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For Tazara Begum, city life still feels like something of an adventure. But none of that is to say she is happy to be there. But on the subject of Elisha, her native village, she is voluble in the extreme. She misses the big skies, now largely invisible from her subterranean portion of the slum. She misses the food. The very idea that she might not see it again is almost enough to bring her to tears. Dhaka might already have been receiving , annual new arrivals from the countryside a decade ago, according to a study , more than 80 percent of whom listed environmental drivers as causes of displacement. As a deltaic country with five major river systems and over standalone waterways, Bangladesh is well-versed in at least some of this kind of displacement. Ninety-three percent of that water is generated beyond its borders, which means the country has frequently been confronted with more flood and erosion-inducing river flows than it can possibly handle. Over half the massive population — some million people squeezed into an area the size of Illinois — lives less than five meters above sea level, leaving many of them acutely vulnerable to killer cyclones off the Bay of Bengal. With more services and jobs and educational possibilities in the cities, as in most countries, rural Bangladeshis have long had good non-climate-related cause to gravitate towards urban centers. More Himalayan snowmelt has fueled more sustained and erratic river flows. That is contributing to more intense river erosion and flooding, likely the biggest sources of displacement. Rising seas are eating into densely populated coastal areas, with all the lost property and agricultural livelihoods that come with that. At a time of continuing population growth and fewer possibilities to secure rural land elsewhere, these climatic factors have combined to create a perfect storm for tens of millions of villagers. For many of them, urban migration can seem like best — or perhaps least unpalatable — response. For Tazara and her family this move has been a long time in the making. She also had seen how little effect their structural reinforcements had had in stifling the advancing waters. So when, one soggy monsoon day in , the river finally came for her wood and sheet metal house, there was sadness and weariness and fear for the future, but little surprise. It was dear to our heart. According to a recent study, this stretch of coastal Bhola is among the third of Bangladeshi coastal communities that are intensely vulnerable to erosion. The Begums could, at that point, have followed her siblings to Dhaka. Three of them had lost their houses in the preceding years and migrated soon afterwards. But in initially choosing to remain in their home community, Tazara and her husband Abdulmaji were in good company. Over 90 percent of the 4, or so families that have lost their houses to river erosion in Elisha have remained in the area, according to local officials. Villagers say that it is mostly the comparatively affluent or the very poor who feel alternately equipped or compelled to risk out-migration. But, year by year and through deepening poverty, Tazara found herself doubting that choice. The family, now without any land of its own, struggled to afford the fruits and vegetables they had once grown in their small garden. Their new shelter was both intolerably hot, tucked as it was in the airless shadow of an earth embankment, and very susceptible to flooding because it sat in a hollow. Most monsoon seasons they had to seek sanctuary under tarpaulins on the embankment for a least a month until the water subsided. With more people than ever trying their luck out on the water amid deteriorating agricultural conditions, average catches have collapsed to a point that wholesalers in Elisha can struggle to buy 20 kilograms of fish a day in the spring months, down from up to kilograms in the past. These troubles have been compounded by government measures designed to temper overfishing. The knockout blows for the family came in the early months of Abdulmaji had been banking on a grant of land on a char, one of the new islands that are forged from the same erosive processes that claimed their house. That application went nowhere, much to his disappointment—and in a wider context of reported land grabbing by politically-connected elites. Surging global prices pushed him — and much of the community — even deeper into debt to local NGOs, one of which started to push him for partial repayment. In late March, Tazara Begum boarded the overnight ferry for Dhaka, prepped for her first visit to a city of any kind. Clean water access is so limited that many of its girls have particularly poor menstrual hygiene, according to administrators at the local school. Fires are a constant risk within its maze of tightly packed one-room lodgings. Tazara Begum seemed dazed as she recounted a recent struggle to extricate the body of an elderly neighbor who had died within their subterranean patch of the slum. Bangladeshi activists and lawyers say that displaced women and young girls face a rash of additional challenges, including higher than national average rates of child marriage and gender-based violence. Keen to reduce numbers within their tiny homes—and less subject, perhaps, to some law enforcement, many families marry off their daughters from the age of 15 or And a lot of that has to do with the groundwork prepared by previous generations of migrants. Because Dhaka has been the focal point for wantaway villagers for decades, almost everyone in Bangladesh has family or friends there to smooth the integration process and help new arrivals to secure jobs. In the Bhola slum, that mostly means as housemaids in the homes of wealthier urbanites for women and as day laborers for men. This is what makes it bearable. Indeed, for all the difficulties in transitioning from life in a village to life in what might be the densest city in the world Tazara appears to be managing it with aplomb. Crucially, most migrants display a stoic, largely uncomplaining acceptance of their fate. But this is how it is. Recently placed geobags, sand-filled sacks designed to protect riverbanks at a fraction of the cost of concrete, have displayed uncertain results so far. Bangladeshi hydrologists say that well-maintained embankments can temper erosion rates, but many are in anything but good order—and, vitally, few have been built with climate change in mind. And as storm surges strengthen and saline water intrusion into coastal farmland spreads, more Meghna-siders are bracing for displacement. Through the construction of 12, new shelters and the rollout of enhanced early warning systems, the Bangladeshi state has significantly reduced casualties and, by extension, cyclone-induced migration. Recent studies suggest that diversified rural economies are less likely to yield high rates of migration. But as climate and other stresses bite, officials and businessmen elsewhere are alive to the probability of larger future rural in-flows. In Barisal, a roughly half-million-person city two hours by boat from northern Bhola, existing slums are already filled to capacity with victims of river erosion, all part of a doubling of its population over the past two decades. In Dhaka, employers at the Buriganga river shipyards have many more job applicants than they can accept. Sohan Rohat. The Environmental Change and Security Program ECSP explores the connections between environmental change, health, and population dynamics and their links to conflict, human insecurity, and foreign policy. Read more. Close Search Search. Show Streaming. Explore More. Share Share Close. By Peter Schwartzstein on January 27, Tazara Begum poses in her new Dhaka slum room. Having lost her home in coastal southern Bangladesh, this is now home. Image Credit Sohan Rahat. Fishing and farming are the lifeblood of the coastal island economy, but climate shocks and overfishing mean more people, like these Bhola fishermen, are struggling to earn a living. Monsoons and Misery For Tazara and her family this move has been a long time in the making. Mohammed Riza, Tazara Begum's oldest son, is preparing to follow his mother to Dhaka. He and his children have lived in the shadow of this embankment since losing their home to river erosion. Tazara Begum and her husband Abdulmaji. He is enjoying seeing friends who moved to Dhaka from their Bhola village many years ago, but is struggling to find work. Previous Next. Image Credit Sohan Rohat. About the Author. Spotify Soundcloud. By Alissa Pavia. By Denis Boyarinov on September 23, By Konstantin Goldenzweig on September 23, Kennan Cable No. By Richard Arnold. The National Interest. Mark A.
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