Bayard Rustin Martin Luther King
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Bayard Rustin Martin Luther King
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
American civil rights activist (1912–1987)
Rustin at a news briefing on the March on Washington in Washington, D.C. , on August 27, 1963
Further information: Civil Rights Movement
^ "Bayard Rustin" . National Park Service . Retrieved June 27, 2016 .
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^ Morgan, Thad. "Why MLK's Right-Hand Man Was Nearly Written Out of History" . HISTORY . Retrieved February 9, 2020 .
^ Justin Vaïsse, Neoconservatism: The Biography of a Movement (Harvard University Press, 2010), p.71-75 Archived September 13, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Table: The Three Ages of Neoconservatism" Archived March 20, 2016, at the Wayback Machine , Neoconservatism: Biography of Movement by Justin Vaisse, official website
^ Jump up to: a b Associated Press, "Reagan Praises Deceased Civil Rights Leader" Archived March 31, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
^ Jump up to: a b Justin Snow (November 20, 2013). "Obama honors Bayard Rustin and Sally Ride with Medal of Freedom" . metroweekly.com . Retrieved November 21, 2013 .
^ Jump up to: a b Carol, George (2006). Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History . Detroit: Gale. pp. 1993–1994. ISBN 978-0-02-865816-2 .
^ Jump up to: a b c Bayard Rustin Biography Archived April 30, 2016, at the Wayback Machine , (2015), Biography.com . Retrieved 07:37, February 28, 2015
^ Dixon, Mark E. (October 2013). "Bayard Rustin's Civil Rights Legacy Began with Grandmother Julia Rustin" . Main Line Today . Archived from the original on October 22, 2018 . Retrieved June 28, 2020 .
^ "Bayard Rustin Biography" . Spartacus Educational. Archived from the original on April 19, 2014.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Gates Jr., Henry Louis (January 20, 2013). "Bayard Rustin, the Gay Civil Rights Leader Who Organized the March on Washington | African American History Blog" . The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross . PBS . Retrieved May 26, 2019 .
^ Watson, Warren. "LibGuides: History of Wilberforce University: Bayard Rustin" . wilberforcepayne.libguides.com . Archived from the original on October 30, 2020 . Retrieved January 1, 2021 .
^ "Notable Omegas – Omega Psi Phi Fraternity, Inc" . Archived from the original on April 20, 2020 . Retrieved January 1, 2021 .
^ Mann, Leslie (February 1, 2012). "Not-so-secret life of gay civil rights leader Bayard Rustin" . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on February 20, 2016.
^ D'Emilio 2003, pp. 21, 24.
^ D'Emilio 2003, pp. 31–2.
^ Kazin, Michael (August 21, 2011). The Concise Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History . Princeton University Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-1-4008-3946-9 . Retrieved November 6, 2011 .
^ August Meier and Elliot Rudwick. Black Detroit and the Rise of the UAW .
^ Browder, Earl (1941). "The Communist" (PDF) .
^ Jump up to: a b c Smith, Eric Ledell (2010). Encyclopedia of African American History . Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, LLC. pp. 1002–1004. ISBN 978-1-85109-769-2 .
^ Rustin, Bayard (July 1942). "Non-Violence vs. Jim Crow". Fellowship . reprinted in Carson, Clayborne ; Garrow, David J. ; Kovach, Bill (2003). Reporting Civil Rights: American journalism, 1941–1963 . Library of America. pp. 15–18. ISBN 9781931082280 . Retrieved September 13, 2011 .
^ Jump up to: a b Michel Martin, Emma Bowman (January 6, 2019). "In Newly Found Audio, A Forgotten Civil Rights Leader Says Coming Out 'Was An Absolute Necessity' " . NPR . Retrieved January 7, 2019 . ; "Lecturer Sentenced to Jail on Morals Charge," Los Angeles Times , January 23, 1953, 23.
^ David Hardiman (2003). Gandhi in His Time and Ours: The Global Legacy of His Ideas . C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 256. ISBN 978-1-85065-712-5 .
