's disease by the FDA in 2013. [20]

There is moderate evidence that penile traction therapy is a well-tolerated, minimally invasive treatment; there is uncertainty about the optimal duration of stretching per day and per course of treatment, and the treatment course is difficult. [21]

Focused extracorporeal shockwave therapy is a non-invasive treatment option that involves passing acoustic pulses through the plaque, which can break it down over a series of six to twelve sessions. [22] [23] The treatment is most effective in men with mild to moderate Peyronie's.

Surgery such as the "Nesbit operation", which is named after Reed M. Nesbit (1898–1979), an American urologist at University of Michigan ), [8] is considered a last resort and should only be performed by highly skilled urological surgeons knowledgeable in specialized corrective surgical techniques. A penile implant may be appropriate in advanced cases. [24]

It is estimated to affect about 10% of men. [2] The condition becomes more common with age. [2] The mean age at onset of disease is 55–60 years. [8]

The overall prevalence of PD is about 5 percent in men. Rates range from 3.2 percent in a community-based survey of 4432 men (mean age of sample 57.4) to 16 percent among 488 men undergoing evaluation for erectile dysfunction (mean age 52.8). [25] [26] The prevalence of PD among the 4432 men in the community based study who responded by self report positively for palpable plaque, newly occurring angulation or curvature and painful erection was 1.5 percent between the ages of 30 and 39, 3 percent between 40 and 49, 3 percent between 50 and 59, 4 percent between 60 and 69, and 6.5 percent over 70.

In 534 men undergoing routine prostate screening for cancer detection (without a specific urologic complaint), the prevalence of PD was 8.9 percent. [25] In this study, the mean age of those with PD was 68.2 years compared with 61.8 years of those without PD.

The condition was first described in 1561 in correspondence between Andreas Vesalius and Gabriele Falloppio and separately by Gabriele Falloppio. [27] [28] The condition is named for François Gigot de la Peyronie , who described it in 1743. [29]

Peyronie disease, induratio penis plastica (IPP), [1] chronic inflammation of the tunica albuginea (CITA)
Man showing abnormal curvature of the penis associated with Peyronie's disease

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Causes and Risks of Penile Conditions Penile Conditions and Diseases Signs and Symptoms of Penile Conditions

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There are quite a few

types of penile conditions

. Some are minor and don't cause many problems, and some are serious medical emergencies that require

immediate treatment or surgery

. Penile conditions can be congenital, which means they are present at birth, or they can develop over time.

Some of the more common disorders and conditions that affect the penis are:

Balanitis is inflammation of the glans (head) of the penis. If the foreskin is also inflamed, the condition is called balanoposthitis. Symptoms of balanitis can include penile pain, swelling and itching, a rash on the penis, and a strong-smelling discharge from the penis. The most common cause of balanitis is poor hygiene in uncircumcised males. If the penis isn't properly cleaned underneath the foreskin, bacteria, sweat, dead skin cells, and debris can build up around the glans and lead to inflammation. If an uncircumcised male has phimosis (foreskin that is difficult to retract) and cannot clean under the foreskin, risk of inflammation increases. Other causes of balanitis include dermatitis and infection (yeast infection or sexually transmitted infection). If infection is the cause, treatment will include antibiotic or antifungal medication. If balanitis is severe or recurrent, circumcision may be the best treatment option.

Epispadias is a rare birth defect characterized by a urethra that doesn't fully develop, which results in the inability to pass urine from the body properly. Both boys and girls can be born with epispadias. When it occurs in boys, they are normally born with a short, wide penis that is curved abnormally. Rather than the urethra opening at the tip of the penis, it may open on the top of side of the penis, or it may be open all along the length of the penis. Signs and symptoms of epispadias in males include an abnormal opening in the urethra, a widened pubic bone, an abnormally shaped penis or abnormally curved penis (chordee), reflux nephropathy (backward flow of urine into the kidney), urinary incontinence and urinary tract infections. Cases range from mild to severe. Mild cases may not require surgery, but most cases of epispadias will need to be surgically corrected. The goals of treatment are to maximize the function and length of the penis and to create a more normal appearance of the penis. In cases where the bladder is involved, surgery will also need to create a pathway for urine to pass normally and to help preserve fertility. There are two common surgical techniques to correct epispadias: the modified Cantwell technique and the Mitchell technique.

Hypospadias is a birth defect in which the opening of the urethra develops on the underside of the penis instead of on the tip. The condition ranges in severity, depending on where the opening forms. Many times, the urethral opening is near the head of the penis. Some boys are born with the opening in the middle of the shaft or the base of the penis, and rarely, boys can be born with the urethral opening below the scrotum. Signs and symptoms of hypospadias include an abnormal urethral opening, chordee (a downward curve of the penis), abnormal spraying during urination and foreskin abnormalities that make the penis appear hooded. Hypospadias is a relatively common problem that has a straightforward diagnosis and treatment. Most men who were born with hypospadias experience normal sexual function as adults if they received treatment. Treatment involves surgical correction to reposition the urethral opening and, in some cases, to straighten the shaft of the penis. Surgery is most often done between the ages of three and 18 months.

Cancer of the penis, also called penile cancer, almost always begins in the skin cells of the penis. There are five basic types of penile cancer: squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, basal cell cancer, adenocarcinoma and sarcoma. About 95 percent of all cancers of the penis develop from squamous cells, which are flat skin cells. Cancer that develops from squamous cells is called squamous cell carcinoma. Squamous cell cancers tend to grow slowly, and they can usually be cured if they are found early. Carcinoma in situ, or CIS, is the earliest stage of squamous cell penile cancer. With CIS, cancer is only found in the top layers of the skin on the penis. Melanoma and basal cell cancer each make up less than 2 percent of all penile cancers, and sarcoma and adenocarcinoma, otherwise known as Paget disease of the penis, are even rarer. Penile cancer must be treated. If the cancer is found early, chances are good that the penis can be saved. However, if cancer has spread to deep tissues of the penis, a surgeon may have to perform a penectomy (removal of part or the entire penis) to remove the cancer. Learn more about penile cancer symptoms, causes, diagnosis and treatment.

Peyronie's disease is a penile condition that develops when scar tissue, called plaque, forms inside the penis and causes erections to be curved and painful. Many men have a slight curve to their erect penis, and it doesn't cause any problems. But when it is painful or the bend is significant, it can lead to erectile dysfunction and may even make sexual intercourse impossible. Signs and symptoms of Peyronie's diseas
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