^ Nishani, Frazier (2017). Harambee City : the Congress of Racial Equality in Cleveland and the rise of Black Power populism . Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press. pp. 3–26. ISBN 9781610756013 . OCLC 973832475 .
^ from liner notes, Fellowship Records 102
^ Podair 2009, pp 27
^ Peck, James (September 1947). "Not So Deep Are the Roots". The Crisis . reprinted in Carson, Clayborne; Garrow, David J.; Kovach, Bill (2003). Reporting Civil Rights: American journalism, 1941–1963 . Library of America. pp. 92–97. ISBN 9781931082280 . Retrieved September 13, 2011 .
^ Nishani, Frazier (2017). Harambee City : the Congress of Racial Equality in Cleveland and the rise of Black Power populism . Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press. pp. 43, 124. ISBN 9781610756013 . OCLC 973832475 .
^ Foreman, Jr., Tom (June 17, 2022). "Freedom Riders' 1947 Convictions Vacated in North Carolina" . U.S. News & World Report . Associated Press . Retrieved June 18, 2022 .
^ Pequeño, Sara (June 18, 2022). "75 years later, a niece sees justice through for a Freedom Rider in NC" . Charlotte Observer . Retrieved June 18, 2022 .
^ Jump up to: a b c D'Emilio, John (March 2006). "Remembering Bayard Rustin". Magazine of History . 20 (2): 12–14. doi : 10.1093/maghis/20.2.12 .
^ Eason, Leigh (June 25, 2012). "Gay, Black, and Quaker: History Catches Up with Bayard Rustin" . Religion Dispatches . Retrieved May 26, 2019 .
^ "Available online from" . AFSC. March 2, 1955. Archived from the original on November 3, 2013 . Retrieved November 1, 2013 .
^ "Bayard Rustin – Who Is This Man" Archived May 16, 2013, at the Wayback Machine , State of the Reunion, radio show, aired February 2011 on NPR, 1:40–2:10. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
^ Robert Penn Warren Center for the Humanities. "Bayard Rustin" . Robert Penn Warren's Who Speaks for the Negro? Archive . Retrieved February 11, 2015 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d Hendrix, Steve (August 21, 2011). "Bayard Rustin, organizer of the March on Washington, was crucial to the movement" . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 22, 2011 .
^ Jump up to: a b Life Magazine Archived November 5, 2009, at the Wayback Machine , September 6, 1963.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Daniel Perlstein, "The dead end of despair: Bayard Rustin, the 1968 New York school crisis, and the struggle for racial justice" Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine , New York City government
^ Taylor Branch, Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years 1963–1965 (Simon & Schuster, 1999), p. 292–293 Archived April 6, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
^ Martin Duberman, A Saving Remnant: The Radical Lives of Barbara Deming and David McReynolds (The New Press, 2013) Archived April 17, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
^ Staughton Lynd , another civil rights activist, responded with an article entitled, "Coalition Politics or Nonviolent Revolution?"
^ Jump up to: a b c Chandra, Mridu (January 1, 2004). "Bayard Rustin's Life in Struggle" . The Brooklyn Rail . Retrieved February 9, 2020 .
^ Jump up to: a b c Randall Kennedy, "From Protest to Patronage" Archived January 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine , The Nation , September 11, 2003
^ Walter Goodman, "Podhoretz on 25 Years at Commentary" Archived March 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine , The New York Times, January 31, 1985
^ Crabb, Kenneth (March 24, 2012). "Bayard Rustin at 100" . The Indypendent . Retrieved June 5, 2020 .
^ Podair, Jerald (December 16, 2008). Bayard Rustin: American Dreamer . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 64, 77. ISBN 9780742564800 .
^ Jump up to: a b "Socialist Party Now the Social Democrats, U.S.A." The New York Times . December 31, 1972 . Retrieved February 8, 2010 . (limited free access)
^ Forman, James (1972). The Making of Black Revolutionaries . University of Washington Press. p. 220.
^ Carson, Clayborne (1981). In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s . Harvard University Press. pp. 29 . ISBN 9780674447264 .
^ Karatnycky, Adrian; Motyl, Alexander J.; Sturmthal, Adolf (1980). Workers' rights, East and West : a comparative study of trade union and workers' rights in Western democracies and Eastern Europe . Transaction Publishing / League for Industrial Democracy . p. 150. ISBN 9780878558674 .
^ Rustin 2012, pp. 291-2
^ Nathan Glazer "A Word From Our Sponsor: Review of Hugh Wilford's The Mighty Wurlitzer" The New York Times , January 20, 2008 Archived September 9, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Freedom House: A History" . Archived from the original on August 23, 2011.
^ Matthew Arlyck "Review of I Must Resist: Letters of Bayard Rustin" Fellowship of Reconciliation website Archived April 19, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
^ Bayard Rustin and Carl Gershman (October 1977). "Africa, Soviet Imperialism & The Retreat Of American Power" (PDF) . Social Democrats, U.S.A . Retrieved November 1, 2013 .
^ John Ehrman, The Rise of Neoconservatism: Intellectuals and Foreign Affairs, 1945-1994 (Yale University Press, 1996), p. 107-114 Archived June 10, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
^ Podair, Jerald E. "Bayard Rustin: American Dreamer" (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Pub., 2009). ISBN 074254513X
^ Jump up to: a b Podair 2009, pp. 99
^ Jump up to: a b "Commission to Present Findings on Soviet Jewry to U.N." Jewish Telegraphic Agency . December 5, 1966 . Retrieved July 15, 2016 .
^ Decter, Moshe (1966). Redemption! Jewish freedom letters from Russia . New York: American Jewish Conference on Soviet Jewry. pp. 2–3.
^ Shneier, Marc (2008). Shared Dreams: Martin Luther King, Jr. & the Jewish Community . New York: Jewish Lights. p. 117. ISBN 978-1580232739 .
^ Drayton, Robert (January 18, 2016). "The Personal Life of Bayard Rustin" . Out .
^ d'Emilio, John (October 16, 2015). Lost Prophet: The Life and Times of Bayard Rustin - John D'Emilio - Google Книги . ISBN 9780684827803 . Archived from the original on October 16, 2015 . Retrieved October 22, 2018 .
^ "Long Before Same-Sex Marriage, 'Adopted Son' Could Mean 'Life Partner' " . Weekend Edition Sunday . NPR.org . Retrieved November 16, 2015 .
^ Osagyefo Uhuru Sekou (June 26, 2009). "Gays Are the New Niggers" . Killing the Buddha . Retrieved July 2, 2009 .
^ Yasmin Nair, "Bayard Rustin: A complex legacy" Windy City Times, March 3, 2012 Archived April 14, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Bayard Rustin Is Dead at 75; Pacifist and a Rights Activist" Archived October 14, 2016, at the Wayback Machine , New York Times
^ "Brother Outsider — A Closer Look at Bayard Rustin, by Walter Naegle" . Rustin.org . Retrieved November 1, 2013 .
^ Patricia Nell Warren (February 15, 2009). "Bayard Rustin: Offensive lineman for freedom" . Outsports.com . Retrieved November 14, 2013 .
^ "Vietnam: A Television History; Homefront USA; Interview with Bayard Rustin, 1982" . WGBH-TV . October 7, 1982 . Retrieved June 4, 2017 .
^ "The Bayard Rustin Papers" . Library of Congress . August 28, 2013 . Retrieved June 4, 2017 .
^ "Brother Outsider – Home" .
^ Dylan Matthews, "Meet Bayard Rustin" , Washingtonpost.com, August 28, 2013
^ Justin Vaïsse, Neoconservatism: The Biography of a Movement (Harvard University Press, 2010), p. 91 Archived September 13, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Coalition for a Democratic Majority" Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine , Right Web, Institute for Policy Studies
^ Murdoch, Joyce; Price, Deb (May 8, 2002). Courting Justice: Gay Men and Lesbians v. The Supreme Court . Basic Books. p. 292. ISBN 978-0-465-01514-6 . Retrieved October 13, 2011 .
^ "H.S. 440 Bayard Rustin Educational Complex" Archived April 1, 2016, at the Wayback Machine at InsideSchools.org
^ Hoover, Brett (2016). "What's in a name" . The Penn Relays . 63rd school listed on page. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016 . Retrieved February 29, 2016 .
^ "Honorary Degree Recipients" (PDF) . Haverford.edu . Retrieved June 1, 2022 .
^ "Bayard Rustin Marker" . HMdb.org .
^ Shuey, Karen (August 26, 2019). "Sites to visit on your #400yearsPA tour honoring African American contributions" . The Mercury . Retrieved February 11, 2022 .
^ Johnson, G. Allen (August 26, 1998). "Gay teen club subject of film" . The San Francisco Examiner . Retrieved February 12, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Lowe, Benjamin Y. (December 17, 2002). "Vote for Rustin ends name debate" . The Philadelphia Inquirer . No. 174 #200. p. A01 . Retrieved February 12, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Lowe, Benjamin Y. (December 17, 2002). "Vote for Rustin ends name debate" . The Philadelphia Inquirer . No. 174 #200. p. A04 . Retrieved February 12, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Bayard Rustin High School – Mission Statement" . wcasd.net . West Chester Area School District . Retrieved December 31, 2019 .
^ "Rustin's soccer team notches win in debut" . The Philadelphia Inquirer . No. 178 #99. September 7, 2006. p. D07 . Retrieved February 12, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Bajko, Matthew (May 14, 2008). "Gay Black Political Group Forms" . Bay Area Reporter . San Francisco . Retrieved June 4, 2022 .
^ "The Bayard Rustin Center for Lgbtqa Activism, Education and Reconciliation – Community – Greensboro" . Facebook. September 21, 2011.
^ "New Bayard Rustin Center opens at Guilford College" . QnotesCarolinas . March 16, 2011 . Retrieved February 8, 2022 .
^ "2012 Inductees" . The Legacy Project.
^ Olito, Frank (June 17, 2021). "I toured LGBTQ-friendly neighborhoods in 3 cities during Pride Month and found they all honor LGBTQ people in unique ways" . Insider . Retrieved February 9, 2022 .
^ "Hall of Honor Inductee, Bayard Rustin" . The Department of Labor's Hall of Honor . United States Department of Labor. Archived from the original on October 17, 2014 . Retrieved October 12, 2014 .
^ Wang, Hansi Lo (May 10, 2014). "Descendants Of Chinese Laborers Reclaim Railroad's History" . NPR . Retrieved February 9, 2022 .
^ "President Obama Names Presidential Medal of Freedom Recipients" . Office of the Press Secretary, The White House. August 8, 2013 . Retrieved August 8, 2013 .
^ Barmann, Jay (September 2, 2014). "Castro's Rainbow Honor Walk Dedicated Today: SFist" . SFist - San Francisco News, Restaurants, Events, & Sports . Archived from the original on August 10, 2019 . Retrieved August 13, 2019 .
^ "Toronto Fridge Festival Awards and Contests" . May 11, 2017. Archived from the original on February 18, 2019.
^ Campbell, Trevor (September 22, 2017). "The Seat Next To The King mixes race, politics and forbidden sexuality" . NOW Magazine . Retrieved February 9, 2022 .
^ Glasses-Baker, Becca (June 27, 2019). "National LGBTQ Wall of Honor unveiled at Stonewall Inn" . www.metro.us . Retrieved June 28, 2019 .
^ Rawles, Timothy (June 19, 2019). "National LGBTQ Wall of Honor to be unveiled at historic Stonewall Inn" . San Diego Gay and Lesbian News . Retrieved June 21, 2019 .
^ Laird, Cynthia. "Groups seek names for Stonewall 50 honor wall" . The Bay Area Reporter / B.A.R. Inc . Retrieved May 24, 2019 .
^ Sachet, Donna (April 3, 2019). "Stonewall 50" . San Francisco Bay Times . Retrieved May 25, 2019 .
^ "Bayard Rustin Center for Social Justice" . Bayard Rustin Center for Social Justice . Retrieved December 25, 2019 .
^ Silberstein, Jodi (May 10, 2019). "Bayard Rustin Center for Social Justice" . Out In Jersey . Retrieved February 11, 2022 .
^ Asmelash, Leah (January 23, 2020). "Gay civil rights leader may finally be pardoned 67 years after he was arrested for having sex with men" . CNN . Retrieved January 23, 2020 .
^ Thompson, Don (February 5, 2020). "California pardons gay civil rights leader in new initiative" . AP News . Retrieved February 8, 2022 .
^ Reid, Jada (December 17, 2021). "Jeffrey Wright Joins Cast Of Barack & Michelle Obama's Netflix Movie" . ScreenRant . Retrieved February 8, 2022 .
^ Axelrod, Joshua (August 17, 2021). "Netflix movie 'Rustin,' from Obamas' production company, to film in Pittsburgh" . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Archived from the original on November 11, 2021 . Retrieved February 8, 2022 .
Bayard Rustin ( / ˈ b aɪ . ər d / ; March 17, 1912 – August 24, 1987) was an African American leader in social movements for civil rights , socialism , nonviolence , and gay rights .
Rustin worked with A. Philip Randolph on the March on Washington Movement , in 1941, to press for an end to racial discrimination in employment. Rustin later organized Freedom Rides , and helped to organize the Southern Christian Leadership Conference to strengthen Martin Luther King Jr. 's leadership and teaching King about nonviolence ; he later served as an organizer for the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom . [1] Rustin worked alongside Ella Baker , a co-director of the Crusade for Citizenship , in 1954; and before the Montgomery bus boycott , he helped organize a group, called "In Friendship", amongst Baker, George Lawrence , Stanley Levison of the American Jewish Congress , and some other labor leaders. "In Friendship" provided material and legal assistance to those being evicted from their tenant farms and households in Clarendon County, Yazoo, and other places. [2] Rustin became the head of the AFL–CIO 's A. Philip Randolph Institute , which promoted the integration of formerly all-white unions and promoted the unionization of African Americans. During the 1970s and 1980s, Rustin served on many humanitarian missions, such as aiding refugees from Vietnam and Cambodia. At the time of his death in 1987, he was on a humanitarian mission in Haiti.
Rustin was a gay man and, due to criticism over his sexuality, he usually acted as an influential adviser behind the scenes to civil-rights leaders. In the 1980s, he became a public advocate on behalf of gay causes, speaking at events as an activist and supporter of human rights. [3]
Later in life, while still devoted to securing workers' rights, Rustin joined other union leaders in aligning with ideological neoconservatism , [4] [5] and (after his death) President Ronald Reagan praised him. [6] On November 20, 2013, President Barack Obama posthumously awarded Rustin the Presidential Medal of Freedom . [7]
Rustin was born in 1912 in West Chester, Pennsylvania , to Florence Rustin and Archie Hopkins, but raised by his maternal grandparents, Julia (Davis) and Janifer Rustin, as the ninth of their twelve children; growing up he believed his biological mother was his older sister. [8] [9] [10] His grandparents were relatively wealthy local caterers who raised Rustin in a large house. [8] Julia Rustin was a Quaker , although she attended her husband's African Methodist Episcopal Church . She was also a member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). NAACP leaders such as W.E.B. Du Bois and James Weldon Johnson were frequent guests in the Rustin home. With these influences in his early life, in his youth Rustin campaigned against racially discriminatory Jim Crow law
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